Development the Quality of Life- Indicators

DEVELOPMENT & THE QUALITY OF LIFE

THE WORLD OF UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT CHARACTERISTICS OF DEVELOPMENT

INDICATORS OF DEVELOPMENT

MODEL OF DEVELOPMENT PROCESS:THE CORE PERIPHERY MODEL

REASONS FOR UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT FACTORS AFFECTING LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT

STRATEGIES TO ALLEVIATE UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT

NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES

INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIES

1. WHAT IS DEVELOPMENT? CHARACTERISTICS OF DEVELOPMENT

CLASSIFICATION OF COUNTRIES

3. THE WORLD OF UNEVEN DEVLOPMENT INDICATORS OF DEVELOPMENT

Different Viewpoints, Continuous Process, Dependence of several Factors, Wide Range of Measurements, Positive and Negative Impacts, Emotional Issues

Developed Countries & Less Developed Countries

Economic Indicators: Income Per Capita, Employment Structure

Demographic Indicators: Life expectancy, Infant Mortality Rate, Urban Population

Social Indicators: Access to water & sanitation, Adult literacy rate

Unmeasurable Aspects of Development: Human Development Index

2. MODEL OF THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

THE CORE PERIPHERY MODEL Unequal Development Between Countries

Unequal Development Within Countries

Limitations of Model

Social and Cultural Factor

UNEVEN LEVELS OF DEVELOPMENT

FACTORS AFFECTING DEVELOPMENT

Environmental Factor

Historical Factor

Economic Factor (Cumulative Causation)

Political Factor

STRATEGIES TO ALLEVIATE UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT

Agricultural Development

NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES

Industrial Development

Case Study: Industrial Development in South Korea

DEMOGRAPHIC DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES

Population Growth

Case Study: Population Policy in India & China

SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES

Healthcare services & Education Case Study: Healthcare services & Education in Singapore & Thailand

Case Study: Africa Ethiopia

STRATEGIES FOR DEVELOPMENT

International Cooperation: ADB, World Bank, Foreign Aid

THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS

International Agreements: UN Millennium Project, Law of the Sea & Trade Agreements

THE FUTURE?

WHAT IS DEVELOPMENT? CHARACTERISTICS OF DEVELOPMENT




All countries want to achieve positive economic growth and improvement in the standard of living and the quality of life of

people.

WHAT IS DEVELOPMENT?

• Economic Growth: level of wealth that the people in a country have achieved.

• Standard of living: goods and services available to people in the environment they live in

• Quality of life: Well Being of the people

ECONOMIC GROWTH + STANDARD OF LIVING + QUALITY OF LIFE =

DEVELOPMENT



• Development is an ongoing process to improve the standard of living and quality of life

Living conditions in which people live

Measured in terms of the (dis)satisfaction with one’s living conditions and lifestyle.

In general….• Different countries are at different levels of

development

• It is a continuum – development at different points of time

Z

Japan USA

X

YEthiopia

Canada

Ethiopia

Z X Canada

Japan USA

Y

Developing

Developing

Developed

Developed

Level of development in the year 1980

Level of development in the year 1999

• Different Viewpoints: different people have different ideas

• Continuous Process: there is no end point to development

• Dependence on Several Factors: success or failure is never dependant on one or two factors

• Wide range of Measurements: many different factors within a society – depending on what is important to the society

• Positive and Negative Impacts: development is measured in terms of its good, its bad and its unfairness

• Emotional Issue: labeling of a country

CHARACTERISTICS OF DEVELOPMENT?

WHAT?

Used to explain the process of development

Describes as a process that changes a country from:

MODEL OF DEVELOPMENT

agricultural– based economy (primary industry)

industrial economy (secondary industry)

Dominant tertiary economy

(service industry)

WHAT IS DEVELOPMENT? CHARACTERISTICS OF DEVELOPMENT




CLASSIFICATION OF COUNTRIES 1950s:

First World (Rich), Second World (non-democratic countries), Third World (Poor) More political than economical


Present:

Developed Countries (DCs)

Less Developed Countries (LDCs): Early stages of development

MODEL OF THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS




MODEL TO EXPLAIN: CORE-PERIPHERY MODEL?

