DEVELOPMENT OF NEXT-GENERATION ROAD SERVICES ON SMARTWAY ... · DEVELOPMENT OF NEXT-GENERATION ROAD...

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DEVELOPMENT OF NEXT-GENERATION ROAD

SERVICES ON SMARTWAY PROJECT Harutoshi Yamada Hideto Hatakenaka

Koji Fujimoto Yasuyuki Manabe

Intelligent Transport Systems Division National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, Japan 1 Asahi, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki Prefecture 305-0804 Japan

Tel (+81)29-864-4496 Fax (+81)29-864-0565 E-mail: [email protected], [email protected],

[email protected] Seiya Hamada

Kazunori Iwasaki Takehiro Noga

Manabu Matsumoto Junkichi Yoshida

Highway Industry Development Organization 7-17-1, Tsukiji Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan Tel (+81)3-3545-6642 Fax (+81)3-3545-6660

E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract In Japan, efforts are being made to promote “SMARTWAY” next-generation roadways,

which incorporate a variety of services using advanced ITS technologies. One of the efforts of the National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management (NILIM) of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport in recent years is to carry out public-private joint research on next-generation ITS services using ITS technologies. NILIM has also carried out SMARTWAY Demo 2006, a proving ground for reporting and publicizing the research results. SMARTWAY 2007 Demo in Tokyo is set to be held as starting point in aiming to realize the trial operation of next-generation services from autumn 2007 onward. This paper covers the efforts being made in order to realize next-generation ITS services.

Background In Japan, the development and practical use of ITS has been actively promoted in order to

resolve problems such as traffic congestion, frequent occurrences of traffic accidents, and the worsening traffic environment. (Figure 1) Car navigation System which began to spread around 10 years ago has come to be almost standard equipment for cars, with an increase in the volume of shipments to approximately 50% of the current number of new car registrations. The Vehicle Information and Communication System (VICS) which began service in 1996

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completed its nationwide deployment in February 2004, and recently around 80% of shipped car navigation systems have come to be equipped with VICS functions. (Figure 2) The Electronic Toll Collection System (ETC) which began service in 2001 has come to be installed in approximately 1,800 vehicles as of June 2007 with the national average use ratio at 68% and the use ratio on the Metropolitan Expressway at 76%. (Figure 3) As a result, congestion has been almost completely eliminated at the tollgates of all main lines of the Metropolitan Expressway, and it has thus been possible not only to smooth the flow of traffic, but also to improve the environment of the areas surrounding the tollgates by reducing noise and exhaust emissions.

As such, ITS in Japan has moved from the first stage of being cutting-edge and trendy to arrive at a new era, which should be considered the second stage in which ITS will transform society and people’s way of life.

Toward the Realization of Next-Generation ITS Services SMARTWAY and its goal

SMARTWAY is not just a foundation for the deployment of ITS on roads where it is possible for various information to be exchanged between vehicles, drivers, pedestrians, and other users, it also serves as a foundation leading to the creation of a comfortable and affluent way of life and society. SMARTWAY needs to possess two functions: the function of realizing in an integrated manner ITS which will provide safe and smooth road traffic and a good

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97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 Dec-06

Tota

l num

ber

ship

ped

VICS unit

Car navigation

(Number of units used: 10,000 units/day) （Use ratio）

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

April July Oct Janu April July Oct Janu April July Oct JanuApril July Oct JanuApril July Oct JanuApril July Oct April

2007

Janu

6/1/2007-6/7/2007Approx. 5.06 million / day

Use ratio: 68.2%

After nationwide deployment in 12/2001

Approx. 50,000 units / dayUse ratio: 0.9%

JH (through 9/2005)Metropolitan Expressway

East Nippon Expressway

Hanshin Expressway

Central Nippon Expressway Honshu-Shikoku

Bridge Expressway

West Nippon Expressway

Use ratio

Figure 2 Total number of shipments of car navigation systems and VICS units

Figure 3 Movements in the use of ETC

Figure 1 Current ITS

ETC roadside unit FM broadcasting Roadside beacons, etc

Car navigation system(VICS unit)ETC on-board unit

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environment, as social infrastructure, and the function of serving as a platform (common foundation) for creating new value in society.

