Development of a Long-Term Monitoring Plan for the ... · A Long -Term Monitoring Plan for the...
45
A Long-Term Monitoring Plan for the Kingston Ash Spill Neil E. Carriker 1* , Suzanne Young 2 , Tyler F. Baker 3 , Mark Stack 4 , Daniel Jones 2 , and A. Michelle Cagley 1 Keywords: monitoring, Kingston, Ash, Spill Abstract TVA used a combination of hydraulic and mechanical dredging to remove most of the December, 2008, TVA Kingston fly ash spill from the Emory River. Legacy contaminants, primarily Cs-137 and mercury, made it impractical to dredge downstream of Emory River mile (ERM) 1.8. Consequently, approximately 500,000 cu yd of residual ash remains in the Emory, Clinch, and Tennessee Rivers, with most of that occurring between ERM 0—2.0. Following TVA’s evaluation of the cost, effectiveness, and feasibility of alternatives in a formal Engineering Evaluation/Cost Analysis (EE/CA) (TVA 2012a), EPA and TDEC selected Monitored Natural Recovery (MNR) as the removal action for the residual ash (TVA 2012b). The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), requires implementation of a long-term monitoring (LTM) plan, with reviews at least every five years to determine whether additional action is needed. This paper describes the LTM plan for monitoring the effectiveness of MNR in mitigating ecological risks for residual ash in the Emory-Clinch-Tennessee Rivers system near the TVA Kingston Fossil Plant. Background Immediately following the December 22, 2008 ash spill at Kingston Fossil Plant, TVA began comprehensive environmental monitoring and initiated investigations to evaluate immediate, intermediate, and long-term impacts of the ash spill on natural resources and public health. That effort involved numerous Federal laboratories, universities, environmental consulting firms, and commercial analytical laboratories, as well as TVA scientists and engineers. The studies covered a broad spectrum of disciplines and environmental media, and were conducted with rigorous quality assurance/quality control. Approximately 20,000 samples of water, air, ash, sediments, and biota (fish, birds, amphibians, reptiles, mammals, insects, snails, periphyton, and vascular plants) were collected over a four-year period, with about a half-million chemical analyses performed, long with thousands of field observations recorded. These investigations provided much of the data for a Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment (BHHRA, Jacobs 2012) and a Baseline Ecological Risk Assessment (BERA, Arcadis 2012) evaluating potential long-term effects of the residual ash on humans and biota. The BHHRA found no significant human health risks from the residual ash; however the BERA found that there was potential for low to moderate risks to populations of benthic invertebrates and low risks to riparian- and aerial-feeding birds that consume benthic invertebrates. The potential risks for those three categories of organisms were sufficient that the BERA recommended management action. Correlation of toxicity bioassay results for two test organisms with concentrations of arsenic and selenium in sediments yielded sediment Remediation Objectives (ROs) of 29-41 mg/kg for arsenic and 3.0—3.2 mg/kg for selenium (TVA 2012a). Sediment transport modeling results (Scott 2012) indicate natural processes of sedimentation, scouring, and re-deposition will achieve the ROs for this project in a relatively short time (<15 years). Consequently, natural recovery will reduce the potential for exposure of benthic invertebrates to the ash to near-background levels, thus reducing potential bio-uptake by riparian- or aerial-feeding birds for which aquatic insects may comprise a significant part of their diets. 2013 World of Coal Ash (WOCA) Conference - April 22-25, 2013 in Lexington, KY http://www.flyash.info/
Transcript of Development of a Long-Term Monitoring Plan for the ... · A Long -Term Monitoring Plan for the...
A Long-Term Monitoring Plan for the Kingston
Ash Spill
Neil E. Carriker1*, Suzanne Young2, Tyler F. Baker3, Mark Stack4, Daniel
Jones2, and A. Michelle Cagley1
Keywords: monitoring, Kingston, Ash, Spill
Abstract
TVA used a combination of hydraulic and mechanical dredging to remove most of the December, 2008,
TVA Kingston fly ash spill from the Emory River. Legacy contaminants, primarily Cs-137 and mercury,
made it impractical to dredge downstream of Emory River mile (ERM) 1.8. Consequently, approximately
500,000 cu yd of residual ash remains in the Emory, Clinch, and Tennessee Rivers, with most of that
occurring between ERM 0—2.0. Following TVA’s evaluation of the cost, effectiveness, and feasibility of
alternatives in a formal Engineering Evaluation/Cost Analysis (EE/CA) (TVA 2012a), EPA and TDEC
selected Monitored Natural Recovery (MNR) as the removal action for the residual ash (TVA 2012b). The
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), requires
implementation of a long-term monitoring (LTM) plan, with reviews at least every five years to determine
whether additional action is needed. This paper describes the LTM plan for monitoring the effectiveness
of MNR in mitigating ecological risks for residual ash in the Emory-Clinch-Tennessee Rivers system near
the TVA Kingston Fossil Plant.
Background
Immediately following the December 22, 2008 ash spill at Kingston Fossil Plant, TVA began
comprehensive environmental monitoring and initiated investigations to evaluate immediate, intermediate,
and long-term impacts of the ash spill on natural resources and public health. That effort involved
numerous Federal laboratories, universities, environmental consulting firms, and commercial analytical
laboratories, as well as TVA scientists and engineers. The studies covered a broad spectrum of
disciplines and environmental media, and were conducted with rigorous quality assurance/quality control.
Approximately 20,000 samples of water, air, ash, sediments, and biota (fish, birds, amphibians, reptiles,
mammals, insects, snails, periphyton, and vascular plants) were collected over a four-year period, with
about a half-million chemical analyses performed, long with thousands of field observations recorded.
These investigations provided much of the data for a Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment (BHHRA,
Jacobs 2012) and a Baseline Ecological Risk Assessment (BERA, Arcadis 2012) evaluating potential
long-term effects of the residual ash on humans and biota. The BHHRA found no significant human
health risks from the residual ash; however the BERA found that there was potential for low to moderate
risks to populations of benthic invertebrates and low risks to riparian- and aerial-feeding birds that
consume benthic invertebrates. The potential risks for those three categories of organisms were sufficient
that the BERA recommended management action.
Correlation of toxicity bioassay results for two test organisms with concentrations of arsenic and selenium
in sediments yielded sediment Remediation Objectives (ROs) of 29-41 mg/kg for arsenic and 3.0—3.2
mg/kg for selenium (TVA 2012a). Sediment transport modeling results (Scott 2012) indicate natural
processes of sedimentation, scouring, and re-deposition will achieve the ROs for this project in a
relatively short time (<15 years). Consequently, natural recovery will reduce the potential for exposure of
benthic invertebrates to the ash to near-background levels, thus reducing potential bio-uptake by riparian-
or aerial-feeding birds for which aquatic insects may comprise a significant part of their diets.
