Development of Detailed Statistics on Energy Consumption ... · washing machine, followed by energy...

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Final Report Grant Agreement No. 30304.2009.003-2009.704

Development of Detailed Statistics on Energy Consumption in

Households

George Said Manager

Environment & Resources Unit Directorate B: Business Statistics

National Statistics Office Malta

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The CATI Survey

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1. Introduction

Malta is almost totally reliant on electrical energy. The households sector is one of the

largest users of energy in Malta with the domestic consumption accounting for an

average of 35 per cent of the total electricity consumption. The main objective of this

project is to develop detailed data on energy consumption trends for the Maltese

households since to date we do not have detailed and reliable information about the

energy consumption in households.

2. Approach

The NSO is taking a joint approach to this project:

(1) The initial part involves the task of conducting a household survey in the course

of which information will be collected on household characteristics, the type and

number of appliances and consumption behaviour of household members. NSO

estimates that a gross/net sample of 1,800/1,500 households, selected randomly

from all localities in Malta and Gozo, would be appropriate for this survey. It is

planned to conduct the survey by means of telephone interviews, using CATI

technology. It is estimated that each interview will last 7 to 10 minutes.

(2) The second part of the joint approach involves complementing the household

survey information detailed above with more technical information. This will entail

the on-site measurement of energy consumed in households by means of

attaching electrical energy consumption meters to the various appliances within a

sample of households. For this purpose, NSO plans to distribute the meters to

three household types:

− Apartments/maisonettes

− Terraced houses

− Estate villas

This would enable the relevant information to be representative across the whole social

and economic spectrum of the population. NSO may even take into consideration the

geographical distribution of dwellings.

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3. The CATI Interview

During the first semester of the year 2010, the Environment and Resources unit drafted

the survey questionnaire, a copy of which is attached in Appendix A. Several

discussions were held at the office in order to design the best possible questionnaire to

be conducted by means of the CATI system.

The telephone interview was conducted by the Survey and Methodology unit and a total

of 1,500 interviews were carried out by July 2010. The survey took three weeks to

complete and the data were extracted from the CATI system for analysis.

The data cleaning and the generation of the necessary tables were carried out during

the following weeks. By end of September 2010, the Environment and Resources unit

all the information required from this interviewing process, for the compilation of the

required tables was concluded.

4. Results and Analysis

The results of the survey have been collated in several tables which show the variety of

appliances by type for each different segment of households which were chosen in the

survey.

5. Kitchen Appliances

The data reveals that almost all households (99.93%) have a fridge, 85 % of which

incorporate freezer. However, fridges without freezer are present in 18.18% of

households and stand alone freezers are in 37.47% of total households. Maltese

households show a strong preference for gas operated appliances for cooking purposes.

Gas cooker hobs are present in 87.15% of the surveyed households while gas ovens

are utilised in 72.16 %. The survey also reveals that 34.43% of the households use an

electric oven while only 13.59% have an electric hob. It is also important to note the

56.87% of all households have at least one microwave and 14.89% make use of a

dishwasher. The data set have been presented in table 1 below.

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Table 1.Kitchen Appliances Appliance % of Total Households

Gas ovens 72.16 Electric ovens 34.43 Gas cooker hobs 87.15 Electric cooker hobs 13.59 Microwaves 56.87 Dishwashers 14.89 Fridges 99.93 Fridges with freezer 85.43 Fridges without freezer 18.18 Stand alone freezer 37.47

6. Kitchen appliances by household type The survey conducted also revealed that the most fridges with freezer are found in

flats/penthouses (91%) followed by maisonettes (86%). Gas ovens are mostly common

in terraced houses (76%), followed by maisonettes (74%).The data also indicates that

gas cooker hobs are found mostly in maisonettes (91%) followed by terraced houses

(88%). Microwaves (80%), electric ovens (51%), stand alone freezer (62%) and fridges

without freezer (33%) are mostly present in semi/fully-detached houses.

Table 2. Kitchen appliances by household type (%)

Terraced/Town House

Semi/Fully Detached

House

Ground Floor/Maisonette Flat/Penthouse Total

Households

Gas ovens 75.85 61.29 74.37 65.33 72.16 Electric ovens 31.83 51.24 32.28 38.24 34.43

Gas cooker hobs 88.1 80.07 90.81 82.95 87.15

Electric cooker hobs 12.71 26.9 9.12 17.42 13.59 Microwaves 53.88 80.31 52.2 62.79 56.87 Dishwashers 15.79 41.6 8.11 15.55 14.89

Fridges 100 100 99.73 100 99.93 Fridges with

freezer 82.5 78.58 86.45 90.77 85.43 Fridges without freezer 21.53 32.73 16.74 11.17 18.18

Stand alone freezer 44.58 62.13 33.66 24.43 37.47

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7. Kitchen appliances by household size

Table 3 gives an overview of the kitchen appliances by household type. The table

indicates that gas ovens are mostly common in 2-person households (75%), electric

ovens in 4-person households (37%), followed by 5+ person households (36%). Gas

cooker hobs are found more in 4 to 5 person households (91%) while electric cooker

hobs in 1-person households (21%). Most microwave ovens are highly found in 4 person

households (66%) while dishwashers in 5+ person households (20%). The data reveals

that fridges with freezer are most common found in 1-person households (91%) while

fridges without freezer in 4-person households (25%); and stand alone freezers in 4-

person and 5+ persons households (49%) respectively.

