Development of an Antenatal Screening Kit Katherine Paseman Under supervision of: Sean Monagle,...
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Transcript of Development of an Antenatal Screening Kit Katherine Paseman Under supervision of: Sean Monagle,...
Development of an Antenatal Screening
Kit
Katherine PasemanUnder supervision of: Sean Monagle, Maxim
Budyansky, & Kristy Peterson,
Impetus
Undergraduate CBID Program at Hopkins
Jhpiego
Problem
Each year 6.3 million pregnant women and infants die due to preventable complications of pregnancy
In developing countries 32% of women have no access to antenatal screening and when you look into the rural regions of these countries you will find this number to be as high as 80%.
Problem
Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia cause 576,000 deaths per year
Current methods for detection are dipsticks (20-30 cents/ dipstick)
Cheap treatments are available
The “Key Question”
Is there a way to improve the technology which already exists to detect Pre-eclampsia so that it is cheaper, more effective, and can be used as a platform to detect other diseases?
(like gestational diabetes, and UTIs, and most other diseases which can be detected by Dipsticks)
Quick Appendix
Pre-Eclampsia: High blood pressure Indicator: Protein
Gestational Diabetes: Diabetes during pregnancy
Indicator: Ketones
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI): Infection in urinary tract
Indicator: Nitrites
Current Progress
Patent Reading
Reagent Design Factors
Thermal and Light Stability
Moisture Resistance
Evaporation
Color Uniformity
Device Design
Paper
Pen vs. dropper vs. spray
Opaque vs. clear
Packaging
Ketones
Fats not glucose Ketosis
Two methods for detection acetoacetic acid β-Hydroxybutyric
Acetone (CH3)2CO
Acetoacetic acid CH3C(O)CH2CO2H
β-Hydroxybutyric acid C4H8O3
KetonesEfficacy Comparison
KetoneProblems
No specific concentration
Ketone decay
Nitrites
Not all UTIs caused by bacteria
NitritesColor Change due to Light
NitritesColor Change due to Light
NitritesEfficacy Comparison
NitriteProblems
Light exposure
Low threshold
Stunted Research
What I’ve Learned about Research
Ask questions, make observations
Expertise optional, enthusiasm required
Bibliography
Dr. Anthony Speroni, Urinalysis Results Interpretation, http://www.drsperoni.com/downloads/articles/Urinalysis_Results_Interpretation.pdf,
Jhpiego.org Wilson et. al, Denver Health Medical Center, (April 15, 2004), Laboratory
Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Infections in Adult Patients, Medical Microbiology, http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/38/8/1150.full.pdf
Lillian Mundt, MHS, (2013), Chemical Screening of Urine by Reagent Strip, MediaLab, http://www.medialabinc.net/spg506373/nitrite_test_sensitivity.aspx
Gary R. Skankey, MD, FACP, Infectious Disease, Las Vegas, NV, (no date), A Practical Guide to Diagnosis and Treatment of Infection in the Outpatient Setting Diagnosis and Treatment of Urinary Tract Infections, http://www.nevadapublichealthfoundation.org/userfiles/file/Physician%20Antibiotics%20Materials/Article-Diagnosis_and_Treatment_of_UTIs.pdf
Hiren P. Patel, Ohio State University, (2006), The Abnormal Urinalysis, Pediatric Clinics of North America, http://inovapeds.org/library/readings/Proteinuria/The%20Abnormal%20Urinanaylsis.pdf
American Diabetes Association, (January 2003) Tests of Glycemia in Diabetes, http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/26/suppl_1/s106.full.pdf
Sacks et. al, Harvard Medical School, (3/02) Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus, Clinical
Chemistry, http://www.clinchem.org/content/48/3/436.full.pdf