2013 World of Coal Ash (WOCA) Conference - April 22-25, 2013 in Lexington, KYhttp://www.flyash.info/
*Corresponding author 1Tennessee Valley Authority, Mail Stop 1T, 1134 Swan Pond Rd, Kingston, Tennessee 37748
2Arcadis-US, Knoxville, Tennessee
3Tennessee Valley Authority, Chattanooga, Tennessee
4Jacobs Engineering, Inc. Oak Ridge, Tennessee
The lack of significant human health risks and relatively low ecological risks due to the residual ash, the
potential for increasing both ecological and human health risks by dredging in areas with legacy
contaminants, the technical difficulty of conducting dredging without disturbing legacy sediments, the cost
and questionable effectiveness of capping residual ash, and the effectiveness of natural sedimentation
processes in diluting and capping residual ash were principal factors considered in the EE/CA (TVA
2012a). Following completion of the EE/CA, EPA and TDEC selected MNR as the preferred alternative
(EE/CA Alternative 1) as the appropriate remedy in this situation (TVA 2012b).
Data Quality Objectives (DQOs)
To guide development of the LTM plan, TVA followed EPA’s seven-step iterative DQO approach (EPA
1997) to define the purposes of data collection efforts, clarify what data are needed to satisfy those
purposes, and specify the quality of data required. The DQOs identified for the LTM plan are:
1. To evaluate the effectiveness of sediment scouring, mixing, transport, and re-deposition (i.e., ash
transport and fate) to achieve CERCLA Remediation Objectives.
2. To measure MNR effectiveness in protecting ecological resources at risk (benthic invertebrates,
riparian- and aerial-feeding birds).
3. To document restoration of the ecological function and recreational use of the river system to pre-
release conditions.
4. To provide information for other purposes, including Natural Resources Damages Assessment
(NRDA) and recovery.
Types of data required to address these objectives include:
1. Information on sediment scouring, mixing, transport, and deposition over time
2. Concentrations of ash and ash-related contaminants in sediment
3. Concentrations of ash-related contaminants in biota, especially in the area with most residual ash
4. Biota population, community, health, and reproductive competence measures
Kingston LTM Plan Overview
Given the relatively low levels of ecological risk associated with the residual ash, overall objectives for
monitoring the natural recovery of the river system are to confirm that those risks remain low and
concentrations of ash-related contaminants in sediments and biota decline over time. The plan focuses
on the Emory River, where the greatest amount of residual ash is located, with limited collections on the
Clinch and Tennessee Rivers
The monitoring plan developed to address these objectives includes the following six components:
1. Ash fate and transport monitoring and modeling 2. Biennial sediment contaminants monitoring 3. Sediment toxicity testing 4. Biennial benthic invertebrate monitoring 5. Annual monitoring of biota in the lower Emory River (where the bulk of the residual ash occurs) 6. Non-CERCLA supplemental monitoring for NRDA and other purposes
Sediments, benthic invertebrates, and insect-eating birds are the primary monitoring foci of the LTM plan,
tracking their responses to the MNR remedy. However, the plan also includes components to address
Natural Resources Damages Assessment (NRDA) and other needs.
The LTM plan includes provisions for adaptive monitoring and management to ensure optimal use of
available resources. Data will be evaluated annually or biennially to identify spatial and temporal trends
that might justify changes in monitoring strategy or other actions. Adaptive management may include off-
year follow-up monitoring to investigate unusual results, adjusting sampling locations or frequencies,
discontinuing parts of the monitoring, and adopting more effective monitoring tools that may become
available. Sediment modeling and monitoring results and evaluation of bioaccumulation trends for
invertebrates, birds, and fish will determine whether contingent response actions or additional data
gathering is warranted.
The following sections provide additional information on each of the LTM plan components.
1. Ash Fate and Transport Monitoring & Modeling
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center (USACE-ERDC)
performed baseline fate and transport modeling of the Emory and Clinch Rivers sediments to evaluate
long-term effectiveness of MNR (Scott 2012). Those results indicate that dynamic natural processes will
yield decreasing proportions of ash and decreasing concentrations of arsenic and selenium in sediments
in the Emory and Clinch Rivers. Natural sedimentation and scour is predicted to produce a layer of mixed
ash and sediment approximately 6 inches thick in depositional side channel areas that meets the project’s
Removal Action Objectives (RAOs) within 10 to 15 years.
The modeling also shows that periodic severe storm flow events (greater than a 10-year recurrence
interval) would scour portions of this natural cover, particularly in the main channel and in some of the
side channel deposits. Such severe storm events may temporarily expose deeper sediments with higher
concentrations of ash and ash-related constituents. However, the model predicts that the natural cover of
mixed ash/sediment would redevelop in those areas, and that ash and natural sediment mixtures would
continue to deposit in side channel areas of the Emory and Clinch Rivers. Over a period of several cycles
of high flows, most of the residual ash in the lower part of the Emory River and Clinch Rivers that can be
mobilized eventually would be transported downstream and re-deposited as thin layers of mixed sediment
and ash in the lower end of Watts Bar Reservoir near Watts Bar Dam.
The sediment fate and transport model will be updated in 2013 with new, higher-resolution bathymetry
from the Emory and Clinch Rivers. New data also will be developed in 2013 on the composition of
recently-deposited sediments in several locations to re-calibrate the sediment transport model and
improve confidence in the accuracy of its predictions of mixing and recovery rates. Modeling will also be
performed after each >10-year recurrence interval (>110,000 cfs) storm event to evaluate sediment
mixing and transport. Following each modeling run, “ground-truth” sediment samples will be collected
from several depositional areas to confirm the modeled results and further refine the model, if needed. If a
10-year storm has not occurred during the initial five-year review period, the model will be re-run in 2017.
2. Biennial Sediment Contaminants Monitoring
Sediment contaminants monitoring will be conducted biennially in the fall at eleven locations in the Clinch
and Emory Rivers, concurrent with fall benthic invertebrate community surveys. Ecological exposures
occur primarily in the upper 6 inches of submerged sediments; therefore, samples will be collected of the
upper 6 inches of sediments. Where appropriate, each transect will be divided into left, mid-channel
(thalweg), and right areas, focusing on submerged terraces left and right of the thalweg that comprise the
most suitable benthic invertebrate habitat. Several Ponar dredge samples will be collected in each area
and composited by area, resulting in a maximum of three composite samples per transect. Percent ash
and grain size distribution will be determined for each composite sample, as well as concentrations of
arsenic and selenium.
In addition, discrete sediment samples will be collected for % ash analysis at each of the ten points along
the biennial fall benthic invertebrate community survey transects performed at the same11 river locations
(see section 4, below).
3. Sediment Toxicity Tests
In Fall, 2013, 10-day definitive survival and growth tests for a laboratory test organism, Hyalella azteca,
will be conducted for one transect in the lower portion of the Emory River (ERM 1.0 or ERM 0.7) and one
transect in the Clinch River (CRM 3.0 or CRM 3.5) using 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% serial
dilutions of composited sediment samples. To the extent possible, sediment toxicity transects will be co-
located with benthic invertebrate community transects, however locations may have to be adjusted
slightly to ensure they include areas of active deposition on submerged terraces.
Similar to the Biennial Sediment Contaminants Monitoring described above, samples will be collected
from the upper 6 inches of sediments. Sediments from up to three areas per transect (mid-channel, and
left and right submerged terraces) will be composited by area. This will ensure representative sampling of
areas most suitable as benthic invertebrate habitat. Several Ponar dredge samples will be collected in
each area, compositing by area (maximum of three composite samples per transect).