The goal of SMARTWAY is thus to realize a smart and mobile society through improving the quality of transportation and traffic. Specifically, it is expected to realize the following four items. • “Making up for the negative legacy” that a motorized society has brought in terms of traffic accidents, environmental impact, and traffic • “Ensuring mobility for elderly persons and disabled persons” which will enable them to travel with peace of mind • “Affluent living and local communities” in which the vitality of regions is increased and affluence is perceptible, through promotion of the use of expressways and public transportation • “Improvement of the business environment” based on making information seamless and boosting the efficiency of distribution ITS as a national project

In January 2001 in Japan, the Strategic Headquarters for the Promotion of an Advanced Information and Telecommunications Network Society (IT Strategic Headquarters) was established with the Prime Minister as chair in order to promote IT reforms, and the four ministries and agencies of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, National Police Agency, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, and Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry are collaborating to promote ITS. In January 2006, the IT Strategic Headquarters has formulated the “New IT Reform Strategy” with the objective of pursuing IT structural reform capabilities in Japan. One of the goals presented in this strategy is “reducing traffic fatalities to 5,000 or below and thereby realizing the world’s safest road traffic environment” through the practical use of infrastructure-cooperative driving safety support systems. In order to accomplish this goal, the strategy sets forth the policies of forming a joint committee from the public and private sectors in 2006 regarding the practical application of driving safety support systems, conducting large-scale demonstration experiments, verification, and assessments on driving safety support systems through 2008, and deployment of driving safety support systems throughout Japan from 2010 onward with accident prone locations prioritized. .

Public -private joint research As mentioned above, ITS has entered a second stage, and car navigation systems, VICS,

ETC, and various other services have spread. In deploying various services with a view toward a smart mobile society, however, it seems that realizing individual services separately would detract from convenience for users and dramatic progress cannot be expected. Accordingly, rather than realizing individual services separately, it seems important to build a

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foundation (platform) in which various services can be used jointly, based on the appropriate division of roles among related parties.

NILIM has thus implemented public-private joint research on systems to provide next-generation road services together with 23 companies recruited from the private sector, in order to realize an in-car environment in which it is possible to use a variety of ITS services with a single on-board unit. (Chart 1)

Of the ITS services, this joint research examined the functions of roadside devices, on-board units, and so forth necessary for realizing next-generation road services. Specifically, the research was conducted over the approximately one year from February 2005 through March 2006 with the objective of creating the technical data that would be needed in practical application when formulating standards and specifications that should be set in common.

As it is important to firmly realize a variety of services, the joint research aimed for an in-car environment in which it would be possible to enjoy the existing services of VICS and ETC in addition to the three new public services of “information provision services along roadways,” “information connection services at roadside rest areas,” and “public parking lot payment services” with a single on-board unit. (Chart 4) Furthermore, SMARTWAY Demo 2006 was carried out over the three days from February 22 through 24, 2006 as a proving ground to demonstrate the results of the public-private joint research. This demonstration for the public took place at a testing track of NILIM. Roadside devices, which had been examined in the joint research, were set up along the testing track, on-board units were equipped in demonstration vehicles, and services were experienced while riding in the vehicles. In the joint research and in SMARTWAY Demo 2006, it was confirmed that the systems which were examined have been developed to a practical level in terms of technology.

Mitsubishi Electric Corp.

Fujitsu Laboratories Ltd.Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd.

Park 24 Co.,Ltd.Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.

Tokico Technology Ltd.Fujitsu Ltd.

NTT DoCoMo,Inc.OthersHitachi, Ltd.

Fujitsu Ten Ltd.Japan Radio Co., Ltd.

Pioneer Corp.NEC Corp.

Denso Corp.Toshiba Corp.

Xanavi Informatics Corp.Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd

Kenwood Corp.Oki Electric Industry Co, Ltd.Electronics appliance manufacturers

Clarion Co.,Ltd.Nissan Motor Co., Ltd.

Aisin AW Co.,Ltd.Navigation system manufacturers

Toyota Motor Corp.Automobile manufacturers

Name of CompanyCategoryName of CompanyCategory

Mitsubishi Electric Corp.