Attempts to explain the differences in regional development

Countries can be divided into 2 main groups: the core and the periphery

Core: A region that has high concentration of people, wealth and high standard of living

richer countries, the DC

Periphery: A region that is a low concentration of people, little wealth and a low standard of

living

the poorer, the LDC


What’s a core-periphery relationship?

the way in which a core country and a periphery

country interacts

CORE – PERIPHERY MODEL The core has better infrastructure and labour and income

as compared to its periphery

The core countries have the military might and economic power to take control of the periphery’s resources e.g. war or unfair trading rules

The core has more educational, health and transport amenities

The core has higher employment opportunities, esp. service and investment sector

The core is typified by modernity and advancement

The core has a generally higher standard of living


CORE – PERIPHERY MODEL Periphery countries have the natural resources that the

core would need to maintain development

The periphery become dependant on the core for trade and development.

The periphery economic growth is slowed down or stagnated by exploitation

Less developed regions/countries/city centers

greater involvement in agricultural activities

less advanced transport and communication systems

limited educational and health services

less employment opportunities


CORE – PERIPHERY MODEL

Development was brought about by natural advantages e.g. natural resources

These advantages initiate and stimulate the process of development as people are attracted to it

The region gain some form of reputation

Good reputation more investment

Investment increase until a core is formed


1: Pre-industrial

2: Transitional

3: Industrial

4: Post-industrial

1: independent of each other & no interactions

2: peripheries provide resources allowing core to grow


Unequal development within the country

More obvious in the LDCs than the DCs

As in the LDCs the Urban centre has higher living standards than the Rural Area

So the Urban Centre becomes the core and the rural area becomes the periphery



Unequal development within the country

The core may expand and stimulate or prevent development in periphery regions

The core can benefit the periphery spread effect inequalities between the core and periphery becomes reduced

The core can have a negative effect on the periphery backwash effect negative impact affected by growth of the core region wider inequalities between the core and periphery


BACKWASH EFFECT


Limitations

Failed to explain the rapid growth rates of some East Asian and Southeast Asian countries who were once colonies of core countries

In some countries people are actually moving away from the core

E.g. Singapore






RECAP

THE WORLD OF UNEVEN DEVLOPMENT INDICATORS OF DEVELOPMENT




Immeasurable Aspects of Development: Human Development Index

WHAT?

Has to do with money and employment

How much a country or a person in the country earns

If the country earns more money more developed

As with more money this means that the country can provide necessities and the people are able to afford a good quality of life

UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT – ECONOMIC INDICATOR

1:GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP)

Income Per Capita

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) : Total value of goods and services produced by the people of a country in a given year.

Higher the population likely a larger GDP

GDP per capita: average income earned by each citizen


Gross National Product

total income of the country

GNP per capita is the average income of each member of

the population

Generally countries with very rapid population growth have low GNP per capita

Increase in GNP does not mean higher SOL and less

poverty

GNP = income from goods and services produced in a country + (income from goods and services produced by citizens investing and working abroad – income produced by foreigners)

GNP Per Capita = GNP ÷ Population Of Country

People living on 1 dollar

As of 2007 Carlos Slim Helu with an estimated wealth of $53.5 bil has surpassed Bill Gates who is sitting on a fortune worth $59Bn...

Telecom billionaire

GDP Per Capita of Selected Countries (1998)GDP Per Capita of Selected Countries (1998)

1: GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP)

Generally DC higher GDP per capita than LDC. Why?

Because… in DC there are more secondary and tertiary industries which makes more profit than primary industries

Primary industries focuses on agricultural activities which do not generate much income.


1: GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP) GDP does not give a true picture. Why?