Each composited sediment sample will be analyzed for a full suite of metals/metalloids, polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs), pesticides, semi-volatile organics, total organic carbon (TOC), grain size, and % ash
(by polarized light microscopy).
Sediment toxicity monitoring will be repeated in Fall, 2017, in order to have two rounds of sediment
toxicity results available for the CERCLA 5-year review of the LTM plan to be conducted in 2017-2018.
4. Biennial Benthic Invertebrate Monitoring
Sampling for bioaccumulation in snails, larval mayflies, and adult mayflies will be conducted biennially in
2013, 2015, and 2017. Data will be reviewed as it becomes available to determine whether off-year
follow-up sampling is needed.
Some locations will be sampled in 2013 in order to complete five continuous years of post-release annual
data. Results for 2009—2012 suggest that the number of mayfly bioaccumulation sampling locations can
be reduced after 2013, and that collections of snails can be discontinued. Decisions on those reductions
will be made in 204, following analysis of the full 5-year-post-release (2009-2013) data record.
Spring Benthic Invertebrate Bioaccumulation – The BERA considered benthic invertebrates subject to
moderate ecological risk in the lower part of the Emory River and low risk in the Clinch River due to
exposure to arsenic and selenium in sediment. In addition, because they are at the base of the food
chain, aquatic insect larvae and the emergent adult insects are prey for other ecological receptors.
Previous results suggest arsenic and selenium in mayfly nymphs peaked in 2010 or 2011. Annual
maximum concentrations occurred at ERM 1.0 for both elements. Adult mayfly arsenic concentrations are
about an order of magnitude lower than in nymphs, and appear to be only slightly higher at ash-impacted
sites than at reference sites. Selenium in adult mayflies follows a similar temporal pattern as the nymphs,
with concentrations apparently peaking in 2011. In contrast to arsenic, selenium concentrations in mayfly
adults are more similar to those in nymphs.
Arsenic and selenium concentrations in snails generally decreased from 2010 to 2011, with
concentrations similar to or only slightly greater than reference locations.
Given these trends, we anticipate analysis of the five-year data record will support reducing the number of
mayfly sampling locations slightly in 2015 and discontinuing snail sampling.
Fall Benthic Invertebrate Community Surveys – Assessments of the composition and structure of benthic
invertebrate communities provide direct evidence of the effects of sediment constituents and general
habitat variations on naturally-occurring benthic communities. Biennial surveys of benthic invertebrate
communities will be performed in the fall on the Emory (7 sites, 10 points per transect) and Clinch Rivers
(4 sites, 10 points per transect).
Each sample substrate will be visually characterized in the field and a sub-sample will be submitted for
laboratory determination of % ash. Taxonomic identification and enumeration of benthic invertebrates will
be performed in the laboratory for all benthic community samples (i.e., for samples from each point on
each transect). Results for overall invertebrate abundance, taxa richness, and taxa diversity will be used
as indicators of community health. Benthic community results also will be compared with % ash for co-
located points on transects and with physical and chemical data for co-located composite sediment
samples (see item 2 above) to identify any significant relationships.
5. Annual Monitoring in the Lower Emory River
Because a large proportion of the residual ash is located in the lower reach of the Emory River, the
highest potential for aquatic life exposure to residual ash occurs there. Bioaccumulation results also
generally indicate the highest bioaccumulations of ash-related contaminants occur in that area. Annual
monitoring will be performed in that reach (ERM 0.0—1.8) to measure the effectiveness of the selected
CERCLA Removal Action in protecting ecological resources at risk.
This annual monitoring will include benthic invertebrate community surveys; bioaccumulation in benthic
invertebrates, fish, and tree swallow egg tissues; and field observations of tree swallow clutch size,
hatching success, and 15-day hatchling survival. This annual monitoring will provide empirical data to
evaluate whether the ecological risks identified in the BERA actually are occurring in the river reach
where the highest potential for exposure exists.
Bluegill, Redear, and Bass Bioaccumulation – Because bluegill and red ear sunfish have been
demonstrated to exhibit high site fidelity and to bioaccumulate selenium to a greater extent than most
other species of fish, the LTM plan focuses fish bioaccumulation monitoring on those two species of fish
in ERM 0—1.8. Although bass appear to bioaccumulate contaminants to a much lesser extent, the LTM
plan includes annual monitoring of largemouth bass in the lower Emory River because bass they are an
important sport fish in the region. A target of six fish of each species will be collected. Fillet, ovary, and
liver tissues will be analyzed for a suite of ash-related metals and metalloids contaminants.
Tree swallow monitoring – The ecological risk to aerial-feeding insectivores identified in the BERA is
based on dietary exposure modeling, assuming adult mayflies are representative of the tree swallow diet.
Studies conducted by Virginia Tech in 2011 indicate that mayflies may comprise only a small component
of tree swallow diet and are virtually absent as a food source during the breeding season.
Tree swallow eggs will be collected annually from a location on the lower part of the Emory River (ERM 0-
1.8) and a reference site on the Tennessee River, with a target of one egg from 20-25 different tree
swallow boxes per location. Egg contents (excluding shells) will be analyzed for arsenic and selenium to
evaluate exposure of insectivorous birds to ash-related constituents. Clutch size, hatching success, and
nestling survival to day 15 will be recorded as indicators of reproductive success.
Tree swallow boxes also will be placed at the Lakeshore peninsula to maintain a tree swallow colony
there for possible future evaluation.
6. Supplemental Long-Term Monitoring
Spring Fish Bioaccumulation – Fish bioaccumulation data provide an integrative measure of exposure
and a direct measure of both human and ecological risks. Selenium concentrations in fish tissue were
highest in 2011, the first year post-dredging. While results from 2012 suggest that concentrations may be
decreasing after dredging activities ceased, additional data is required to infer a true temporal trend.
Consequently, fillet, ovary, and liver tissues will be collected biennially in the spring from bluegill, redear
sunfish, and largemouth bass (target of six fish of each species) on the Emory (3 sites) and Clinch Rivers
(2 sites).
Fall Fish Community Survey – Biosurveys of the fish community will be conducted biennially in the fall on
the Emory and Clinch Rivers for comparisons with historical and Valley-wide surveys. The community
surveys will collect fish from a variety of habitat types based on their proportions in the study area to
provide a representation of community structure and function. Standard aquatic and riparian habitat
characteristics will be collected for each site and reference survey location. Fish collected will be
identified as to species, enumerated, and examined for anomalies, with results reported for species
abundance, richness, diversity, and physical condition (anomalies).
Spring Sportfish Survey – Spring sport fish surveys are used to develop key population metrics for black
bass populations, including measures of catch rates, general fish condition (e.g., parasites and
anomalies), and length frequency and relative weights. These surveys will be conducted biennially in the
spring at one site each on the Emory and Clinch Rivers as part of the Valley-Wide Vital Signs Monitoring
Program. Sampling occurs over a reach that may extend approximately 1-2 miles upstream and
downstream of the nominal locations reported (ERM 2.5 and CRM 2.5).