Fujitsu Laboratories Ltd.Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd.

Park 24 Co.,Ltd.Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.

Tokico Technology Ltd.Fujitsu Ltd.

NTT DoCoMo,Inc.OthersHitachi, Ltd.

Fujitsu Ten Ltd.Japan Radio Co., Ltd.

Pioneer Corp.NEC Corp.

Denso Corp.Toshiba Corp.

Xanavi Informatics Corp.Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd

Kenwood Corp.Oki Electric Industry Co, Ltd.Electronics appliance manufacturers

Clarion Co.,Ltd.Nissan Motor Co., Ltd.

Aisin AW Co.,Ltd.Navigation system manufacturers

Toyota Motor Corp.Automobile manufacturers

Name of CompanyCategoryName of CompanyCategory

Chart 1 Companies participating in public -private joint research (by company, in the order of the Japanese

Figure 4 Items examined in the public-private joint research

ITS

Car navigation

VICS

ETC

Information provision Next-generation

road services

Car navigation

1995 2001 2007

5.8GHzDSRC

2.4GHzbeacons

Diverse media

5.8GHzDSRC

Fee collection

-VICS-ETC-IC Credit Card-Internet-Uploading data

Digital Road Map

Services promotedby the public sector

Public parking lot payment services

Information connection services at roadside rest area

Next-generation roadway services

Information provision services along roadways

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SMARTWAY 2007 Demo in Tokyo SMARTWAY 2007 Demo in Tokyo has been positioned as a technical tour of the ITS

World Congress in Beijing. In this event, participants will experience multiple in-vehicle services while riding in demonstration cars. The event is scheduled over the four days from October 14 to 17. (Figure 5) The holding of this event is also positioned as the start of the trial operation of services brought to the general public.

As is shown in Figure 6, standards and specifications were formulated for the ITS on-board units and roadside devices of the 5.8GHz -DSRC standard equipment in March 2006 based on the public-private joint research in FY2005, and currently the building of infrastructure has begun on the Metropolitan Expressway. In selecting routes on which to build the infrastructure, routes where safety measures are needed (Metropolitan Expressway Inner Circular Route, Route 4 Shinjuku Line, Route 5 Figure 6 Flow of efforts toward trial operation

Smartway Project Advisory Committee Proposal

August 2004

The 7th Smartway project advisory Committee

February 2005

ITS World Congress in Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture

(October 2004)

July 2005

Summary of joint research

March 2006

Open trail :”Demo 2006”ThukubaFebruary 2006

Field trial of Smartway

May 2007March 2007

Verification of actualization

Smartway 2007

October 2007

Priority Policy Program 2006 (July 2006)

2006 ITS World Congress in London

(October 2006)

New IT Reformation Strategy (January 2006)

Decision of standards and specifications

EXPO 2005 Aichi(March 2005)

Commencement of joint research

Nationwide deployment

2007 ITS World Congress in Beijing (October 2007)

Standards and specifications (draft)

Smartway Project Advisory Committee Proposal

August 2004

The 7th Smartway project advisory Committee

February 2005

ITS World Congress in Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture

(October 2004)

July 2005

Summary of joint research

March 2006

Open trail :”Demo 2006”ThukubaFebruary 2006

Field trial of Smartway

May 2007March 2007

Verification of actualization

Smartway 2007

October 2007

Priority Policy Program 2006 (July 2006)

2006 ITS World Congress in London

(October 2006)

New IT Reformation Strategy (January 2006)

Decision of standards and specifications

EXPO 2005 Aichi(March 2005)

Commencement of joint research

Nationwide deployment

2007 ITS World Congress in Beijing (October 2007)

Standards and specifications (draft)

Figure 5 SMARTWAY 2007 Demo image

Takaido rampElectronic sign

Takaido

Eifuku

Hatsudai

Gai-en

Eifuku mainline toll station

Daikan-cho

Hitotsubashi

Nishi-kanda

Iudabashi

WasedaGokokuji

Higashi-ikebukuro

Itabashi

Kita-ikebukuro

Itabashi-Honcho

Shimura mainline toll station高島平

高島平

Yaesu Line

Route 5(Ikebukuro Line)

Route 4(Shinjuku Line)

