Developmental Standards:Developmental Standards:

A Presentation by Megan A Presentation by Megan Bilbo Bilbo

For Educational Psychology For Educational Psychology 251251

Standard 1: Standard 1: The The Development of Development of

Adolescents and Young Adolescents and Young AdultsAdults. .

• The teacher of adolescents and The teacher of adolescents and young adults understands the range young adults understands the range of developmental characteristics of of developmental characteristics of

adolescence including interpersonal, adolescence including interpersonal, cultural, and societal contexts and cultural, and societal contexts and uses this knowledge to facilitate uses this knowledge to facilitate

student learning.student learning.

Components, principles, and theories Components, principles, and theories of adolescent and young adult of adolescent and young adult

development:development:

• 4 categories of identity development:4 categories of identity development:– Identity diffusion: not exploring/no commitmentsIdentity diffusion: not exploring/no commitments– Identity foreclosure: not exploring/commitment madeIdentity foreclosure: not exploring/commitment made– Moratorium: exploring/no commitmentsMoratorium: exploring/no commitments– Identity achievement: exploring/commitment madeIdentity achievement: exploring/commitment made

• Even though these stages of identity exist, a Even though these stages of identity exist, a person is never permanently in a group.person is never permanently in a group.

• Therefore, we can say that identity Therefore, we can say that identity development may begin in adolescence, but development may begin in adolescence, but will continue for much of a person’s life. will continue for much of a person’s life.

Components, principles, and theories Components, principles, and theories of adolescent and young adult of adolescent and young adult

development:development:

• Identity development is both a mental and Identity development is both a mental and social process.social process.

• School, family, peer, and cultural School, family, peer, and cultural relationships can affect identity relationships can affect identity development.development.

• Identity formation impacts much of an Identity formation impacts much of an adolescent’s social, physical, and cognitive adolescent’s social, physical, and cognitive growth and affects behavior and growth and affects behavior and achievement in school. achievement in school.

Impact on teaching:Impact on teaching:

• Do not judge studentsDo not judge students

• Give opportunities to learn about Give opportunities to learn about other topics other topics – Give choices so they can begin to make educated choices and Give choices so they can begin to make educated choices and

aids in identity formationaids in identity formation

• Be careful of what topics you touch Be careful of what topics you touch on on – Evolution vs. GodEvolution vs. God

Understands the individual differences Understands the individual differences among adolescents and young adults and among adolescents and young adults and the influence of these differences on their the influence of these differences on their

behavior and learning.behavior and learning. • No two people are the same.No two people are the same.• Psychosocial development milestones: Psychosocial development milestones:

– Identity formationIdentity formation– AutonomyAutonomy– IntimacyIntimacy– SexualitySexuality– Achievement Achievement – Problems Problems

Understands the individual differences Understands the individual differences among adolescents and young adults and among adolescents and young adults and the influence of these differences on their the influence of these differences on their behavior and learning.behavior and learning.• Identity formationIdentity formation• AutonomyAutonomy

– High autonomy = students do better in classHigh autonomy = students do better in class

• IntimacyIntimacy– Can cause class disruptions and/or behavior problems Can cause class disruptions and/or behavior problems – Cooperative learning is more productive because of the Cooperative learning is more productive because of the

relationshipsrelationships

• SexualitySexuality– Peer pressure to conform; Confusion Peer pressure to conform; Confusion – Secular trendSecular trend

• ProblemsProblems– Anxiety, eating disorders, depression, drugs/alcoholAnxiety, eating disorders, depression, drugs/alcohol

Impact on Teaching:Impact on Teaching: • Alter teaching methods for individual needsAlter teaching methods for individual needs

– Cooperative learningCooperative learning

– Reciprocal learningReciprocal learning

• Be mindful of extracurricular activitiesBe mindful of extracurricular activities

• Be aware in sudden drops in grades or Be aware in sudden drops in grades or consistent behavioral problemsconsistent behavioral problems

• Arrange seating chart to make it Arrange seating chart to make it possible for students to interact with possible for students to interact with others not in their group. others not in their group.