Spring Fish Health & Reproduction – Fish health provides an important measure of fish condition that is
important in interpreting both bioaccumulation and reproductive competence measures. While results to
date suggest no ecologically significant adverse impacts on fish health or reproductive condition, the most
recent histopathology data (fall 2011 samples) indicates that fish collected at locations near the spill have
higher scores (i.e., more lesions) than those from reference locations and that fall 2011 samples have
higher scores than samples from 2010.
Health metrics and reproductive condition will be evaluated concurrent with spring 2013 bioaccumulation
sampling. Overall fish health and reproductive condition metrics will be collected for female bluegill, red
ear sunfish, and largemouth bass from the Emory (3 sites) and Clinch Rivers (2 sites). A target of eight
fish of each species will be collected. This includes the six individuals/species collected for
bioaccumulation, plus two additional fish needed to increase the statistical power of the health and
reproductive metrics analyses. Histopathology will also be conducted on key tissues.
References:
Arcadis 2012. Kingston Ash Recovery Project Non-Time Critical Removal Action River System Baseline
Ecological Risk Assessment (BERA). Document No. EPA-AO-50. Available at
(http://www.epakingstontva.com/Phase%203%20Documents/BERA/Appendix%20I%20BERA/App%20I%
20BERA.pdf)
EPA 1997. Ecological Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund: Process for Designing and Conducting
Ecological Risk Assessments. Document No. EPA 540-R-97/006. Available at
http://www.epa.gov/oswer/riskassessment/ecorisk/ecorisk.htm
Jacobs 2012. Kingston Ash Recovery Project Non-Time-Critical Baseline Human Health Risk
Assessment. Document No. EPA-EO-052. July 11, 2012
Scott, Stephen H. 2012. Long Term Simulation of Residual Fly Ash Transport and Fate in the Watts Bar
Reservoir System. Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Engneer Research
and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi. June, 2012.
Tennessee Valley Authority 2012a. Non-Time-Critical Removal Action River System Engineering
Evaluation/Cost Analysis (EE/CA). Document No. EPA-AO-51. Available at
http://www.tva.gov/kingston/admin_record/pdf/NTC/NTC83.html
Tennessee Valley Authority 2012b. Kingston Fly Ash Recovery Project Non-Time-Critical Removal Action
Embayment/River System Action Memorandum-Final. Document no EPA-AO-54. Available at
http://www.tva.gov/kingston/admin_record/pdf/NTC/NTC87.pdf and at
http://www.epakingstontva.com/Phase%203%20Documents/NonTime%20Critical%20Removal%20Action
%20River%20System%20Action%20Memorandum.pdf
TVA R
est
rict
ed I
nfo
rmation -
Delib
era
tive a
nd P
re-D
eci
sional Privile
ged
A L
on
g-te
rm M
on
ito
rin
g P
lan
fo
r th
e
TVA
Kin
gsto
n A
sh S
pill
Ap
ril
24
, 2
01
3
N
eil
E.
Ca
rrik
er,
Ph
D
TVA R
est
rict
ed I
nfo
rmation -
Delib
era
tive a
nd P
re-D
eci
sional Privile
ged
A L
on
g-te
rm M
on
ito
rin
g P
lan
fo
r th
e
TVA
Kin
gsto
n A
sh S
pill
Ap
ril
24
, 2
01
3
N
eil
E.
Ca
rrik
er,
Ph
D
…a
nd
a c
ap
ab
le s
up
po
rtin
g c
ast
inclu
din
g T
yle
r B
ak
er,
Su
za
nn
e Y
ou
ng
, D
an
Jo
ne
s,
Ma
rk
Sta
ck
, M
ike
Ho
uck
, R
ick
Sh
err
ard
, M
ich
ell
e
Ca
gle
y,
an
d s
eve
ral o
the
rs
TVA R
est
rict
ed I
nfo
rmation -
Delib
era
tive a
nd P
re-D
eci
sional Privile
ged
LTM
Tim
elin
e
•Ja
nu
ary,
20
12
Me
eti
ng
to d
iscu
ss “
in-b
etw
ee
n”
mo
nit
ori
ng
•Fe
bru
ary—
De
cem
be
r, 2
01
2
C
on
tin
uin
g in
tern
al d
iscu
ssio
ns,
inte
rpre
tati
on
of
resu
lts
as
BER
A, H
HR
A, a
nd
EE/
CA
we
re p
rep
are
d, c
ulm
inat
ing
in
a“st
raw
man
” LT
M p
rop
osa
l
•Ja
nu
ary,
20
13
Dat
a Q
ual
ity
Ob
ject
ive
s W
ork
sho
p—
”Str
aw m
an”
pro
po
sal
pre
sen
ted
, mo
dif
ied
•Fe
bru
ary,
20
13
Ove
rvie
w s
um
mar
y o
f p
rop
ose
d L
TM, D
QO
tab
les
circ
ula
ted
•A
pri
l, 2
01
3
D
eta
iled
LTM
su
bm
itte
d t
o E
PA
& T
DEC
fo
r ap
pro
val
TVA R
est
rict
ed I
nfo
rmation -
Delib
era
tive a
nd P
re-D
eci
sional Privile
ged
Ec
olo
gica
l Dat
a A
vaila
ble
Em
erg
en
cy r