Route 3 (Shibuya Line)

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

EifukuHighway Radio

（audio）

HatagayaProbe

Shinjuku curveObstables ahead（visual + audio）

SangubashicurveObstacles ahead（visual + audio）

KitanomaruProbe

KasumigasekiConditions ahead（static images of Chiyoda Tunnel）

Kanda-bashiConditions ahead（static images of

Kitanomaru Tunnel）

Kanda-bashiConditionsahead （staticimagesof Hakozaki）

Kanda-bashi

Nihonbashi

Kasumigaseki

Kitanomaru

IidabashiConditions ahead（static images of Omagari curve）

Hatagaya rampElectronic sign

◎●

◎●

Miyakezaka JCT

TakebashiJCT

Kanda-bashiJCT

TanimachiJCT

Higashi-ikebukuroMerging assitance（visual+audio）

Gai-enConditions ahead for Akasaka Tunnel(static images and audio)

ShimuraHighway Radio

（audio）

WasedaHighway Radio

（Audio）

Akasaka TunnelObstacles ahead（visual + audio）

Akasaka Tunnel

TanimachiMerging

assistance（visual + audio）

Itabashi JCT

Takamatsu

Shinjiku

Open to public in December 2008

Providing information on conditions ahead (audio+visual)Providing information on conditions ahead (audio+visual)

Traffic iscongested in thedirection of XXX.

AudioProviding information on conditions ahead(audio only)

Providing information on conditions ahead(audio only)

Audio

This is an announcement of current travel time. It takes approximately △△minutes for traveling from ○○ to ××.

●

●

Providing information on obstacles aheadProviding information on obstacles aheadAudio

Beep! Congestionahead. Drivecarefully!

Audio＋VisualAudio＋Visual

Beep! Congestionahead. Drive carefully!

Merging assistanceMerging assistanceAudio

Beep! Vehicles merging from the left. Drive carefully!

●

●


●

●

Yoyogii

Audio + VisualAudio + Visual

左から合流車、注意

!左から合流車、注意

!!


Hatagaya

●

●

●●

●

●

●●

●

●●

Itabashi-Honchocurve

Kita-ikebukurocurve

Higashi Ikebukuro

Misaki-chocurve

Iidabashicurve

Nishi-kandaＯＮ

Takebashi ＪＣＴ

KitanomaruTunnel

Sanban-chocurve

Benkei-boricurve

AkasakaＳ curve

Central Circular Route(Shinjuku Line)

Inner Circular Route

Access to information （Daikoku ＰＡ）Access to information （Daikoku ＰＡ）

○○PA

●Note： The mark ( )shows the places of information provision via cooperation between car navigation and map data (cooperation with map).


Takaido rampElectronic sign

Takaido

Eifuku

Hatsudai

Gai-en

Eifuku mainline toll station

Daikan-cho

Hitotsubashi

Nishi-kanda

Iudabashi

WasedaGokokuji

Higashi-ikebukuro

Itabashi

Kita-ikebukuro

Itabashi-Honcho

Shimura mainline toll station高島平

高島平

Yaesu Line

Route 5(Ikebukuro Line)

Route 4(Shinjuku Line)

Route 3 (Shibuya Line)

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

EifukuHighway Radio

（audio）

HatagayaProbe

Shinjuku curveObstables ahead（visual + audio）

SangubashicurveObstacles ahead（visual + audio）

KitanomaruProbe

KasumigasekiConditions ahead（static images of Chiyoda Tunnel）

Kanda-bashiConditions ahead（static images of

Kitanomaru Tunnel）

Kanda-bashiConditionsahead （staticimagesof Hakozaki）

Kanda-bashi

Nihonbashi

Kasumigaseki

Kitanomaru

IidabashiConditions ahead（static images of Omagari curve）

Hatagaya rampElectronic sign

◎●◎●

◎●◎●

Miyakezaka JCT

TakebashiJCT

Kanda-bashiJCT

TanimachiJCT

Higashi-ikebukuroMerging assitance（visual+audio）

Gai-enConditions ahead for Akasaka Tunnel(static images and audio)

ShimuraHighway Radio

（audio）

WasedaHighway Radio

（Audio）

Akasaka TunnelObstacles ahead（visual + audio）

Akasaka Tunnel

TanimachiMerging

assistance（visual + audio）

Itabashi JCT

Takamatsu

Shinjiku

Open to public in December 2008



Audio



AudioProviding information on conditions ahead(audio only)


Audio




Audio


●

●













●

●


●

●

Yoyogii




!!