Knows how to create learning activities Knows how to create learning activities that take into consideration the that take into consideration the developmental characteristics of developmental characteristics of

adolescents and youth.adolescents and youth. • Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Approach:Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Approach:

– Culture determines skillsCulture determines skills– Individuals learn thru social interactionsIndividuals learn thru social interactions

• Piaget’s Stages of Learning:Piaget’s Stages of Learning:– Formal Operations: 11 + Formal Operations: 11 + – Hypothetical-deductive reasoning Hypothetical-deductive reasoning – Schemas- organized systems of actions/thoughts Schemas- organized systems of actions/thoughts

• Cognitive developmentCognitive development– Improved throughout adolescence: Improved throughout adolescence: – Process information fasterProcess information faster– Greater memory spanGreater memory span– Metacognition Metacognition

Impacts on Teaching:Impacts on Teaching:

• Adolescents become more Adolescents become more argumentative because now they use argumentative because now they use logic for debate (hypothetical-logic for debate (hypothetical-deductive reasoning)deductive reasoning)

• Innovate new activities to challenge Innovate new activities to challenge • Cooperative learning, reciprocal Cooperative learning, reciprocal

teaching, learning from othersteaching, learning from others• Provide hands-on activities and Provide hands-on activities and

discussions discussions

Standard 2Standard 2: : Decision MakingDecision Making

The teacher of adolescents and young The teacher of adolescents and young adults understands the challenges adults understands the challenges young adults face and provides them young adults face and provides them with the skills and opportunities to be with the skills and opportunities to be reflective in making responsible reflective in making responsible

decisions.decisions.

Is aware of societal issues that Is aware of societal issues that influence the decisions made by influence the decisions made by adolescents and young adults.adolescents and young adults.

• Modernization has lead to greater age-Modernization has lead to greater age-segregation, resulting in more time spent segregation, resulting in more time spent with peer groups for the adolescent. with peer groups for the adolescent.

• Cliques- small groups composed of Cliques- small groups composed of individuals that share common activities or individuals that share common activities or friendships friendships – Provide main social context for adolescents to Provide main social context for adolescents to

interact interact

• Crowds provide an identification for Crowds provide an identification for adolescents, even if all members do not adolescents, even if all members do not consider themselves friends. consider themselves friends.

Is aware of societal issues that Is aware of societal issues that influence the decisions made by influence the decisions made by adolescents and young adults.adolescents and young adults.• Popular vs. RejectedPopular vs. Rejected

– Popular: higher levels of sociability/lower levels of aggressionPopular: higher levels of sociability/lower levels of aggression– Rejected: display antisocial and aggressive behaviors; lack Rejected: display antisocial and aggressive behaviors; lack

positive social skills positive social skills

– Neglected: less sociability, have few positive social interactionsNeglected: less sociability, have few positive social interactions

• Crowds and cliques increase peer Crowds and cliques increase peer pressure and affect the decisions pressure and affect the decisions that adolescents make. that adolescents make.

Impacts on Teaching:Impacts on Teaching:

• Be mindful of seating chartBe mindful of seating chart

• Provide students with community Provide students with community and extra curricular activity and extra curricular activity informationinformation– Explore other opportunitiesExplore other opportunities

• Provide students with decision-Provide students with decision-making skills making skills – Through in-class activities Through in-class activities

Understands the complexity of diverse Understands the complexity of diverse family structures and the role the family structures and the role the family plays in an adolescent and family plays in an adolescent and

young adult’s healthy development.young adult’s healthy development. • Interdependence- the balance between Interdependence- the balance between

adolescent development and family adolescent development and family cohesion.cohesion.