esp
on
se (2
00
8—
ear
ly 2
00
9)
C
ERC
LA T
ime
-cri
tica
l (2
00
9-2
01
0)
R
ive
r Sa
mp
ling
& A
nal
ysis
Pla
n (
20
10
-20
11
)
Ex
tern
al R
ese
arch
& In
vest
igat
ion
s (2
00
9—
pre
sen
t)
•O
RN
L •U
SAC
E-ER
DC
•U
niv
ers
ity
rese
arch
ers
C
on
tin
uin
g in
vest
igat
ion
s
TVA R
est
rict
ed I
nfo
rmation -
Delib
era
tive a
nd P
re-D
eci
sional Privile
ged
R
ep
ort
s &
Eva
luat
ion
s A
vaila
ble
In
teri
m r
ep
ort
s fr
om
TV
A, O
RN
L, E
RD
C
Ec
olo
gica
l in
vest
igat
ion
s (f
ish
, bu
gs, b
ird
s, a
mp
hib
ian
s…)
G
rou
nd
wat
er m
od
elin
g
Sed
ime
nt
tran
spo
rt m
od
elin
g
Ash
leac
hin
g
Toxi
city
tes
tin
g
B
ase
line
Hu
man
He
alth
Ris
k A
sse
ssm
en
t (H
HR
A)
B
ase
line
Eco
logi
cal R
isk
Ass
ess
me
nt
(BER
A)
En
gin
eer
ing
Eval
uat
ion
/Co
st A
nal
ysis
(EE
/CA
)
A
nn
ual
pro
gre
ss r
ep
ort
s fr
om
un
ive
rsit
y re
sear
che
rs
TVA R
est
rict
ed I
nfo
rmation -
Delib
era
tive a
nd P
re-D
eci
sional Privile
ged
Eco
logi
cal R
ese
arch
In
vest
igat
ion
s
TV
A S
elf
-Pe
rfo
rme
d I
nve
stig
atio
ns
R
ese
arch
gra
nts
ad
min
iste
red
by
Oak
Rid
ge A
sso
ciat
ed
Un
ive
rsit
ies
(OR
AU
): S
ix
un
ive
rsit
ies
and
USG
S
D
ire
ct F
un
din
g fr
om
TV
A:
▫O
ak R
idge
Nat
ion
al L
abo
rato
ry (
OR
NL)
▫
Un
iver
sity
of
Ten
ne
sse
e
▫V
irgi
nia
Tec
h
▫A
pp
alac
hia
n S
tate
Un
iver
sity
▫
Mid
dle
Ten
ne
sse
e S
tate
Un
iver
sity
▫
Ten
ne
sse
e W
ildlif
e R
eso
urc
es
Age
ncy
(TW
RA
) ▫
US
Arm
y C
orp
s o
f En
gin
eers
–
En
gin
eer
Res
earc
h a
nd
Dev
elo
pm
ent
Cen
ter
(ER
DC
) ▫
Bri
gham
Yo
un
g U
niv
ersi
ty
A
ll in
vest
igat
ion
s p
erf
orm
ed
un
de
r Q
ual
ity
Ass
ura
nce
Pro
ject
Pla
ns
(QA
PP
) p
rep
are
d p
er
CER
CLA
gu
idan
ce
TVA R
est
rict
ed I
nfo
rmation -
Delib
era
tive a
nd P
re-D
eci
sional Privile
ged
TVA
Se
lf-P
erf
orm
ed
In
vest
igat
ion
s
•A
ir M
on
ito
rin
g
•Su
rfac
e W
ate
r, G
rou
nd
wat
er,
Po
rew
ate
r Sa
mp
ling
•B
ath
yme
try
•A
sh &
Se
dim
en
t Sa
mp
ling
•Se
dim
en
t To
xici
ty In
vest
igat
ion
s
•Fi
sh S
amp
ling
& C
om
mu
nit
y A
sse
ssm
en
ts
•Fi
eld
Ass
ess
me
nts
of
Fish
He
alth
•B
en
thic
Inve
rte
bra
te S
amp
ling
& C
om
mu
nit
y A
sse
ssm
en
ts
•La
rval
Fis
h S
amp
ling
•Sa
mp
ling
for
Bio
accu
mu
lati
on
in:
Bir
d E
ggs
(Go
ose
, Her
on
, & O
spre
y)
A
mp
hib
ian
s (t
oad
s &
fro
gs)
Tr
ee
sw
allo
ws
and
tu
rtle
s (2
00
9 &
20
10
)
7
TVA R
est
rict
ed I
nfo
rmation -
Delib
era
tive a
nd P
re-D
eci
sional Privile
ged
OR
AU
-Ad
min
iste
red
Eco
logi
cal R
ese
arch
Old
Do
min
ion
Un
ive
rsit
y •
Sele
niu
m B
io‐G
eoch
emis
try
in F
low
ing
Riv
er S
yste
ms
•Fl
ow
-Th
rou
gh L
each
ing
Pro
ced
ure
No
rth
Car
olin
a St
ate
Un
ive
rsit
y •
Geo
chem
ical
& M
iner
alo
gica
l Ch
arac
teri
zati
on
of
Ash
•
Geo
chem
ical
Tra
nsf
orm
atio
ns—
Effe
cts
on
Sel
eniu
m U
pta
ke
•Tr
ace
Elem
ent
Up
take
by
Per
iph
yto
n
Du
ke U
niv
ers
ity/
Un
ive
rsit
y o
f K
en
tuck
y/U
niv
ers
ity
of
Illin
ois
•
Fiel
d S
urv
eys—
Wat
er, S
edim
ents
, Po
rew
ater
s •
Iso
top
e R
atio
s as
Ash
Tra
cers
•
Fact
ors
Aff
ecti
ng
Po
ten
tial
fo
r M
ercu
ry M
eth
ylat
ion
•
Trac
e El
emen
t Sp
ecia
tio
n &
Tra
nsf
orm
atio
ns
•G
eoch
emic
al M
od
elin
g
Un
ive
rsit
y o
f C
olo
rad
o/U
SGS
•Ef
fect
s o
f D
isso
lved
Org
anic
Mat
ter
& M
ixin
g En
ergy
on
Ash
Lea
chin
g
8
TVA R
est
rict
ed I
nfo
rmation -
Delib
era
tive a
nd P
re-D
eci
sional Privile
ged
Dir
ect
-Fu
nd
ed
Eco
logi
cal I
nve
stig
atio
ns
Oak
Rid
ge N
atio
nal
Lab
ora
tory
•
Lab
ora
tory
Fis
h H
ealt
h A
sses
smen
t, F
ish
Rep
rod
uct
ive
Co
mp
eten
ce, A
sh-R
elat
ed
Co
nta
min
ants
Bio
accu
mu
lati
on
•
Ash
Eff
ects
on
Fis
h R
epro
du
ctio
n &
Lar
val F
ish
(la
bo
rato
ry s
tud
ies)
•
Ben
thic
Inve
rteb
rate
s B
ioac
cum
ula
tio
n (
snai
ls, m
ayfl
ies)
Oak
Rid
ge N
atio
nal
Lab
ora
tory
an
d M
idd
le T
en
ne
sse
e S
tate
U
niv
ers
ity
•B
lueg
ill &
Red
ear
Sun
fish
Bio
accu
mu
lati
on
Dif
fere
nce
s •
Aq
uat
ic S
pid
ers’
Ro
le in
Tra
nsf
erri
ng
Co
nta
min
ants
to
Ter
rest
rial
Eco
syst
em
Mid
dle
Te
nn
ess
ee
Sta
te U
niv
ers
ity
and
TW
RA
•
Fres
hw
ater
Mu
ssel
s (b
ioac
cum
ula
tio
n, g
row
th a
nd
rep
rod
uct
ion
)
Un
ive
rsit
y o
f Te