Table 3. Kitchen appliances by household size (%)

1 2 3 4 5+ Total Gas ovens 68.70 75.07 71.76 71.70 73.00 72.16 Electric ovens 35.34 30.93 34.59 36.76 35.99 34.43 Gas cooker hobs 79.10 88.76 86.42 90.93 90.80 87.15 Electric cooker hobs 20.56 13.32 12.73 9.65 12.13 13.59 Microwaves 45.83 57.21 54.29 66.30 60.88 56.87 Dishwashers 9.72 15.24 13.39 17.98 19.55 14.89 Fridges 100.00 100.00 100.00 99.68 100.00 99.93 Fridges with freezer 90.84 89.66 83.24 78.92 83.89 85.43 Fridges without freezer 10.07 14.52 21.26 25.29 20.00 18.18 Stand alone freezer 22.16 30.16 40.87 49.27 49.48 37.47

8. Heating/Cooling Appliances

The CATI survey also emphasised on the situation of the electric water heaters which

are present in 91% of total Maltese households which are occupied by 2-person

households. Gas heaters are also found in 77% of households with 4 and 5 persons

residing in it. This is contrasted to the 33% of households having electric heaters, mostly

common in 1-person households (47%). An average of 58% of households have air

conditioning units, mostly in 4-person households (70%). Only an average of 1% of total

households have central heating units, mostly the 5+ person households (2.8%). Solar

water heaters are present in 9% of all households, these found mostly in 4-person

households and 5+ person households as indicated in Table 5 below.

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Table 4. Heating/Cooling Appliances Appliance % of Total Households air conditioning units 58.40 central heating units 0.87 heaters 70.97 gas heaters 77.35 electric heaters 32.66 electric water heaters (geaser) 90.50 solar water heater 9.28

Table 5. Heating/Cooling appliances by household si ze (%) 1 2 3 4 5+ Total

air conditioning units 41.90 54.71 62.38 69.74 64.05 58.40 central heating units 0.50 0.78 0.28 0.89 2.76 0.87 heaters 58.10 71.11 73.56 77.97 73.20 70.97 gas heaters 61.75 70.89 83.02 84.84 85.27 77.35 electric heaters 47.48 37.07 25.52 29.37 24.41 32.66 electric water heaters 90.70 93.33 90.22 88.27 88.72 90.50 solar water heater 2.64 6.83 10.34 14.41 13.69 9.28

9. Other Appliances in households

Tables 6 and 7 indicate that an average of 99% of households have a television set.

This is followed by washing machines which are also present in 96%of the households.

It is also important to note that 66% of households have a computer or laptop. Such

equipment is mostly found in 4-person households. The survey reveals that only 21% of

households have a tumble dryer.

Table 6 Other Appliances

Appliances % of Total Households

Televisions 99.01

Computers/laptops 66.45

Washing machines 96.42

Tumble dryers 21.12

Table 7. Other Appliances by household size (%)

1 2 3 4 5 Total Households Televisions 97.46 99.67 98.80 99.26 99.86 99.01 Computers/laptops 29.00 48.74 76.97 95.01 91.89 66.45 Washing Machines 87.08 97.62 99.04 98.64 99.68 96.42 Tumble Dryers 13.08 16.78 24.59 26.23 27.41 21.12

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10. Energy Efficient Appliances

Energy efficiency in appliances has become a major issue in the electrical consumption

of households. Tables 8 and 9 indicate that 35% of households have an energy efficient

washing machine, followed by energy efficient fridge. A small percentage of the Maltese

households have energy efficient freezers and air conditioners which currently stand at

7% of total households. Meanwhile, 4 to 6% of the households have energy efficient

ovens, microwaves, dishwashers and energy efficient cooker hobs.

The data also confirms that energy efficient ovens, fridges, washing machines and air

conditioning units are mostly found in 4-person households. Table 9 also indicates that

stand alone freezers, cooker hobs, microwaves and dishwashers of the same type are

mostly present in 5+ person households.

