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DevelopmentEvaluation Solution Requirements Solution Constraints Evaluation Criteria Manipulation...
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Transcript of DevelopmentEvaluation Solution Requirements Solution Constraints Evaluation Criteria Manipulation...
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IT EXAM REVISION 2012
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PROBLEM SOLVING METHODOLOGY
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PROBLEM SOLVING METHODOLOGY
Development
Evaluation
SolutionRequirementsSolution Constraints
Evaluation Criteria
Manipulation
Scope of solution
Solution Design
Testing
Documentation
Validation
Strategy
Report
DesignAnalysis
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Fill in the correct activities under each stage
11 Activities
4 Stages
PROBLEM SOLVING METHODOLOGY
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IT THEORY
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DATA & INFORMATION
Information is refined, organized and value added facts, figures or ideas.
Ages of My Yr 11 Class
0
2
4
6
8
10
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15 16 17 18
Age
Fre
qu
ency
Data is unprocessed, unorganized and discrete facts, figures or ideas. Eg 16, 17, 16, 16, 16, 17, 17, 17, 16Quantitative: in number formQualitative: in a “quality”
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PRIMARY & SECONDARY DATA SOURCES
Primary source data: facts obtained through measurement, data collection forms, interviews, direct observation or by electronic mail.
Secondary source data: gathered from the published work of someone else eg books, newspapers, magazines, online databases, the Internet, etc
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QUALITATIVE & QUANTITATIVE DATA
Quantitative data is measurable and specific and therefore easier to chart or graph.It is usually gathered through surveys, questionnaires and observation.Eg Fifty percent of market attendees bought a product from the market.
Qualitative data is harder to measure.Use interviews, video footage and observation to gather the data.Rich descriptions to find themes.Eg on a cold and wet winter’s day, many older members of the community turned up to the market dressed in raincoats, scarfs and carrying umbrellas
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COMPONENTS OF AN INFORMATION SYSTEM
People
Procedures: Who does What
and When?Equipment: Hardware and Software (incl.OS)
Data
An Information System is people using
computer equipment to process data following certain
procedures.
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EFFICIENCY AND EFFECTIVENESS
Efficiency: A measure of how little time, cost and/or effort in order to achieve intended results
Effectiveness: A measure of how well something works; the extent to which it achieves its intended results Remember: CARATACCRU
(Completeness, Accuracy, Relevance, Attractiveness, Timeliness, Accessibility, Communication, Clarity, Readability, Usability)
NB: Do not use either of these words in any IT exam without explaining them in the same sentence.
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INFORMATION PROCESSING STAGES
Acquisition Input Validation Manipulation Storage (incl. Backups) Retrieval Output Communication Disposal (incl. archive)
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CHARACTERISTICS OF AUDIENCE Age Gender Special Need Culture Education Status Location
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PURPOSES OF INFORMATION
Inform Persuade Educate Entertain
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DESIGN ELEMENTS
Appearance• proportion (visual hierarchy) • orientation (direction/ aspect) • clarity and consistency• colour and contrast
Vertical
Functionality structure usability and accessibility, incl.
navigation and load time appropriateness and relevance
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Format: the style or layout Eg chart, table,
columns, etc. Convention: a commonly understood and agreed way of
doing something Eg. text aligned to left, numbers aligned to
right Graphs and charts have titles, legends
where necessary, labeled X and Y axes. Not to many fonts, sizes and styles Don’t put red and green together Light backgrounds, dark text Heading size is large and bold $, %, kg, etc in heading and centred.
FORMATS AND CONVENTIONS
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WEB AUTHORING
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DESIGN TOOLS (WEBSITES) Methods for representing
the functionality and appearance of solutions.
Sitemaps Annotated
diagrams/mockups Layout diagrams Storyboards
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PROJECT MANAGEMENT
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PROJECT MANAGEMENT
Planning, organizing and monitoring a project (POM)
Gantt charts Milestones: the end of a group of tasks, completion
point in a project, zero duration Dependencies/predecessor: a task that must be
completed before another task can begin Project managers needed to manage time, people,
all resources Critical path is the longest path and if takes longer,
the whole project takes longer. Project schedule (table) shows tasks, start and
finish dates
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GANTT CHART
Graphical representation of the project Timeline that shows when tasks start and
finish and what resources will be needed at each stage.