nn
ess
ee
•
Rac
coo
ns
(bio
accu
mu
lati
on
, hea
lth
eff
ects
)
Bri
gham
Yo
un
g U
niv
ers
ity
•Fl
oo
d r
isk
mo
del
ing
9
TVA R
est
rict
ed I
nfo
rmation -
Delib
era
tive a
nd P
re-D
eci
sional Privile
ged
Dir
ect
-Fu
nd
ed
Eco
logi
cal I
nve
stig
atio
ns
(co
nti
nu
ed
)
USA
CE
Engi
ne
eri
ng
Re
sear
ch a
nd
De
velo
pm
en
t C
en
ter
•Se
dim
ent
Tran
spo
rt M
od
elin
g (f
un
ded
th
rou
gh E
PA
) •
Geo
chem
ical
Ch
arac
teri
zati
on
of
Ash
an
d A
sh L
each
ing
•
Trac
e El
emen
t Sp
ecia
tio
n/G
eoch
emic
al M
od
elin
g
Vir
gin
ia P
oly
tech
nic
Inst
itu
te a
nd
Sta
te U
niv
ers
ity
(Vir
gin
ia T
ech
) •
Tree
Sw
allo
ws
(bio
accu
mu
lati
on
, mat
ern
al t
ran
sfer
, rep
rod
uct
ive
effe
cts)
•
Turt
les
(bio
accu
mu
lati
on
, mat
ern
al t
ran
sfer
, rep
rod
uct
ive
effe
cts)
Ap
pal
ach
ian
Sta
te U
niv
ers
ity
•A
sh D
epo
sit
Stra
tigr
aph
y &
Geo
chem
istr
y,
•M
agn
etic
Su
scep
tib
ility
Po
ten
tial
fo
r A
sh T
rack
ing
10
TVA R
est
rict
ed I
nfo
rmation -
Delib
era
tive a
nd P
re-D
eci
sional Privile
ged
Envi
ron
me
nta
l Dat
a C
olle
ctio
n S
um
mar
y 2
00
8-2
01
2
Sco
pe
:
>19
,00
0 s
amp
les
colle
cte
d a
nd
an
alyz
ed
(a
ir, w
ater
, gro
un
dw
ater
, so
il, s
edim
ents
, ash
, bio
ta…
)
>4
00
,00
0 c
he
mic
al a
nal
yse
s o
n t
he
se s
amp
les
Qu
alit
y A
ssu
ran
ce/Q
ual
ity
Co
ntr
ol P
rogr
am
• Si
te-w
ide
Qu
alit
y A
ssu
ran
ce P
roje
ct P
lan
•
61
Sta
nd
ard
Op
era
tin
g P
roce
du
res
• La
bo
rato
ry a
nd
fie
ld a
ud
its
• “H
and
s-o
n”
lab
ora
tory
sam
ple
man
age
me
nt
9
9.8
% d
ata
acc
epta
nce
11
TVA R
est
rict
ed I
nfo
rmation -
Delib
era
tive a
nd P
re-D
eci
sional Privile
ged
CER
CLA
Ph
ase
3
Riv
er S
amp
ling
& A
nal
ysis
Pla
n (
SAP
)
Focu
sed
on
: •
Mo
de
ling
ash
tra
nsp
ort
•M
app
ing
resi
du
al a
sh
•D
ata
for
hu
man
he
alth
& e
colo
gica
l ris
k as
sess
me
nts
•M
ult
iple
ap
pro
ach
es
to e
valu
ate
eff
ect
s
TVA R
est
rict
ed I
nfo
rmation -
Delib
era
tive a
nd P
re-D
eci
sional Privile
ged
ERD
C S
ed
ime
nt
Tran
spo
rt M
od
el
Mo
de
l Par
ame
ters
•
2-D
ime
nsi
on
al, U
SAC
E-ER
DC
Ad
apti
ve H
ydra
ulic
s m
od
el (
Ad
H)
•
Mo
de
l do
mai
n: K
ings
ton
sit
e t
o W
atts
Bar
dam
•
13
gra
in s
ize
s (6
ash
, 7 s
ed
ime
nt;
cla
y –
san
d s
ize
cla
sse
s)
•3
Sim
ula
tio
ns:
May
, 20
09
eve
nt;
2-y
r av
g fl
ow
/hig
h f
low
; 3
0-y
r fl
ow
re
cord
Re
sult
s •
Ash
re
susp
en
sio
n n
ow
occ
urs
on
ly f
or
flo
ws
>~7
0,0
00
cfs
•
Ne
w s
ed
ime
nts
de
po
site
d in
sh
allo
w a
reas
in lo
we
r Em
ory
&
Clin
ch c
ap a
sh d
ep
osi
ts, d
ilute
ash
in s
ed
ime
nts
•
10
-15
ye
ars
to r
ed
uce
ars
en
ic le
vels
to
ne
ar-b
ackg
rou
nd
•
Hig
h f
low
s w
ill u
ltim
ate
ly s
cou
r &
mix
ash
wit
h n
ativ
e
sed
ime
nts
, tra
nsp
ort
it t
o lo
we
r W
atts
Bar
re
serv
oir
, & d
ep
osi
t it
th
ere
in a
th
in la
yer
ove
r a
larg
e a
rea
13
TVA R
est
rict
ed I
nfo
rmation -
Delib
era
tive a
nd P
re-D
eci
sional Privile
ged
Riv
er
SAP
—A
sh M
app
ing
•2
69
Vib
eco
res
on
gri
d s
yste
m
2
35
Be
twe
en
CR
M 3
& E
RM
3
(C
linch
Re
ach
B &
Em
ory
Re
ach
es
A &
B)
•Fi
eld
ob
serv
atio
n o
f as
h d
epth
& s
trat
igra
ph
y
•Fi
eld
lab
est
imat
ion
of
% a
sh
•C
on
trac
t la
b m
eas
ure
d a
ll fi
eld
-est
imat
ed
>5
0%
as
h, p
lus
~ 2
0%
of
oth
er
sam
ple
s
TVA R
est
rict
ed I
nfo
rmation -
Delib
era
tive a
nd P
re-D
eci
sional Privile
ged
Em
ory
Riv
er
•R
efer
ence
– a
bo
ve E
RM
6.0
•R
each
C –
ER
M 3
.5 t
o E
RM
6.0
•R
each
B –
ER
M 1
.5 t
o E
RM
3.5
•R
each
A –
ER
M 0
.0 t
o E
RM
1.5
C
linch
Riv
er
•R
efer
ence
– a
bo
ve C
RM
4.5
•R
each
B –
CR
M 3
.0 t
o C
RM
4.5
•R
each
A –
CR
M 0
.0 t
o C
RM
3.0
Te
nn
esse
e R
iver
•
Ref
eren
ce –
ab
ove
TR
M 5
68
•R
each
B –
TR
M 5
66
to
TR
M 5
68
•R
each
A –
TR
M 5
50
to
TR
M 5
66
Riv
er
SAP
: 1
0 R
ive
r R
eac
hes
TVA R
est
rict
ed I
nfo
rmation -
Delib
era
tive a
nd P
re-D
eci
sional Privile
ged
Re
sid
ual
Ash
Re
sult
s
•A
pp
roxi
mat
ely
50
0,0
00
cu
bic
yar
ds
rem
ain
ing
3
% in
Em
ory
Re
ach
C (
ERM
3.5
-6.0
)
82
% in
Em
ory
Re
ach
es
A &
B (
ERM
0.0
-3.5
)
14
% in
Clin
ch R
eac
h B
(C
RM
3.0
-4.5
)
1%
in C
linch
Re
ach
A (
0.0
-3.0
)
* M
axim
um
ash
de
pth
~ 4
to
6 f
ee
t