• Emotional autonomyEmotional autonomy

• Communication and conflict resolution Communication and conflict resolution – What they learn at home they bring to schoolWhat they learn at home they bring to school

• Personal conflicts affect school behaviorsPersonal conflicts affect school behaviors

Understands the complexity of diverse Understands the complexity of diverse family structures and the role the family structures and the role the family plays in an adolescent and family plays in an adolescent and

young adult’s healthy development.young adult’s healthy development.• Divorce, gay marriages, time away Divorce, gay marriages, time away

from children all affect school from children all affect school communitycommunity

• Families who have two working Families who have two working parents may not be there fore the parents may not be there fore the educational and/or emotional needs educational and/or emotional needs of adolecents.of adolecents.

Impacts on Teaching:Impacts on Teaching:

• Encourage and display good Encourage and display good communication skillscommunication skills

• Emulate good conflict resolution Emulate good conflict resolution skillsskills

• Support and help students Support and help students

Standard 6: Standard 6: The Home-The Home-School ConnectionSchool Connection

• The teacher of adolescents and The teacher of adolescents and young adults understands the impact young adults understands the impact of family structure and home life on of family structure and home life on educational development and uses educational development and uses this knowledge to facilitate and this knowledge to facilitate and support the education of the young support the education of the young adult. adult.

Understands the diversity of family Understands the diversity of family structures among adolescents and structures among adolescents and

young adults and the implications of young adults and the implications of

diversity.diversity. • Diversities:Diversities:

– DivorceDivorce– Gay marriagesGay marriages– Conflicts with workConflicts with work

• Impacts on the student:Impacts on the student:– Less motivationLess motivation– Authority/negligence may carry over to Authority/negligence may carry over to

schoolschool

Impacts on Teaching:Impacts on Teaching:

• After-school helpAfter-school help

• Keep in close contact with families Keep in close contact with families

• Be mindful of behavioral/emotional Be mindful of behavioral/emotional problems problems

• Direct students to counsel Direct students to counsel

Understands the impact of the Understands the impact of the relationship of home life to the relationship of home life to the

academic and personal success of academic and personal success of the studentthe student

• Bolwby’s attachment theory:Bolwby’s attachment theory:– Secure baseSecure base– Rooted in evolution- innate attachmentRooted in evolution- innate attachment– Internal working model for attachment- mental Internal working model for attachment- mental

representation of the self representation of the self

• Secure adolescents:Secure adolescents:– Adjust betterAdjust better– Have better social skillsHave better social skills

– Have better cognitive skillsHave better cognitive skills

Impacts on Teaching:Impacts on Teaching:

• Ethnographical studiesEthnographical studies

• Alter instructional practices Alter instructional practices – To help students learn cooperative learning and social To help students learn cooperative learning and social

skillsskills

• Do homework in class so that they Do homework in class so that they have help completing their lessonshave help completing their lessons

Understands that a student’s success Understands that a student’s success in school is influenced by that in school is influenced by that

student’s family involvement in the student’s family involvement in the educational process.educational process.

• Baumrind:Baumrind:– Responsiveness- attentive, warmResponsiveness- attentive, warm– Demandingness- set firm rules and expect mature Demandingness- set firm rules and expect mature

behaviorbehavior

• Parenting styles:Parenting styles:– Authoritarian- high demandingness/low responsivenessAuthoritarian- high demandingness/low responsiveness– Authoritative- high responsiveness/high demandingnessAuthoritative- high responsiveness/high demandingness– Permissive- low demandingness/high responsivenessPermissive- low demandingness/high responsiveness– Rejecting/neglecting- low responsiveness/low Rejecting/neglecting- low responsiveness/low

demandingnessdemandingness

Impacts on Teaching:Impacts on Teaching:

• Make help available for studentsMake help available for students

• Maintain an authoritarian style of Maintain an authoritarian style of teachingteaching– High demandsHigh demands– High response to needs High response to needs

• Questions? Questions?