Looks like a bar chart where each bar represents a task and the longer the bar, the longer the task.
Cleary shows dependencies and order
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SPREADSHEETS
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SPREADSHEETS
Workbook Worksheet Rows and columns Cells (intersection of row and column
(eg C12)) Design tools include layout diagrams,
IPO charts, flowcharts,
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SPREADSHEETS
Formulae (SUM, average, max, min, count) Conditional statements (if, countif, sumif) Lookup tables Absolute and relative values ($A$2 vs A2 ) Fill down and across Charts Sorts and filters
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VALIDATION
Manual validation Proof reading
Electronic validation Conditional formatting Range checks =IF(A1>0,”Continue”,”Stop”) Existence checks =IF(ISBLANK(A1), “Enter a
number”, “Continue” Data type check =IF(ISNUMBER(A1), “continue”,
“Enter a number” Limited list, predetermined list of options
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NETWORKS
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WHAT IS A NETWORK?
A network is two or more computers connected together.
A network connects computers together so that they can share data, information and resources.
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Resource sharing (Internet access, printers, servers, modems, scanners, software)
Facilitating communication (improves communication, simpler , easier and faster communication, email, chat rooms, messaging, telephony, video conferencing)
Remote services (for customers or B2B eg on-line ordering, ATMs, EFT, etc.
Data and information sharing (prompt access to accurate information, synchronizing the data, reduction in data duplication )
Also cost savings, network management, improvements in efficiency and effectiveness.
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKS
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Limited geographic area Each computer or device called a node Cables or wireless Eg within an office building, university,
school or home Wireless LAN (WLAN) uses radio
waves, satellite communication, microwave or infra-red media to transmit signals between nodes.
LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)
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Large geographic coverage Communication is carried by a medium
owned by someone else. Transmission media can include
microwave, fibre-optic cable, telephone lines and satellites
A metropolitan area network (single city) Statewide network (entire state) National are network A worldwide network (eg Internet)
WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)
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NETWORK INTERFACE CONTROLLER/CARD NICs provide a physical connection from a
computer (or node) to the network Sits in expansion slot or built into
motherboard Coordinates the transmission and receipt
of data, instructions and information to and from the computer
Each has a unique 48-bit MAC address Stored in ROM Media Access Control Acts like a name for the card No two the same
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Controls traffic on the network and defines how devices will communicate with each other
Controls file access, manages print queues, tracks users, authenticates access, maintains log of network use and problems
Network client software installed on each workstation
MS Windows Vista, Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008; Novell and Apple
NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM
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Modulate/ Demodulate Dial up modem Two different types of broadband
Internet: Cable modems receive their Internet
signal through a cable line DSL modems receive their Internet
signal through a standard phone line.
MODEMS
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Provides access to the Internet for a fee Speed of connection (dial up, cable or DSL,
satellite) Price $ Download and upload speeds for each
connection type NB: The faster the Internet connection, the
more you are going to pay for it. Terms of the contract Customer service Reputation
INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDERS (ISP)
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A service provided by large Internet-based specialised data centres that offer storage processing and computer resources.
Advantages: Reduced hardware costs Faster updates and maintenance Save on energy bills Costs associated with amount of use Disadvantages Security is only as good as security in cloud Requires stable internet connection Information is backed up forever May need redundant Internet connections Privacy is an issue
CLOUD COMPUTING
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PROGRAMMING
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PROGRAMMING VS SCRIPTING LANGUAGES
Programming language is a method of communicating instructions to a computer. It has more features that can be programmed as they are not restricted to on application environment (eg VB.net, C++, etc)
Scripting language is a programming language designed to program within an application (eg ActionScript for Flash, JavaScript for web pages)
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PROGRAMMING TERMINOLOGY
Objects: text boxes, buttons, labels, images
Properties: features of objects eg name, colour, text, visible, etc
Variable: temporary storage location for data
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FILE MANAGEMENT
Hungarian notation: btnExit frmOrder lblName txtGuessFile names: Meaningful Consistent Easily
identifiable
File extensions: MS Excel = .xlsx MS Word = .docx MS Access = .accd Visual Basic = .vbx Adobe Photoshop
= .psp Text file = .txt Comma separated value
file = .csv