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![Page 1: Development of Cellulosic Biofuels Chris Somerville Energy Biosciences Institute UC Berkeley, LBL, University of Illinois.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e1b5503460f94b08e0f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Development of Cellulosic Biofuels
Chris SomervilleEnergy Biosciences Institute
UC Berkeley, LBL, University of Illinois
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The Energy Biosciences Institute(www.energybiosciencesinstitute.org)
• $500M committed over 10 years• Research mandate to explore the application of
modern biological knowledge to the energy sector– Cellulosic fuels – Petroleum microbiology (bioremediation, biosouring,
corrosion, recovery…)– Biolubricants
2
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Combustion of biomass can provide carbon neutral energy
Biomass
Photosynthesis “Combustion”
Work
Sunlight
CO2CO2
TillingLand conversionFertilizerTransportationProcessing
It depends on how the biomass is produced and processed
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Net GHG emissions from various fuels
From: Americas Energy Future, NAS 2010
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Overview of Brazil sugarcane
• ~8 M Ha planted in 2009• ~27 B liters ethanol, 2009• ~80-120 T/Ha• ~6400 L ethanol/Ha• ~429 mills• Plantings last 5-12 y• Large mill
– 22,000 tons/day– 750 truck loads/day
http://english.unica.com.br/content/show.asp?cntCode={D6C39D36-69BA-458D-A95C-815C87E4404D}
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Primary uses of US corn
USDA Economic Information Bulletin #79, 2011
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Renewable Fuel Standard(Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
Year
Bio
fuel V
olu
me (
billion
gallon
s)
BiodieselGeneral AdvancedCellulosic AdvancedConventionalPrevious RFS Advanced
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US Biomass inventory = 1.3 billion tons
Forest12.8%
Urban waste2.9%
Manure4.1%
Grains5.2%
Crop residues7.6%
Soy6.2%
Wheat straw6.1%Corn stover
19.9%
Perennial crops35.2%
From: Billion ton Vision, DOE & USDA 2005
26 B gals ~
~45 B gals
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Napier grass: A potential energy crop(One-year old crop growing in Florida, photographed in October
2009)
Courtesy of Brian Conway, BP
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An energy crop
Yield of 26.5 tons/acre observed by Young & colleagues in Illinois, without irrigation
Court
esy
of
Ste
ve L
ong e
t al
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Crop models for biomass production indicate advantaged regions for biomass production
Fernando E. Miguez Steve Long German Bollero
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Harvesting Miscanthus
http://bioenergy.ornl.gov/gallery/index.html
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Response of Miscanthus to nitrogen fertilizer
Christian, Riche & Yates Ind. Crops Prod. (2008)
93 94 95 96 97 98 99 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Year
0
5
10
15
20
Yie
ld (
t/HA
)
N0
N60
N120
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Private forests are extensive
Alig & Butler (2004)USDA Forest Service PNW-GTR-613
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Land Usage
AMBIO 23,198 (Total Land surface 13,000 M Ha)
Forest & Savannah
Cereal
4.6% Pasture & Range23.7%
30.5%
Other crops6.9%
Nonarable
34.4%
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More than 1.5 billion acres of degraded or abandoned land is available for cellulosic
crops
Cai, Zhang, Wang Environ Sci Technol 45,334
Campbell et al., Env. Sci. Technol. (2008) 42,5791
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Agave in Madagascar
Borland et al. (2009) J. Exp. Bot. doi:10.1093/jxb/erp118
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Summary of Syngas-Liquids Processes
SyngasCO + H2
Methanol
H2OWGSPurify
H2
N2 over Fe/FeO
(K2O, Al2O3, CaO)NH3
Cu/ZnOIsosynthesis
ThO2 or ZrO2
i-C4
Alkali-doped
ZnO/Cr
2 O3
Cu/ZnO; Cu/ZnO
/Al2 O
3
CuO/CoO
/Al2 O
3
MoS
2
MixedAlcohols
Oxosynthesis
HC
o(CO
)4
HC
o(CO
)3 P(Bu
3 )
Rh(C
O)(PPh
3 )3
AldehydesAlcohols
Fischer-Tropsch
Fe,
Co
, Ru
WaxesDiesel
OlefinsGasoline
Ethanol
Co, Rh
Formaldehyde
Ag
DME
Al 2O
3
zeolites
MTOMTG
OlefinsGasoline
MTBE
Acetic Acid
carb
onyl
atio
n
CH 3
OH
+ C
OC
o, R
h, N
i
M100M85DMFC
Direct U
se
hom
olog
atio
nC
o
iso
buty
len
ea
cidi
c io
n e
xch
ang
e
Richard Bain, NREL
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Distillation EthanolDrying
Co-Product Recovery
Animal FeedChemicals
Sugar Cane Process
Cellulose Conversion
Hydrolysis
Corn Process
Cellulose Process
ThermochemicalConversion
• Heat and Power• Fuels and Chemicals
Cellulose Pretreatment
Cellulose
• Miscanthus• Switchgrass• MSW• Forest Residues• Ag Residues• Wood Chips
Ferment-ation
SugarSugarCane
CornKernels
Starch Conversion(Cook or
Enzymatic Hydrolysis)
Ethanol Production Flowchart
Slide Courtesy of Bruce Dale
19
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Projected costs of gasoline from various sources
From: Americas Energy Future, NAS 2010
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21
Breakdown of Capital Costs for NREL Biorefinery
Source : Paul Willems from NREL design, May 2011
Detailed Split by SectionPretreatment
Sacharification &Fermentation
Enzyme Production
Distillation
Waste treatment
Boiler & Utilities
Storage
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Batch processes have many inefficiencies
22
Time
Sugar
conce
ntr
ati
on Fu
el a
ccum
ula
tion
Unused capital
Catalyst Loss
Wastewater
Boiler
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Hypothetical alternative scenario
Biomassgrinding
Ligninremoval
Solvent recovery
Ligninuse
Enzymaticdigestion
Enzyme production
Enzymerecovery
fermentation
Fuel separation
and volume adjustment
Wastemanagement
Fueluse
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Endo
Exo-processive
Classical paradigm for the enzymatic degradation of insoluble
polysaccharides
Gustav Vaaje-Kolstad, Bjorge Westereng, Svein Horn, Zhanliang Liu, Hong Zhai, Morten Sorlie, Vincent Eijsink (2010) Science 330: 219-222
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Discovery of a novel enzyme class (CBM33 & GH61)
• CBM33s are monooxygenases that introduce chain breaks on the surfaces of crystalline polysaccharides, including cellulose. They act synergistically with standard hydrolytic enzymes.
• Their activity can be boosted dramatically by adding external electron donors.
• Fungal ”GH61” proteins do approximately the same.
25G. Vaaje-Kolstad et al., Science 330:219-222 (2010)
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Sources of biodiesel
CRC Report AVFL-17
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Major types of components of FACE9A diesel
CRC Report FACE-1
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Routes to potential fuels
Fortman et al, Trends Biotechnology 26,375
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Concluding comments
• There appears to be significant underutilized land but expanded demand for land will require improved management of all land uses
• Cellulosic biofuels can contribute but are not large enough to be a “solution” to the energy/climate problem
• There are not technical barriers to production but there are many opportunities to fundamentally improve the production and diversification of biofuels
• Engineering and finance are the rate limiting step
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The Future
http://genomicsgtl.energy.gov/biofuels/index.shtml