Development Processes

Chapter 10

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“We Need to Support Other Watches and Mobile Devices, and at Least Android Phones.”

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• Three doctors are partners and sole owners of Austin Cardiac Surgery.

• Meeting to determine what to do next.

• Need to define and document business procedures, train staff, involve other partners.

• Make system more available on more devices.

• Strategic implication: Spin off PRIDE as separate business?

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Bottom Line

• Know the difference between an application program and a system.

• PRIDE needs an IS, not just an application. Both business and systems analysts have a role.

• When developing inter-enterprise systems, anticipate. procedural and usage problems and understand there will be differences in interest, motivation, and rewards for using new system.

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Study Questions

Q1: How are business processes, IS, and applications developed?

Q2: How do organizations use business process management (BPM)?

Q3: How is business process modeling notation (BPMN) used to model processes?

Q4: What are the phases in the systems development life cycle (SDLC)?

Q5: What are the keys for successful SDLC projects?

Q6: How can scrum overcome the problems of the SDLC?

Q7: 2024?

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Q1: How Are Business Processes, IS, and Applications Developed?

Application: combination of hardware, software, and data components that accomplishes a set of requirements.

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Relationship of Business Processes and InformationSystems

Every information system has at least one application because every IS includes a software component.

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How Do Business Processes, Information Systems, and Applications Differ and Relate?

1. Business processes, information systems, and applications have different characteristics and components.

2. Relationship of business processes to information systems is many-to-many, or N:M. – A business process need not relate to any information

system, but an information system relates to at least one business process.

3. Every IS has at least one application because every IS has a software component.

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Which Development Processes Are Used for Which?

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Role of Development Personnel

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Q2: How Do Organizations Use Business Process Management (BPM)?

• Business process - a network of activities, repositories, roles, resources, and flows that interact to accomplish a business function.

• Activities - a collections of related tasks that receive inputs and produce outputs.

• Repository - a collection of something.

• Inventory - a physical repository.

• Database - a data repository.

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New Terms

• Roles - a collections of activities.

• Resources - are people or computer applications assigned to roles.

• Flow– Control flow - directs the order of activities.– Data flow - movement of data among activities and

repositories.

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Why Do Processes Need Management?

Processes are dynamic and often need to be changed

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Why Do Process Need Management? (cont'd)

Three fundamental reasons1. Improve process quality.2. Change in technology.3. Change in business fundamentals.

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Examples of Change in Business Fundamentals

• Market (e.g., new customer category, change in customer characteristics)

• Product lines• Supply chain• Company policy• Company organization (e.g., merger, acquisition)• Internationalization• Business environment

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Q2: What Are the Business Process Management (BPM)?

Stages in the BPM

Cycle

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Q3: How Is Business Process Modeling Notation(BPMN) Used to Model Processes?

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Documenting As-Is Business Order Process: Existing Order Process

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Check Customer Credit Process

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Q4: What Are the Phases in the Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)?

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SDLC: Definition Phase

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Role of a Prototype

• Provides user direct experience.

• Can be expensive to create.

• Parts often reused– PRIDE code that generates smartphone display can be

reused in the operational system.

• Cost occurs early, sometimes before full project funding available.

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SDLC: Requirements Analysis Phase

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SDLC: Component Design Phase

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Design and Implementation for the Five Components

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SDLC: System Maintenance Phase

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Ethics Guide: Estimation Ethics

• Estimating just “theory.” Average of many people’s guesses.

• Buy-in game.

• Projects start with overly optimistic schedules and cost estimates.

• When is a buy-in within accepted boundaries of conduct?

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Ethics Guide: Estimation Ethics

• Contractor agrees to produce system for less than what really costs– Time and materials contract– Fixed-cost contract

• In-house projects often started with buy-ins– Projects often start with hopes of more money later– Team members disagree about costs. Do you report it? – Not all costs included in initial estimates. Report it?

• Do you buy-in on project schedule if you know you can’t make that schedule?

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Q5: What Are the Keys for Successful SDLC Projects?

• Create a work-breakdown structure.

• Estimate time and costs.

• Create a project plan.

• Adjust plan via trade-offs.

• Manage development challenges.

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Work BreakdownStructure(WBS)

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Gantt Chart of the WBS for the Definition Phase of a Project

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Gantt Chart with Resources (People) Assigned

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Primary Drivers of Systems Development

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Manage Development Challenges

1. Coordination

2. Diseconomies of scale Brook's Law

3. Configuration control

4. Unexpected events

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Diseconomies of Scale

Brooks’ Law

• “Adding more people to a late project makes the project later.”

• New staff must be trained by productive members who lose productivity while training.

• Schedules can be compressed only so far.

• Once a project is late and over budget, no good choice exists.

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Using MIS InClass 7: Improving the Process of Making Paper Airplanes

See textbook for exercise instructions.

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Q6: How Can Scrum Overcome the Problems of the SDLC?

• Alternatives to SDLC – Rapid application development– Unified process– Extreme programming– Scrum– Others

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Principles of Agile (Scrum) Development

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Scrum Essentials

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Scrum Process

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When Are We Done?

• Customer is satisfied with the product created and accepts it.

• Project runs out of time.

• Project runs out of money.

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How Do Requirements Drive the Scrum Process?

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Summary of Scrum Estimation Techniques

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Q7: 2024

1. Continuing focus on aligning business processes and information systems with business strategy, goals, and objectives.

2. Computer systems will be more easily changed and adapted.

3. The cloud will lead to substantially more innovation.

4. Emergence of new software vendor business models.

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Security Guide: Psst. There’s Another Way, You Know

• Do you think servers in China were actually shut down?

• Large organizations with good IS departments that had a firewall set up on port 24 to only allow traffic to go to IP address of ISP did not lose any designs.

• What about smaller organizations with minimal IS Department, or supported by small, unsophisticated VAR?

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Guide: The Real Estimation Process

• Software developers are optimists.

• People can’t work all the time.

• Apply a factor like 0.6 to compute number of effective labor hours for each employee.

• Be aware of consequences of negotiating a schedule.

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Active Review

Q1: How are business processes, IS, and applications developed?

Q2: How do organizations use business process management (BPM)?

Q3: How is business process modeling notation (BPMN) used to model processes?

Q4: What are the phases in the systems development life cycle (SDLC)?

Q5: What are the keys for successful SDLC projects?

Q6: How can scrum overcome the problems of the SDLC?

Q7: 2024?

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Case Study 10: Cost of PRIDE

• Typical example of a new software venture.

• So focused on technology and making it work, they neglect to consider what will happen, in the long term.

• Some problem solutions involve staff training and procedures.

• Flores and his partners need a longer term direction.

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Sources of PRIDE Costs

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