Table 8. Energy Efficient Appliances

Appliances % of Total

Households Oven 5.74 Cooker hob 0.87 Fridge 25.13 Stand alone freezer 6.95 Microwave 4.49 Washing machine 35.08 Airconditioner 6.92 Dishwasher 3.06

Table 9. Energy Efficient Appliances by household s ize (%)

1 2 3 4 5+ Total

Households Oven 4.60 5.03 5.85 7.02 6.47 5.74 Cooker hob 1.29 0.28 1.07 0.73 1.39 0.87 Fridge 15.30 22.11 29.03 32.51 26.17 25.13 Stand alone freezer 1.80 4.39 8.99 9.93 11.39 6.95 Microwave 3.00 4.59 3.99 4.36 7.95 4.49 Washing machine 16.99 28.13 36.66 50.27 47.79 35.08 Airconditioner 7.15 4.31 6.72 10.18 6.42 6.92 Dishwasher 2.39 3.14 1.98 3.82 4.57 3.06

11. Availability of Renewables in total households

Renewable have been introduced in Malta four years ago and they are slowly gaining

ground. The survey results show that the 9.3% of the Maltese households own a solar

water heater. This is followed by solar panels installations which are present 1.3% of the

households. Only 0.1% of the households own a micro turbine.

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Table 10. Availability of Renewables in total Households (%)

Microturbines 0.1 Solar Panels 1.3 Solar Water Heater 9.3

Further analysis of the data indicates that solar water heaters are primarily found in

terraced/town houses. Such presence amount to 52% of the total households in Malta,

followed by maisonettes (21%), detached houses (15%) and flat/penthouses (12%).

It is also evident that 50% of the installed solar panels are also mostly present in

terraced/town houses. Such installations are followed by detached houses (28%) and

maisonettes (22%). The survey data also reveals that micro turbines are highly common

in terraced houses (80%) and on as smaller scale in detached houses (20%). Table 11

below shows the details of such distribution.

Table 11. Renewables distribution per household typ e (%)

Terraced/Town

House Semi/Fully

Detached House Ground

Floor/Maisonette Flat/Penthouse Microturbines 79.52 20.48 0 0 Solar Panels 49.86 28.26 21.87 0 Solar Water

Heater 51.77 15.11 21.09 12.03 12. Use of energy saving lamps by household size

Table 12 gives an idea of the extent of use of energy saving lamps by the Maltese

households. It is evident that 94% of Maltese households use energy saving lamps.

These range from 98% usage within 4-person households to 87% usage within 1-person

households.

Table 12. Use of energy saving lamps by household s ize (%)

Household Size 1 2 3 4 5+ Total

Use of energy saving lamps (%) 86.5 92.18 95.3 98.32 97.51 93.77 13. Extent of electric water heaters usage.

Table 13 below shows that 78% of Maltese households switch their water heaters on

and off according to use. Such practices vary accordingly to the household size. Such

practice is most common among 1-person households. This is followed closely by 2-

person occupied households. Details are presented in Table 14.

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An average of 22% of all households leaves their water heater on at all times. Such

practice is most common among person households (28%), and five person households

(27%). Table 14 also shows that 25% of the 4-person occupied households tend to

leave their water heater always on while the one person occupied households are the

least to perform such practice.

Table 13. Water heaters on/off (% of total househol ds) On and off according to use 78.30

On at all times 21.70

Table 14. Water heaters switched on/off or on at al l times by household size

Household Size 1 2 3 4 5+ Total

On and off according to use (%) 86.56 83.1 71.83 74.86 72.67 78.3

On at all times (%) 13.44 16.9 28.17 25.14 27.33 21.7

Table 15 below confirms that the average water heater capacity in Maltese households

is 57 litres. Proper figures range from 61 litres in detached houses and flats/penthouses

to 55 litres and 54 litres in terraced/town houses and maisonettes respectively.

Table 15. Average number of litres of water heaters by household type

Terraced/Town House 54.90

Semi/Fully Detached House 61.38

Ground Floor/Maisonette 53.70

Flat/Penthouse 61.34

Total 56.50

15. Average number of litres of water heaters by ho usehold size.

The average number of litres of water heaters by household size is displayed in Table

16. It is evident that the 5 person occupied households have average water heater litre

capacity of 63 litres, whilst 1-person households have 50-51 litre capacity water heaters.

Table 16. Average number of litres of water heaters by household size

1 50.65

2 53.19

3 60.17

4 58.44

5+ 62.63 Total 56.50

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16. Number of vehicles used by household size

The CATI survey also undertook further investigation regarding the consumption of fossil

fuel energy in households. This was done in particular reference to the ownership and

usage of the private vehicle since in Malta there is a high level of car ownership. In the

Maltese Islands there is and average of 2 vehicles per household. Figures show that the

3, 4 and 5+ person households have 2 cars while 2-person households own 1 vehicle.

Table 17 shows the details of such vehicular distribution.

Table 17. Average number of vehicles used by househ old size

Household Size Vehicles/Motorcycles 1 0.44

2 1.15

3 1.74

4 2.19

5+ 2.44

Total 1.53

17. Household expenditure on fuel per week by house hold size.

In Malta 39% of all households spend between €20and €40 per week on fuel. Most of

this expenditure is footed by 3-person households. The data shows that 23% of

households who spend between €10 and €20 per week are 2-person households.

Another 16% declared that they spend €40-€60 per week. While 13% of the households

declared that they spend less than €10 per week, another 10% stated that they spend

€60 or more per week. The details of such expenditure are presented in Table 18 below.

