DEVELOPMENTAL TASK

ERIK ERIKSON’s PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY

Stage/ Age Actual findings Interpretations Justification

Trust vs Mistrust

(Infancy- birth to 18

months)

As what his mother

told him, Patient L

likes sucking his

thumb. He keeps on

crying when he feels

pain, hungry and

doesn't get what he

wants. Besides of his

personality shown,

he still cared by his

parents and provided

the things he

needed.

Achieved In this stage children

develop a sense of

trust when caregivers

provide reliability,

care and affection. A

lack of this will lead

to mistrust.

Autonomy vs Shame

and Doubt

(Early Childhood

18months to 3 y/o)

When he was almost

2 y/o, his mother

told him that he was

trained to walk with

assistance of his

mother. At this age,

he was the one who

choose of what

clothes he wants to

wear. He was fond of

playing toy cars.

Achieved In this stage children

is need to develop a

sense of personal

control over physical

skills and a sense of

independence.

Success leads to

feeling of autonomy,

failure results in

feelings of shame

and doubt.

Initiative vs Guilt

( Preschool 3-5 y/o)

At the age of 3 years

old she likes to play

with their neighbors

like playing outdoor

activities such as hide

and seek, and

"dakpanay", as what

her mother said. She

enjoys playing with

her childhood

neighbors.

Achieved

Industry vs Inferiority

( School age 6-12

y/o)

At this stage, Patient

L was encouraged by

his parents and

teachers to study

hard as well as to

participate in joining

activities in their

school.

Achieved

According to him,

during his primary

days, his always

interact with his

classmates.

Identity vs Role

confusion

( Adolescence 12-

20y/o)

According to his

starting to have a

crush on the

Achieved

Intimacy vs Isolation

( Young childhood

18-40y/o)

opposite sex.

Achieved

Generativity vs

Stagnation

According to him, he

is happily married

more than 30 years.

Partially achieved

According to him,

even though he was

suffering from stoke

his happy because he

has a family that

supports him.

SIGMUD FREUD’s PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORY

Stage/ Age Actual Findings Interpretation Justification

Oral Stage

Birth to 18 months

According to Mr. L,

he was breastfeed

baby. And his always

suck his thumb if he

Achieved During the oral stage,

the child if focused on

oral pleasures

(sucking). Too much or

Anal Stage

18 months to 3 y/o

is hunger.

According to him, his

mother taught him

where and what is

the proper way of

elimination.

Partially achieved

too little gratification

can result in an Oral

Fixation or Oral

Personality which is

evidenced by a

preoccupation with

oral activities. This type

of personality may

have a stronger

tendency to smoke,

drink alcohol, over eat,

or bite his or her nails.

Personality wise, these

individuals may

become overly

dependent upon

others, gullible, and

perpetual followers. On

the other hand, they

may also fight these

urges and develop

pessimism and

aggression toward

others.

The child’s focus of

pleasure in this stage is

on eliminating and

retaining feces.

Through society’s

pressure, mainly via

parents, the child has

Phallic Stage

3-6 y/o

According to him, he

was more attaching

to his mother than to

his father.

Achieved

to learn to control anal

stimulation. In terms of

personality, after

effects of an anal

fixation during this

stage can result in an

obsession with

cleanliness, perfection,

and control (anal

retentive). On the

opposite end of the

spectrum, they may

become messy and

disorganized (anal

expulsive).

The pleasure zone

switches to the

genitals. Freud

believed that during

this stage boy

develop unconscious

sexual desires for

their mother.

Because of this, he

becomes rivals with

his father and sees

him as competition

for the mother’s

affection. During this

time, boys also

develop a fear that

their father will

punish them for

these feelings, such

as by castrating

them. This group of

feelings is known as

Oedipus Complex

( after the Greek

Mythology figure

who accidentally

killed his father and

married his mother).