GDP are average figures does not show individual and regional differences.

Especially when there are extremes in the country (the very rich and the very poor)

It does not take into account the local cost of living

Does not reflect the informal economic activities(eg: Tutoring)

It does not take into social and environmental costs brought about by economic growth

Lag time in between collecting of data and time of published (published data may not be reflective of current situation


TypicalEmployment Structure

Industries Primary Secondary TertiaryNature Extracting /

gathering of raw materials

Manufacturing or production of goods

Sales and services

Examples Logging, mining, agriculture etc.

Garment, shoes etc.

Banking, teaching, tourism etc.

Income potential

Low High High

2: EMPLOYMENT STRUCUTRE

Primary, Secondary & Tertiary

Primary: industries that extract natural resources directly from the Earth

Secondary: industries that use the extracted natural resources and convert them into useful products

Tertiary: services


(Employment) % Of Labour Force In Each Industry Generally workers in primary industries contribute relatively little to the country’s GNP because activities such as extraction do not generate much wealth.

Economic structure – stages of country’s development

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Stage A Stage B Stage C

PrimarySecondary Tertiary

Increasingly developing

Skill types• LDCs

– Low skill labour– Lack of education &

ability to read and write– Difficult to train for

employment in sec industry

– Product produced are of low value

– Job opportunity is limited to primary

– lack of secondary & tertiary industry

• DCs– High skill labour– High quality of

education – Allows easy training

on the job– Product usually are of

high value– Wide range of job

opportunity in secondary & tertiary industry

• 2: EMPLOYMENT STRUCUTRE

When a country becomes economically developed more people in the tertiary industry

The employment structure of a country can be represented by a triangular graph


Steps to reading the employment triangle

• Identify which side you are required to read.

• Look at the 0% which is the base. The base is the longest side

• Read your value

• When everything is added it must equal to 100%

WHAT?

Has to do with population

Size, Structure, growth, distribution and movement of a population

Some characteristics of the population will show how developed a country is

E.g. LDCs tend to have a higher percentage of younger population

UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT – DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATOR

1: LIFE EXPECTANCY

How long a person can expect to live in a particular country

The life expectancy of people in the DCs is often longer than those living in LDCs

High fertility and life expectancy good healthcare & people can access the healthcare


This is a reflection of the standard of health and safety of the country.

A high life expectancy means that people:

1. Have better hygiene habits

2. Are able to secure medical treatment

3. Have improved nutrition

In most developing countries,

• health facilities are comparatively poor, • there is a shortage of doctors, nurses, clinics & hospitals.

In developed countries,

• people have access to better medical facilities• there are a large number of doctors to tend to the needs of the sick.

2:INFANT MORTALITY

Number of deaths of those before the age of 1 per 1000 live births in a year

DC have lower infant mortality due to good healthcare. In LDC there is high infant mortality due to malnutrition or famine

Singapore is about 2 per 1000

Ethiopia is about 100 per 1000


Rate tend to high when there are insufficienttrained health personnel and medicines to treatinfectious, respiratory diseases.

3: URBAN POPULATION

In DCs there are more people living in urban areas as compared to LDCs

DCs have the financial resources to build modern infrastructure

This means that the people tend to work in the secondary and tertiary industry


3: URBAN POPULATION

In LDCs there is a lower percentage of people living in urban areas

In LDCs more of them live in the rural areas as most of them are involved in the primary industry


People moving away from the urban area

3: URBAN POPULATION

But this is not an accurate indicator. Why?

As there is counter – urbanisation in some DC e.g. USA

Due to increasing congestion and pollution in the urban areas + more private car ownership


3: URBAN POPULATION

But this is not an accurate indicator. Why?