Table 18. Household expenditure on fuel per week by household size Household

Size None Less than

€10 €10 -

€19.99 €20 -

€39.99 €40 -

€59.99 €60 or more

1 0.0 45.8 33.6 14.7 5.9 0.0

2 0.8 22.4 38.5 26.5 9.4 2.4

3 0.4 6.6 15.4 57.6 13.3 6.7

4 0.0 3.6 18.4 39.7 25.8 12.5

5+ 0.0 1.9 8.2 40.7 18.8 30.5

Total 0.3 12.8 22.8 38.7 15.7 9.8

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The Technical Survey

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18. Introduction

The second part of the survey promises to be more labour-intensive and consequently

time-consuming. Since the NSO did not have the resources to conduct such a survey, it

was agreed to sub-contract the services via a call for tender. In fact, such a call was

announced and published in the Government Gazette of 9 April 2010.

The closing date of the tender was 19 May 2010 and three bidders had expressed their

interest for this survey. AIS Ltd was selected to conduct the survey and completed the

work in the period of eight months.

The general scope of the project was to carry out a number of surveys in a sample of

individual households and collect electricity consumption data of the major appliances

over an extended period of time. This has been achieved by attaching electrical energy

consumption meters to the various appliances, and gathering information regarding the

type and age of appliances which are being used. The results give rise to a model of

energy consumption in the households on the basis of the statistics collected.

19. Geographical area covered

The contract required the survey to be carried out on 60 households in the Island of

Malta as a representative of the general population. To this end, it was also agreed that

the 60 households visited be categorized among four different classes; mainly:

Apartments

Maisonettes

Terraced houses

Large estate villas

This enables the relevant information to be representative across the whole social and

economic spectrum of the population. The geographical distribution of dwellings has

also been taken into consideration. The NSO has been responsible for the selection of

the households according to these established criteria.

In addition to the required 60 households, another two household audits were carried out

for contingency.

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20. Duration and planning of the project

As outlined earlier, the global timeframe for the execution of the project was eight

months. The required duration of the exercise within an individual household was one

month. Given the timeframe, the project has been executed successfully according to

the following general plan:-

1. Fixing of appointments with batches of 10 households

2. Visit of the households to commence the survey

3. Logging of consumption measurements for a period of one month

4. Collection of instruments and data from the batch of 10 households

5. Resume with appointments for the next batch of 10 households

21, Letter of Advice to Households

The first step in the process is a letter of advice by the NSO to the households being

audited. The delivery of these letters was performed in close coordination with AIS. In

this way, the subsequent phone call to establish the appointment would be only a few

days following the receipt of the letter by the household.

22. Contact by Telephone to Establish an Appointmen t.

AIS Ltd. was then responsible to establish an appointment with the households

indicated, using contact details provided. On visiting the household, the representative

asked a set of questions to confirm the eligibility of that particular household for the

exercise. These questions were intended to confirm that the contact details are correct,

that the residence is in use, and that there is no obstacle, both physical and logistical,

preventing the survey from being carried out. It is worthy of noting that a small number of

households could not be contacted at all. In this case, the NSO provided a replacement

household. This would then be followed by the setting up of an appointment that is

convenient for the household owners, whereby AIS representatives may go to perform

the installation of the measuring equipment. During this conversation, the representative

also reassures the household tenant that the survey will be kept confidential, and that all

works being carried out in the household are completely reversible and will leave no

damage or danger. A specially-prepared form, the ‘Household Energy Consumption

Form’, was filled in with the updated contact details and appointment information. This

same form was then be used by the visiting representative and was the basis for the

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collection of the data for that household thereafter. A copy of this form is shown in

Appendix C.

23. Household Visit to Commence Survey

On the day of the appointment, an AIS representative called at the household to

commence the survey. Upon meeting the tenant, the representative explained the scope

of the exercise and established what appliances are present in the household. At this

point, the representative ticks in the existing appliances in the ‘Exists’ column of the

Household Data Form. A number of appliances on the form have been highlighted with a

bold box. These are appliances that one would reasonably expect to always exist in any

household, unless a viable alternative is present. The representative has been instructed

to furnish an explanation whenever a bold highlighted item is not found. This measure

has been added as a double-check to ensure that none of the very critical items has

been left out. Additional information, such as age and type of equipment is also filled in

the relevant sections of the form.

24. Installation of Measuring Instruments

The representative then proceeded to install the measuring devices to as many

appliances as possible. The measuring devices will be chosen according to whether the

appliance is a plug-in device or a permanently-connected one. In the latter case, a

device with a current transformer (CT) is used. A special tamper-proof sticker is applied

to the device controls on ensure trustworthy readings. The representative takes note of

the individual meter serial numbers and leaves the instruments in a logging state. At the

end of the visit the household owner is given advice on what to do if he needs to move

or disconnect an appliance, together with contact details should a difficulty arise.