Later it was added

that girls go through

a similar situation,

developing

unconscious sexual

attraction to their

father. Although

Freud Strongly

disagreed with this, it

has been termed the

Electra Complex by

more recent

psychoanalysts.

According to him, his

According to Freud,

out of fear of

castration and due to

the strong

competition of his

father, boys

eventually decide to

identify with him

rather than fight him.

By identifying with

his father, the boy

develops masculine

characteristics and

identifies himself as a

male, and represses

his sexual feelings

toward his mother. A

fixation at this stage

could result in sexual

deviancies (both

overindulging and

avoidance) and weak

or confused sexual

identity according to

psychoanalysts.

It’s during this stage

that sexual urges

remain repressed and

Latency Stage

6 y/o to puberty

Genital Stage

Puberty to adulthood

always mingle with

his peer most

specially his male

peers.

According to him, he

got girlfriend during

his secondary days.

Achieved

Achieved

children interact and

play mostly with

same sex peers.

The final stage of

psychosexual

development begins

at the start of

puberty when sexual

urges are once again

awakened. Through

the lessons learned

during the previous

stages, adolescents

direct their sexual

urges onto opposite

sex peers, with the

primary focus of

pleasure is the

genitals.

JEAN PIAGET’s COGNITIVE THEORY

Stage/ Age Actual Findings Interpretation Justification

Sensory-Motor

Stage: Birth through

According to him, he

was breastfeed

Achieved During this stage

senses, reflexes, and

2 y/o baby. motor abilities develop

rapidly. Intelligence is

first displayed when

reflex movements

become more refined,

such as when an infant

will reach for a

preferred toy, and will

suck on a nipple and

not a pacifier when

hungry. Understanding

of the world involves

only perceptions and

objects with which the

infant has directly

experienced. Actions

discovered first by

accident are repeated

and applied to new

situations to obtain the

same results.

Toward the end of the

sensory-motor stage,

the ability to form

primitive mental images

develops as the infant

acquires object

permanence. Until

then, an infant doesn’t

Pre-operational

(2-7 years)

According to him, he

always ask question

in the things that

surround him.

Achieved

realize that objects can

exist apart from him or

herself.

The child in the

preoperational stage is

not yet able to think

logically. With the

acquisition of language,

the child is able to

represent the world

through mental images

and symbols, but in this

stage, these symbols

depend on his own

perception and his

intuition. The

preoperational child is

completely egocentric.

Although he is

beginning to take

greater interest in

objects and people

around him, he sees

them from only one

point of view: his own.

This stage may be the

age of curiosity;

According to him,

preschoolers are always

questioning and

investigating new

things. Since they know

the world only from

their limited

experience, they make

up explanations when

they don’t have one.

It is during the

preoperational stage

that children’s’ thought

differs the most from

adult thoughts.

The stage of concrete

operations begins when

the child is able to

perform mental

operations. Piaget

defines a mental

operation as an

interiorized action, an

action performed in the

mind. Mental

operations permit the

child to think about

physical actions that he

Concrete Operations

(7-12 years)

his able to calculate

simple problem.

Achieved or she previously

performed. The

preoperational child

could count from one

to ten, but the actual

understanding that one

stands for one object

only appears in the

stage of concrete

operations.

The primary

characteristic of

concrete operational

thought is its

reversibility. The child

can mentally reverse

the direction of his or

her thought. A child

knows that something

that he can add, he can

also subtract. He or she

can trace her route to

school and then follow

it back home, or picture

where she has left a toy

without a haphazard

exploration of the

entire house. A child at

this stage is able to do

simple mathematical

operations. Operations

are labeled “concrete”

because they apply only

to those objects that

are physically present.

This stage individual

can think logically about

abstract propositions

and test hypotheses

systematically Becomes

concerned with the

hypothetical, the

future, and ideological

problems

Formal Operations

11 years to

adulthood

According to Mr. L,

as a father he

always looks up to

his children

especially in times

of problems and

decision making. His

opinion is very

important in the

family and most of

the time it was

followed.

Achieved