TVA R
est
rict
ed I
nfo
rmation -
Delib
era
tive a
nd P
re-D
eci
sional Privile
ged
Sed
ime
nt
Toxi
city
Te
sts
•P
has
ed
ap
pro
ach
Scre
enin
g
Sho
rt-t
erm
, un
dilu
ted
, 3 t
est
spec
ies
Em
ory
an
d C
linch
Riv
ers,
9 lo
cati
on
s ea
ch
C
hro
nic
(“D
efin
itiv
e”)
Lo
ng-
term
, dilu
tio
n s
erie
s, 2
tes
t sp
ecie
s
Emo
ry a
nd
Clin
ch R
iver
s, 4
loca
tio
ns
each
•Se
dim
en
t ch
em
istr
y an
d c
har
acte
rist
ics
M
etal
s, P
AH
s, P
CB
s, p
esti
cid
es
%
ash
, gra
in s
ize,
TO
C
•M
ult
ivar
iate
sta
tist
ical
an
alys
is
Hya
lella
azt
eca
Chironom
us
dilu
tus
Ceriodaphnia
dubia
TVA R
est
rict
ed I
nfo
rmation -
Delib
era
tive a
nd P
re-D
eci
sional Privile
ged
Sed
ime
nt
Toxi
city
Re
sult
s
–C
orr
ela
tio
n o
f se
dim
en
t to
xici
ty w
ith
% a
sh,
arse
nic
co
nce
ntr
atio
ns
in s
ed
ime
nts
–M
inim
al o
r n
o t
oxi
city
ob
serv
ed in
se
dim
en
ts
wit
h le
ss t
han
ab
ou
t 4
0%
ash
TVA R
est
rict
ed I
nfo
rmation -
Delib
era
tive a
nd P
re-D
eci
sional Privile
ged
Eco
logi
cal R
isk
Ass
ess
me
nt
Fin
din
gs:
M
od
era
te r
isk
to b
en
thic
inve
rte
bra
tes
that
live
in s
ed
ime
nt
Lo
w r
isk
to o
rgan
ism
s th
at e
at b
en
thic
in
vert
eb
rate
s
Tre
e S
wal
low
s (a
eri
al-f
ee
din
g in
sect
ivo
re)
K
illd
ee
r (s
ho
relin
e-f
ee
din
g in
vert
ivo
re)
•R
isk
dri
vers
:
>40
% a
sh
A
rse
nic
, se
len
ium
TVA R
est
rict
ed I
nfo
rmation -
Delib
era
tive a
nd P
re-D
eci
sional Privile
ged
Hu
man
He
alth
Ris
k A
sse
ssm
en
t
•M
ult
iple
exp
osu
re s
cen
ario
s an
d r
ece
pto
rs:
D
rin
kin
g w
ate
r
Re
cre
atio
n
Fi
sh c
on
sum
pti
on
Ad
ult
& c
hild
re
sid
en
ts, s
wim
me
rs, b
eac
hco
mb
ers
•U
sed
sit
e-s
pe
cifi
c d
ata
•Fo
llow
ed
EP
A r
isk
asse
ssm
en
t gu
idan
ce
Fin
din
gs:
•N
o u
nac
cep
tab
le r
isks
ass
oci
ated
wit
h r
esid
ual
ash
•
Co
nfi
rme
d r
isks
fro
m le
gacy
PC
Bs
and
Hg
in f
ish
tis
sue
s
TDEC
fis
h c
on
sum
pti
on
ad
viso
ry p
re-d
atin
g th
e s
pill
•A
gre
es
wit
h 2
01
0 T
N D
OH
Pu
blic
He
alth
Ass
ess
me
nt
•A
gre
es
wit
h O
RA
U/V
and
erb
ilt M
ed
ical
Scr
ee
nin
gs
TVA R
est
rict
ed I
nfo
rmation -
Delib
era
tive a
nd P
re-D
eci
sional Privile
ged
TVA
& O
RN
L B
en
thic
Inve
rte
bra
te
Inve
stig
atio
ns
•M
ayfl
y la
rvae
an
d a
du
lts-
-bio
accu
mu
lati
on
•B
en
thic
co
mm
un
ity
abu
nd
ance
an
d d
iver
sity
21
TVA R
est
rict
ed I
nfo
rmation -
Delib
era
tive a
nd P
re-D
eci
sional Privile
ged
TVA
& O
RN
L B
en
thic
Inve
rte
bra
te R
esu
lts
•O
bvi
ou
s im
me
dia
te im
pac
t, f
rom
wh
ich
po
pu
lati
on
s ap
pe
ar t
o h
ave
re
cove
red
qu
ickl
y
•M
inim
al, i
f an
y e
ffe
cts
on
div
ers
ity,
# s
pe
cie
s
•O
the
r fa
cto
rs (
hyd
rolo
gy, c
limat
e)
app
ear
to h
ave
m
ore
sig
nif
ican
t e
ffe
cts
•B
ioac
cum
ula
tio
n in
mo
st s
pe
cie
s p
eak
ed
in 2
01
0 o
r 2
01
1, d
id n
ot
app
ear
to r
eac
h a
dve
rse
eff
ect
s le
vels
•N
o s
ign
ific
ant
eff
ect
s o
n r
ep
rod
uct
ion
22
TVA R
est
rict
ed I
nfo
rmation -
Delib
era
tive a
nd P
re-D
eci
sional Privile
ged
23
•F
ish
co
mm
un
ity
re
sult
s e
va
lua
ted
usi
ng
mu
lti-
me
tric
sc
ori
ng
me
tho
d*
ba
sed
on
:
Spec
ies
Ric
hn
ess
and
Co
mp
osi
tio
n
T
rop
hic
Co
mp
osi
tio
n
F
ish
Hea
lth
an
d A
bu
nd
ance
•F
ish
bio
acc
um
ula
tio
n
F
ocu
s o
n b
lueg
ill,
red
ear,
lar
gem
ou
th b
ass
F
ocu
s o
n s
elen
ium
& a
rsen
ic i
n m
usc
le, o
var
ies,
wh
ole
-bo
dy
Mu
ltip
le s
ites
th
rou
gho
ut
stu
dy
are
a
•F
ish
he
alt
h a
nd
re
pro
du
ctio
n
B
loo
d c
hem
istr
y, c
on
dit
ion
in
dic
es, h
isto
pat
ho
logy
Oo
cyte
co
nd
itio
n
L
abo
rato
ry s
tud
ies
*Re
serv
oir
Fis
h A
sse
mb
lag
e I
nd
ex
(R
FA
I) d
ev
elo
pe
d i
n e
arl
y 1
99
0s
as
pa
rt o
f T
VA
’s V
all
ey
-wid
e V
ita
l S
ign
s M
on
ito
rin
g P
rog
ram
TVA
& O
RN
L Fi
sh In
vest
igat
ion
s
TVA R
est
rict
ed I
nfo
rmation -
Delib
era
tive a
nd P
re-D
eci
sional Privile
ged
TVA
& O
RN
L Fi
sh R
esu
lts
•O
bvi
ou
s im
me
dia
te im
pac
t, f
rom
wh
ich
po
pu
lati
on
s ap
pe
ar t
o h
ave
re
cove
red
qu
ickl
y
•M
inim
al, i
f an
y e
ffe
cts
on
div
ers
ity,
# s
pe
cie
s
•O
the
r fa
cto
rs (
hyd
rolo
gy, c
limat
e)
app
ear
to h
ave
m
ore
sig
nif
ican
t e
ffe
cts
•B
ioac
cum
ula
tio
n in
mo
st s