25. Appliances

The appliances which were monitored included:-

• Fridges and freezers,

• Washing machines,

• Dishwashers,

• Electrical Water Heater,

• Electric ovens/hobs

• Heaters

• Airconditioning Units

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• Microwave ovens

• Television

• Hifi Equipment

• Computers

• Washing Machine

• Tumble Dryer

• Solar Heater

• Others eg. Heated aquariums etc.

26.Measuring Equipment

The meters allow for the measurement of the total energy consumption (in kWh) over a

period of time of a particular appliance. Two types of meters were used in the survey.

The plug-in type allows plug-in appliances to be monitored without modification to their

wiring. These were ideal for kettles, irons, TV sets and so on. The other type employs a

clip-on current transformer (CT) which is able to measure current on permanently-

connected appliances without physical modifications or disconnections. An example of

such an appliance would be an Air Conditioner or Water Heater. In both cases,

commercially-available instruments suitable for domestic use were employed. All

instruments were tested for consistency prior to use.

Fig. 1 Measuring Instruments: Energenie (top), and Efergy e2 (bottom)

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27. Mains Incomer

The representative was also instructed to connect an instrument to the main incomer.

The appropriate instrument for this is the clip-on Efergy type. Where a three-phase

supply is encountered, the representative has connected three individual instruments to

each phase.

28. Second Appointment for Collection of Measuring Instruments

A second appointment was made with the household to collect the instruments. The

date was chosen such as to allow a period of measurement of about 30 days or more.

Upon visiting, the representative checked each individual meter for consistency and

examined the tamper-proof sticker to see if it is still intact. An instrument which passes

these tests has the ‘Meter OK’ column on the Data Form ticked. The representative also

took note of the final readings. Any abnormal readings are immediately enquired upon

with the household owner. If the abnormal reading has a suitable explanation, the

‘Realistic’ column on the Data Form is ticked. Any other information worthy of note was

written down in the ‘Technician’s comments’ box on the rear of the Household Data

Form. The appointment is concluded by having both the household owner and the

visiting representative sign on the Data Form that all instruments have been collected.

29. Data Retrieval

In addition to counting the energy consumed, the Efergy e2 instruments also feature an

hourly consumption data logging memory. This data was downloaded onto an AIS

server using special software, and exported to an excel sheet. This data is the basis of

the reports being presented in this survey.

30. Instrument Renewal

Since the instruments have special tamper-proof stickers applied, these have to be

cleaned before re-use. The batteries were also renewed to ensure that battery life will

sustain the monthly logging of the next batch of households.

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Some Installation Example s

Fig. 2 - 4 Examples of applied metering: Cooker (Top) and Fridge and Mains (bottom)

Technical Hurdles and Precautions

34. Non-Collaboration by the Household Owner

In some instances it was noted that some household owners were fiercely reluctant to

carry out the survey in their homes. In some instances, some owners gave permission

after reassurances of confidentiality and that no reversible damage would be incurred. In

some other instances the owners remained steadfast. In these instances, it was agreed

with the NSO that an alternative household would be surveyed.

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35. Forgotten Appliances

The representative was ultimately in the hands of the household owner with respect to

what appliances were present within the household. To minimise as much as possible

the possibility of ‘forgotten’ appliances, the Data Form was formulated like a checklist.

Moreover, some critical appliances were highlighted in bold boxes to emphasise to the

visiting representative that an explanation was to be sought for the absence, or

otherwise, of certain appliances.

36. Possibility of Instrument Tampering by Househol d Owner

To mitigate this possibility, a number of measures were taken. Firstly, each instrument

has been engraved with a unique serial id number. Upon installation, the representative

writes down the serial number next to each appliance entry on the Data Form. This is

checked for consistency upon removal. Hence AIS would be aware if the Household

Owner inadvertently swaps an instrument with another. Another measure taken was the

use of special tamper-proof tape. Certain control buttons and enclosures were protected

from inadvertent use by means of this special security tape, which allows easy and

unmistakeable detection of peeling when this occurs.

37. Instrument missing or stolen

Upon installation completion the representative counts the meters installed and the

household owner signs against the number counted. This makes the household owner

aware of the responsibility. Upon collection, the representative checks the numbers of

meters collected to ensure that there are none missing.

38. Appliance wiring not accessible for connection of CTs

The most common and significant hurdle encountered was the metering of kitchen

appliances that are built-in into the kitchen furniture. In most instances where this was

encountered, it was impossible to connect a CT without doing irreversible changes to the

furniture. To mitigate the effect of this occurrence, the representative took note of the

existence of these appliances even though no instrument was connected. In the final

results, the entries of the major appliances having this accessibility problem have been

substituted by an average value for the respective Household Type. This measure,

coupled by the fact that occurrence of built-in appliances was low throughout the survey,

ensured that the final overall results were not impacted.

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39. Battery depleted during mid-survey

Batteries were renewed at the start of each survey to eliminate this possibility.

40. Non-use of Air-conditioning Equipment

The survey has been carried out in the period running from October 2010 to April 2011.