!!


Hatagaya

●

●

●●

●

●

●●

●

●●

Itabashi-Honchocurve

Kita-ikebukurocurve

Higashi Ikebukuro

Misaki-chocurve

Iidabashicurve

Nishi-kandaＯＮ

Takebashi ＪＣＴ

KitanomaruTunnel

Sanban-chocurve

Benkei-boricurve

AkasakaＳ curve

Central Circular Route(Shinjuku Line)

Inner Circular Route


○○PA


○○PA




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Ikebukuro Line) were selected taking into consideration the “New IT Refrom Strategy” and in particular based on the status of accident rates and accident density. Demonstration experiments on various systems to provide next-generation road services have been carried out on the routes since May 14, 2007.

The objective of the demonstration experiments is to verify and assess the effectiveness of services and the receptivity of drivers to services by providing various services on a test basis which utilize audio and visual information, with the aim of realizing services that have characteristics as follows.

• Timely services Timely provision of information regarding safety based on the road traffic situation of the

route being driven on • Reliable and easy-to-understand services Provision of information regarding safety and so forth reliably and without delay to drivers

by utilizing 5.8GHz-DSRC which is highly reliable for communications and can provide large volumes of information instantly • Services that are easy for drivers to recognize Carrying out information provision (visual and audio) using on-board units with high

recognition rates for drivers relative to roadside display boards and so forth An image of a specific example of the experiment is shown in Figure 7. Stopped vehicles or

jammed flow is detected at the end of a blind curve with roadside sensors, and subsequent drivers entering the curve are warned with images and sounds. As a result, a decrease in collision accidents at the end of the blind curve, a decrease in the frequency of close calls (rapid reductions in speed), and a reduction in speeds when entering the curve can be expected. As for verification, a comparison of vehicle detection accuracy using multiple verification methods, the effect that the provision of information had on improving safety, and the receptivity of drivers is scheduled to be assessed.

Figure 7 Image of specific example of test (provision of information on forward obstacles)

Sangubashi Curve

Audio: Beep! Congestion Audio: Beep! Congestion ahead. ahead. Drive Carefully!Drive Carefully!


Audio onlyAudio only

Phenomenon Phenomenon detecteddetected

Vehicle behavior Vehicle behavior monitoredmonitored

Roadside processing deviceRoadside processing device

•• Providing emergent event informationProviding emergent event information

•• Storing vehicle behavior dataStoring vehicle behavior data

&Emergent Emergent

event event informationinformation

Analysis of Analysis of traffic flow traffic flow monitoring monitoring datadata

SensorInformation

supply by DSRC

Audio + visual Audio + visual

Sangubashi Curve

Visual sensor approachVisual sensor approach

Sangubashi Curve



Audio onlyAudio only

Phenomenon Phenomenon detecteddetected

Vehicle behavior Vehicle behavior monitoredmonitored

Roadside processing deviceRoadside processing device

•• Providing emergent event informationProviding emergent event information

•• Storing vehicle behavior dataStoring vehicle behavior data

&Emergent Emergent

event event informationinformation

Analysis of Analysis of traffic flow traffic flow monitoring monitoring datadata

SensorInformation

supply by DSRC

Audio + visual Audio + visual

Sangubashi Curve

Visual sensor approachVisual sensor approach

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For the verification of on-board units, assessment will be carried out driving monitor vehicles which have been equipped with test ITS on-board units. The verification will cover “ITS on-board units cooperating with car navigation systems,” which carry out the provision of information with sound and images in cooperation with car navigation systems, and “independent ITS on-board units,” which carry out the provision of information with sound only, for large vehicles (freight vehicles and buses), mini-vehicles (Japanese smallest category of vehicles) and so forth for which car navigation systems are less penetrated. (Figure 8)

At the time of this demonstration, exhibitions and symposiums will be held in conjunction with the driving experiences, so we hope that many people will come to Japan.