In LDCs rapid growth in urban population as people are attracted to the ‘bright lights’

Insufficient housing facilities slumps and squatter settlements

Slumps: authorized housing areas that have deteriorated

Squatters: illegal makeshift homes with no proper electricity or water


Look at the difference in the Background and the Foreground – Effect of Urbanisation

São Paulo—with 18 million people the world's third largest city—sprawls from its high-rise downtown to squatter communities. Once fashionable, the downtown core has lost many businesses and wealthy residents to newer business districts and outlying surburbs. It continually expand as waves of poor people from elsewhere in Brazil arrive to build makeshift homes on undeveloped land at the city's edge. They come hoping to find jobs, education, and opportunity. Often what they find is unemployment, crime, and despair.

WHAT?

Has to do with the ability of people

Are people able access necessities like water, maintain hygiene and education ?

If people are able to access such necessities higher standard of living

UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT – SOCIAL INDICATORS

1: ACCESS TO WATER AND SANITATION

The leading cause of death in LDCs drinking contaminated water & poor sanitation

As people in LDC have little or no access to water and sanitation


Lack of running water

No proper sanitation

The bucket system

Education / Literacy rate

• Education determines the productivity of country’s population & ability of its people to maximise potential

• High level of education opens more doors and quality of life

2: ADULT LITERACY RATE

The percentage of the population aged 15 and above who are able to read, write and understand simple transactions

DCs have higher literacy rate than the LDCs

DCs have the financial resource to provide education

People in DCs have the means to send their children to school


Education in developed countries

• Developed countries have better quality education and higher literacy rate because :– Invest country’s wealth in building schools

and training teachers– Students pursue higher levels of education– Most stay in school on average of 10 years

2: ADULT LITERACY RATE

In LDCs education is a luxury

Children are expected to help out in the farm or work

In some countries females are not allowed to go to school

But there are exceptions e.g. Vietnam which is a developing countries but with 94% literacy rate due to government campaigns and investments


Education in developing countries• Developing countries have lower education

quality and literacy rate because:– Education is seen as luxury – schools are seen

as expensive– Children are required to work / help out in farms– Govt’s priority is somewhere else in the

economy like defense (hence not enough schools built)

– Cultural factor: inappropriate for women to work outside the house / better educated

• “Man brings home the bacon, woman stays in the kitchen”

HOME

INDICATORS OF DEVELOPMENT

ECONOMICINDICATORS

QUALITY OF LIFEINDICATORS

GNPGNP PER CAPITA

EMPLOYMENT STRUCTUREACCESS TO RESOURCES

LITERACY RATELIFE EXPECTANCY

QUALITY OF EDUCATIONQUALITY OF HOUSING

HEALTH & MEDICAL FACILTITESINFANT MORTALITY RATE

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEXLEVEL OF URBANISATION

TRANSPORT & COMMUNICATION FACILITIESENERGY CONSUMPTION LEVEL

Some aspects of quality of life cannot be measured in terms of figures and numbers

E.g. Sense of security, fulfillment in life and freedom

You cannot put a dollar sign on happiness or freedom

UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT – Unmeasurable Aspects of Development

1:HUMAN DEVELPOMENT INDEX

Economic and social indicators are not enough to assess development HDI

United Nations Development Program (UNDP) created the HDI in 1990

HDI: Economic factor (GDP per capita) + social expectancy (adult literacy rate) + demographic indicator (life expectancy)

HDI values range from 0 to 1 and it is divided into three categories high, medium & low

UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT – HDI

1:HUMAN DEVELPOMENT INDEX

HIGH = 0.800 – 1.00

Medium = 0.500 – 0.799

Low = 0.499 and below

It measure economic plus quality of life

Countries that have high GDP does not necessary have high HDI ranking

A country may be rich in terms of GDP but may have poor quality of life

UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT – HDI

2005 UNDP Human Development Report

WHERE DO YOU THINK SINGAPORE

LIES?

Assessing the Level of Development

• Limitations of HDI.

• More difficult to obtain information from LDCs than DCs due to large informal sector.

• Fails to consider human rights and freedom.

• Time lag between time of publishing and year of data published.






RECAP

Development the Quality of Life- Indicators

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