In the period surveyed, almost all households with Air-conditioning installed have

indicated that they are not planning to use their air-conditioning equipment. Asked

whether they might use it in the winter months as a heating source, all households

showed a preference for gas heating or conventional electric heating. As a result, all

households, with the exception of one, have zero against their figure of airconditioning

consumption in the period surveyed. Given that air-conditioning consumption is

potentially a significant consumption contributor in the summer months, the fact that the

study was not commissioned to last for a period of a whole year is a possible

shortcoming.

Result Observations and Conclusions

41. Final Results Charts

The final results are being presented in the following charts:

• Apartments

• Maisonettes

• Terraced Houses

• Villas

• All Household Types Combined

• All Household Types Combined (results presented per Appliance Group)

The charts have been annexed in Appendix D.

42. Main Appliance Groups

For a clearer representation of the results, appliances in the last report have been

combined into five Main Appliance Groups. These are:

1. Water Heating

2. TV, HiFi and Computers

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3. Refrigeration

4. Minor Appliances

5. Lighting and Other

43. Main Incomer Results

As expected, Villas exhibited a higher rate of energy consumption. A look at the main

appliance groups reveals that the source of this higher rate is originating mostly from

lighting and the so-called minor appliances. These groups will be examined further in the

following paragraphs. Apartments also revealed a relatively high rate of consumption

when compared to either Maisonettes or Terraced Houses. This higher source of

consumption was found to be originating from a single apartment in the survey, which

had a confirmed abnormally-high rate of hot water use (refer to note 1 in the Apartments

chart). The apartment in question was in fact a large luxury apartment in Sliema, also

having a three-phase electricity supply. Despite the dwelling being architecturally an

apartment, with respect to facilities and size it was comparable to a Villa.

44. Water Heating

Apartments exhibited higher water heating consumption due to a particular apartment

(see paragraph above and Note 1 in the Apartments chart). Apart from the apartments,

the other dwelling types exhibited very similar consumption levels at about 2.5 units per

day.

45. TV, HiFi and Computers

All dwelling types exhibited similar consumption levels of between 1 and 1.5 units per

day. Surprisingly, Villas exhibited the lowest of the four dwelling types. The reasons for

this could be related to different occupancy patterns of Villa owners with respect to other

dwelling types. It could also be that Villa owners have invested in more modern

equipment such as flat-panel TV which would result in reduced consumption overall.

46. Refrigeration

Refrigeration consumption is another area which did not exhibit a differing level across

the dwelling types. This result is to be expected, as the size of the dwelling or affluence

of the resident family should not have a net effect on the resulting consumption of the

refrigeration appliance which is running continuously throughout the day.

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47. Minor Appliances

Villas exhibited a significantly higher level of consumption. The major component of this

category was water pumps for swimming pools which had a significant effect on the

Villas average even if not all villas had a swimming pool. From this result it is also

evident that certain high-wattage appliances like the washing machine, the microwave

oven, and the dishwasher are not significant contributors to the total consumption figure.

Clearly, these appliances are used for a much shorter period of time overall.

48. Lighting and Other

Consumption attributed to lighting would be expected to be roughly proportional to the

size of the dwelling. In fact the pattern exhibits a clear upward trend with dwelling type,

starting with apartments having the lowest consumption and villas having the highest

consumption. Villas would also require a more significant level of perimeter lighting.

49.Use of Electric Heaters

Despite the survey being carried out in the winter months, space heating by electricity

resulted to be a relatively small fraction overall. This suggests that household owners

are wary of the heavy consumption this appliance could contribute. Most of the

household owners expressed a clear preference towards gas burners for space heating.

None of them reported using the Air conditioner for heating during the winter months,

despite this being more efficient and economical that a standard element-based heater.

The mild winter climate is also a factor.

50. The Three Major Contributors

The study shows clearly that there are three major contributors: lighting, water heating

and refrigeration. These three alone contribute to almost 80% of the total consumption of

the average household, albeit these figures are representative of the winter months only.

This gives credit to measures being implemented to address these areas, namely

incentives to invest in energy-saving bulbs, solar water heaters and appliances with a

better class of energy saving.

23

APPENDIX A

24

Energy Consumption in households My name is (name) from the National Statistics Office (NSO). Currently, this office is carrying out a survey about Energy Consumption in Households, about which I would like to ask some questions. Your household has been randomly selected to participate in this survey. The interview will take approximately 8 minutes. The information will only be used for statistical purposes. May I address the head of household? I am going to ask you a few questions regarding your appliances at home. Would you kindly tell me how many, of each item, you have in your main dwelling.