Efforts toward International Standardization In Japan, technologies related to SMARTWAY are being proposed to ISO/TC204. (Chart 2)

Specifically, these include technologies used during distribution between centers and car navigation systems and mechanisms with regard to basic API (application interface) used in next-generation road services (Figure 9), and there is an aim of international standardization for various technological specifications with a view toward the realization of SMARTWAY.

Figure 9 Mechanism using basic API which is used in the next-generation road services

Individualapplications

Basic API

Road-VehicleCommunication

function

Road-VehicleCommunication

function

Roadside unit

Car navigation installed

Basic API

ITS on-board unit

Road to Vehicle Communication

Function A

Function B

Function C

：

Application A

App lication B

App lication C

：

Platform

Command response function

Memory access

function

ID Commu-nicationfunction

IC Card access

function

Push-type information distribution

functionStandardization regarding the method for realizing non-IP transmission method services of various countries including the technological method for basic API and non-IP transmission of Japan

CALM-non-IP transmissionmethod (WG16)

Standardization regarding the DSRC transmission protocol of Japan

CALM-Mail（WG16）

Standardization of methods regarding the method of updating the applications of on-board units

Application update technology (WG16)

Standardization regarding formats for probe data

Probe data definition (WG16)

Standardization regarding technology when delivering map data between centers and car navigation systems

Update-type map data delivery technology (WG3)

Overview Name of proposal case

Standardization regarding the method for realizing non-IP transmission method services of various countries including the technological method for basic API and non-IP transmission of Japan

CALM-non-IP transmissionmethod (WG16)

Standardization regarding the DSRC transmission protocol of Japan

CALM-Mail（WG16）

Standardization of methods regarding the method of updating the applications of on-board units

Application update technology (WG16)

Standardization regarding formats for probe data

Probe data definition (WG16)

Standardization regarding technology when delivering map data between centers and car navigation systems

Update-type map data delivery technology (WG3)

Overview Name of proposal case

CALM：Communications Air-interface for Long and Medium range

Chart 2 Major items proposed to ISO/TC204 from Japan based on technologies related to SMARTWAY

Figure 8 Image of on-board units

Independent ITS on-board unit （audio）

ITS on-board unit in cooperation with car navigation （visual + audio）

Beep! Congestion ahead.

Drive carefully

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Future Development As for future development, it is important to develop strategic deployment scenarios.

(Figure 10) As for support for driving safety, based on the test operations in Tokyo, tests in real traffic in major metropolitan areas (Osaka, Aichi, Hiroshima etc.) is scheduled. As a broader sense of promotion, there appears to be an expansion toward versatile services such as fee settlement services for private-sector parking sites and ferriy boarding areas. Going forward, we intend to aim for further development of services and the full-fledged realization of an ITS society.

Reference (1) Final Report on Government-Private Sector Joint Research

URL:http://www.its.go.jp/ITS/j-html/index/indexSmartWay_bukai.html (2) Introduction of “Smartway 2007”

http://www.smartway2007.jp/index_j.htm

Figure 10 Scenario for the development of new systems for road-vehicle coordination

Use by private sector

Other areas –

all of Japan Directly-controlled

national highways

Expressways

Areas of major cities, etc.

MetropolitanExpresswayD

eployment of services

FY2009 and beyondFY2008FY2007FY2006

Use by private sector

Other areas –

all of Japan Directly-controlled

national highways

Expressways

Areas of major cities, etc.

MetropolitanExpresswayD

eployment of services

FY2009 and beyondFY2008FY2007FY2006SMARTWAY 2007 Opening of Shinjuku Line

Public road testing on the Metropolitan Expressway

Public road trial operation in the areas of major cities, etc. (Osaka, Aichi, Hiroshima)

Operation

(major cities, etc.) Nationwide deployment

Testing of automatic settlement of fees for ferries and public parking garages

Automatic settlement of fees for ferries, public and private-sector parking garages, etc.

Provision of information at family restaurants, convenience stores, roadside stations, etc.

Internet connections, etc. and other private-sector services

・・・

Trial operation onthe Metropolitan Expressway

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