1. How many Gas Cookers do you have in your house? _____

2. How many Gas Hobs do you have? _____

3. How many Electric Cookers do you have? _____

4. How many Electric Hobs do you have? _____

5. How many Microwave Ovens do you have? _____

6. How many Air-conditioning Units do you have? _____

7. How many Central Heating Units do you have? _____

8. How many Heaters do you have? _____→ GoTo Q11 (If 0)

9. How many are Gas Heaters? _____

10. How many are Electric Heaters? _____

11. How many Water Heaters (Geysers) do you have, for use in the bathrooms?

None O(0) → Go to Q15 _____

12. What is the total volume in litres of the first Water Heater (geyser)?

Total volume _____ Liters (or) Total gallons _____ gallons

13. What is the total volume in litres of other Water Heaters (geyser)?

Total volume _____ Liters (or) Total gallons _____ gallons

25

14. Do you normally switch them on and off according to use or do you leave them on at all times?

On and off according to use O(1) On at all times O(2)

15. Do you have a Solar Water Heater/s?

Iva O(1) Le O(2) 16. How many Dishwashers do you have? _____ 17. How many Television Sets do you have at home? _____

18. How many Fridges do you have?

None O(0) → Go to Q20 _____ 19. How many of these have a Freezer incorporated with them? _____

20. How many separate Freezers do you have? _____

21. How many Computers/Laptops do you have? _____

22. How many Washing Machines do you have? _____

23. How many Tumble Dryers do you have? _____

24. Which of the following appliances are Energy Efficient? Tick where appropriate:

• Cooker O(1) • Washing machine O(6) • Cooker hob O(2) • Air conditioner (AC) O(7) • Fridge O(3) • Dishwasher O(8) • Freezer O(4) • Neither one/no more

appliances O(9) • Microwave O(5) • Don’t know O(10)

25. Do you have Solar Panels (energy solar panels)?

Yes O(1) No O(2)

26. Do you have Micro Turbines on the roof to provide energy?

Yes O(1) No O(2)

26

27. Do you use Energy- Saving Lamps in your main household?

Yes O(1) No O(2)

28. What type of dwelling do you live in?

Terraced/Town house O(1) Semi/Fully Detached House O(2) Ground floor tenement / Maisonette O(3) Flat/Penthouse O(4) Other type (Specify) ________________________

29. In which period was the dwelling constructed? ____________

Before 1918 O(1) 1919-1955 O(2) 1956-1965 O(3) 1966-1980 O(4) 1981-1995 O(5) 1996-2000 O(6) 2001-2005 O(7) 2006-2010 O(8)

30. How many members live permanently in your dwelling? ____________

31. How many rooms does this dwelling consist of? ____________

32. How many cars / motorcycles do you all make use of?

None O(0) → STOP _____

33. Approximately, how much does your household spend on fuel per week?

Less than €10 (0 - €9.99) O(1) €10 - €19.99 O(2) €20 - €39.99 O(3) €40 – €59.99 O(4) €60 or more O(5) Don’t know O(6)

- Thank you for your time -

27

APPENDIX B

28

NSO 01 /2010 Survey on Energy Consumption in Households The NSO requires the professional services of an individual/entity with an engineering background to carry out a survey on the consumption of electrical energy in Maltese households. The objective of this project is to develop detailed statistics on the trends of energy consumption in the sector of domestic households. The individual/entity who will tender for this survey have to prove that they have all the logistical and technical expertise required for the on-site measurements in the selected households. The combination of direct surveys, on site measurements, and modeling, will allow for the extrapolation of detailed statistics. More details are explained in the official tender document which can be collected from the National Statistics Office, Lascaris,, Valletta or requested via email: [email protected] This is a Service Notice under the Local Open Tender Procedure. This tender is being considered for part-financing by the European Union (Allocated Budget: €30,000.00 excluding V.A.T.).

29

APPENDIX C

32

APPENDIX D

33

Household Type:Total Survey Hours:

Total Consumption

kWh

DailyAverage per

Household Type

% of Total Household

TypeNotes

2988.50 11.16 100.00%

513.70 1.92 17.19%28.20 0.11 0.94%0.00 0.00 0.00%58.90 0.22 1.97%23.60 0.09 0.79%

1128.32 4.21 37.76% (1)0.00 0.00 0.00%0.00 0.00 0.00%

288.10 1.08 9.64%0.00 0.00 0.00%96.70 0.36 3.24%63.30 0.24 2.12%0.00 0.00 0.00%0.00 0.00 0.00%0.00 0.00 0.00%

787.68 2.94 26.36%Pool PumpLighting and Other

AirconditioningTelevisionsHi-Fi EquipmentComputersWashing Machines

Solar Heating

Energy Consumption Survey - Apartments

Apartments6429

Consumption of Main Appliances

Refrigeration (Fridges and Freezers)

Dishwashers

Appliance

Main Incomer

Kettle

Electric Ovens and HobsMicrowave Ovens

Notes1. This figure is abnormally high in comparison to other household types. We investigated the cause of this figure and concluded that it is the result of a single household, ref. no. 42. The reading is based on two water heaters, and both havea high reading. This fact excludes a measurement instrument malfunction. We enquired with the household, a large luxury apartment in Sliema, and we can confirm tha the consumption of hot water is indeed reportedly very high.

Tumble Drier

Water HeatingSpace Heating (non A/C)

% Of Total Consumption


17.19% Kettle0.94%

Dishwashers0.00%

Electric Ovens and Hobs

1.97%

Microwave Ovens0.79%

Water Heating37.76%

Space Heating (non A/C)

0.00%

Airconditioning0.00%

Televisions9.64%

Hi-Fi Equipment0.00%

Computers3.24%

Washing Machines2.12%

Tumble Drier0.00%

Solar Heating0.00%

Pool Pump0.00%

Lighting and Other26.36%

34


Total Consumption

kWh

DailyAverage per

Household Type


TypeNotes

6783.98 10.76 100.00%

1554.80 2.47 22.92%53.80 0.09 0.79%61.70 0.10 0.91%124.26 0.20 1.83%44.00 0.07 0.65%

1590.10 2.52 23.44%88.14 0.14 1.30%42.14 0.07 0.62%625.20 0.99 9.22%

6.50 0.01 0.10%373.70 0.59 5.51%164.70 0.26 2.43%39.50 0.06 0.58%30.71 0.05 0.45%0.00 0.00 0.00%

1984.73 3.15 29.26%

Energy Consumption Survey - Maisonettes

Maisonettes15125


Appliance

Main Incomer

Refrigeration (Fridges and Freezers)KettleDishwashersElectric Ovens and HobsMicrowave OvensWater HeatingSpace Heating (non A/C)AirconditioningTelevisionsHi-Fi EquipmentComputersWashing MachinesTumble DryerSolar HeatingPool PumpLighting and Other


22.92%

Kettle0.79%

Dishwashers0.91%

Electric Ovens and Hobs1.83%


Water Heating23.44%Space Heating (non

A/C)1.30%Airconditioning

0.62%

Televisions9.22%


Computers5.51%


Tumble Dryer0.58%

Solar Heating0.45%

Pool Pump0.00%


35


Total Consumption

kWh

DailyAverage per

Household Type


TypeNotes

7447.49 11.02 100.00%

1695.90 2.51 22.77%94.50 0.14 1.27%0.00 0.00 0.00%

38.15 0.06 0.51%41.20 0.06 0.55%

1939.48 2.87 26.04%0.60 0.00 0.01%0.00 0.00 0.00%

640.90 0.95 8.61%0.50 0.00 0.01%

336.20 0.50 4.51%169.20 0.25 2.27%

0.30 0.00 0.00%0.00 0.00 0.00%0.00 0.00 0.00%

2490.56 3.69 33.44%

Energy Consumption Survey - Terraced Houses

Terraced Houses16216


Appliance

Main Incomer



22.77%

Kettle1.27%

Dishwashers0.00%



Water Heating26.04%


0.01%Airconditioning

0.00%Televisions

8.61%


Computers4.51%


Tumble Dryer0.00%

Solar Heating0.00%

Pool Pump0.00%


36


Total Consumption

kWh

DailyAverage per

Household Type


TypeNotes

5358.86 12.72 100.00%

1037.00 2.46 19.35%80.10 0.19 1.49%0.00 0.00 0.00%

151.57 0.36 2.83%29.03 0.07 0.54%

1064.90 2.53 19.87%151.00 0.36 2.82%

0.00 0.00 0.00%385.50 0.92 7.19%

9.60 0.02 0.18%70.20 0.17 1.31%140.06 0.33 2.61%

9.90 0.02 0.18%0.00 0.00 0.00%

431.07 1.02 8.04%1798.93 4.27 33.57%

Energy Consumption Survey - Villas

Villas10108.25


Appliance

Main Incomer



19.35%

Kettle1.49%

Dishwashers0.00%



Water Heating19.87%


2.82%

Airconditioning0.00%

Televisions7.19%Hi-Fi Equipment

0.18%

Computers1.31%


Tumble Dryer0.18%

Solar Heating0.00%

Pool Pump8.04%


37


Total Consumption

kWh

DailyAverage per

Household Type


TypeNotes

21879.13 11.17 100.00%

4737.40 2.42 21.65%242.40 0.12 1.11%61.70 0.03 0.28%372.88 0.19 1.70%120.53 0.06 0.55%5224.80 2.67 23.88%239.74 0.12 1.10%42.14 0.02 0.19%

1924.60 0.98 8.80%16.60 0.01 0.08%848.50 0.43 3.88%516.96 0.26 2.36%49.70 0.03 0.23%30.71 0.02 0.14%431.07 0.22 1.97%7019.40 3.58 32.08%

Pool PumpLighting and Other

Space Heating (non A/C)AirconditioningTelevisionsHi-Fi EquipmentComputersWashing MachinesTumble DryerSolar Heating

Microwave OvensWater Heating


Refrigeration (Fridges and Freezers)KettleDishwashersElectric Ovens and Hobs

Appliance

Main Incomer

Energy Consumption Survey - Combined

Combined47019.75


21.65%

Kettle1.11%

Dishwashers0.28%



Water Heating23.88%


1.10%Airconditioning0.19%Televisions

8.80%Hi-Fi Equipment

0.08%

Computers3.88%


Tumble Dryer0.23%

Solar Heating0.14%

Pool Pump1.97%


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