pe
cie
s p
eak
ed
in 2
01
0, 2
01
1
•N
o s
ign
ific
ant
eff
ect
s o
n r
ep
rod
uct
ion
24
TVA R
est
rict
ed I
nfo
rmation -
Delib
era
tive a
nd P
re-D
eci
sional Privile
ged
OR
NL
Fish
He
alth
& R
ep
rod
uct
ion
Re
sult
s
•H
isto
pat
ho
logy
sh
ow
ed
so
me
gill
de
grad
atio
n in
20
09
, n
o s
ign
ific
ant
dif
fere
nce
s fr
om
re
fere
nce
sit
es
sin
ce
20
09
•Fi
sh h
ealt
h m
eas
ure
s (b
loo
d c
he
mis
try,
var
iou
s in
dic
es)
h
ave
sh
ow
n n
o s
ign
ific
ant
eff
ect
s
•M
inim
al, i
f an
y, r
ep
rod
uct
ive
co
mp
ete
nce
imp
acts
•N
o a
sh im
pac
ts o
n s
urv
ival
, gro
wth
, or
de
velo
pm
en
t o
f la
rval
fis
h in
lab
stu
die
s w
ith
bo
th la
b-r
ear
ed
fis
h a
nd
fi
sh c
aptu
red
in t
he
Emo
ry R
ive
r
25
TVA R
est
rict
ed I
nfo
rmation -
Delib
era
tive a
nd P
re-D
eci
sional Privile
ged
Tre
e S
wal
low
Inve
stig
atio
ns
•~6
00
Tre
e s
wal
low
bo
xes
•Fo
ur
colo
nie
s in
ash
-im
pac
ted
are
as
•Th
ree
refe
ren
ce s
ite
s, p
lus
po
siti
ve c
on
tro
l sit
e
•Fi
eld
ob
serv
atio
n o
f lo
we
r le
g le
ngt
h, c
lutc
h
size
, hat
chin
g su
cce
ss, 1
5-d
ay h
atch
ling
surv
ival
•
>15
00
bir
ds
sam
ple
d f
or
ash
-re
late
d
con
tam
inan
ts in
egg
s, b
loo
d, f
eat
he
rs,
hat
chlin
gs
TVA R
est
rict
ed I
nfo
rmation -
Delib
era
tive a
nd P
re-D
eci
sional Privile
ged
Pre
limin
ary
Tre
e S
wal
low
Re
sult
s
•So
me
incr
eas
ed
egg
bio
accu
mu
lati
on
of
As
&
Se n
ear
th
e s
pill
, bu
t n
ot
to a
dve
rse
eff
ect
s le
vels
•Fi
eld
dat
a: M
inim
al d
iffe
ren
ces
in r
epro
du
ctiv
e
succ
ess
an
d d
efo
rmit
ies
be
twe
en r
efe
ren
ce
and
ash
-im
pac
ted
are
as
•A
nal
ysis
is o
n-g
oin
g: 2
01
2 d
ata
just
be
com
ing
avai
lab
le
TVA R
est
rict
ed I
nfo
rmation -
Delib
era
tive a
nd P
re-D
eci
sional Privile
ged
Un
ive
rsit
y R
ese
arch
Re
sult
s-to
dat
e
•U
of
Illin
ois
res
earc
her
s fi
nd
th
at H
g st
able
iso
top
e ra
tio
s ca
n d
isti
ngu
ish
b
etw
een
Hg
fro
m a
sh, D
OE-
Oak
Rid
ge, a
nd
up
stre
am E
mo
ry R
iver
•D
uke
Un
iver
sity
fie
ld d
ata
com
par
e w
ell w
ith
TV
A a
nd
EP
A d
ata.
So
me
hig
h
po
rew
ater
ars
enic
co
nce
ntr
atio
ns
rep
ort
ed.
•A
no
ther
Du
ke U
niv
ersi
ty s
tud
y fi
nd
s an
ind
icat
ion
th
at a
sh m
ay in
crea
se
met
hly
atio
n o
f m
ercu
ry. A
dd
itio
nal
stu
die
s ar
e in
pro
gres
s.
•U
of
Co
lora
do
res
earc
her
s fi
nd
mo
re h
igh
ly a
rom
atic
dis
solv
ed o
rgan
ic m
atte
r (D
OM
) is
mo
re e
ffec
tive
in le
ach
ing
met
als,
bu
t D
OM
do
esn
’t a
pp
ear
to a
ffec
t le
ach
ing
of
As
& S
e, w
hic
h a
re p
rese
nt
mai
nly
as
oxy
-an
ion
s
•O
DU
has
dem
on
stra
ted
th
at a
hig
h li
qu
id/s
olid
rat
io, s
ho
rt e
xpo
sure
leac
hin
g p
roce
du
re p
rod
uce
s re
liab
le d
ata.
Fu
rth
er d
ata
anal
ysis
is in
pro
gres
s.
•A
no
ther
OD
U r
esea
rch
er d
etec
ts in
crea
ses
in S
e in
wat
er (
at n
ano
-mo
lar
con
cen
trat
ion
s) a
s it
flo
ws
by
the
ash
sit
e, w
ith
su
bse
qu
ent
alga
l up
take
.
•N
C S
tate
res
earc
her
s ar
e ch
arac
teri
zin
g as
h m
iner
alo
gy, c
hem
ical
sp
ecia
tio
n
and
leac
hin
g ch
arac
teri
stic
s o
f se
lect
ed t
race
ele
men
ts r
elat
ive
to t
hei
r m
ob
ility
, bio
-up
take
an
d t
oxi
city
in s
edim
ents
, wat
er, a
nd
so
ils.
28
TVA R
est
rict
ed I
nfo
rmation -
Delib
era
tive a
nd P
re-D
eci
sional Privile
ged
LTM
De
sign
Taki
ng
eve
ryth
ing
into
co
nsi
de
rati
on
:
•D
eve
lop
Dat
a Q
ual
ity
Ob
ject
ive
s
•Id
en
tify
In
form
atio
n R
eq
uir
ed
•Id
en
tify
Bo
un
dar
ies
•Id
en
tify
Ge
ne
ral A
pp
roac
h
•Fl
esh
Ou
t D
eta
ils
29
TVA R
est
rict
ed I
nfo
rmation -
Delib
era
tive a
nd P
re-D
eci
sional Privile
ged
The
LTM
Ch
alle
nge
:
De
sign
a L
on
g-Te
rm M
on
ito
rin
g P
lan
th
at:
1.
Eval
uat
es
the
eff
ect
ive
ne
ss o
f se
dim
en
t sc
ou
rin
g, m
ixin
g,
tran
spo
rt, a
nd
re
-de
po
siti
on
to
ach
ieve
CER
CLA
Re
mo
val
Act
ion
Ob
ject
ive
s.
2.
Me
asu
res
the
eff
ect
ive
ne
ss o
f th
e s
ele
cte
d C
ERC
LA
Re
me
dy
in p
rote
ctin
g e
colo
gica
l re
sou
rce
s at
ris
k.
-B
en
thic
inve
rte
bra
te p
op
ula
tio
ns
-R
ipar
ian
-fe
ed
ing
bir
ds
-A
eri
al-f
ee
din
g b
ird
s
3.
Do
cum
en
ts r
est
ora
tio
n o
f th
e e
colo
gica
l fu
nct
ion
an
d
recr
eat
ion
al u
se o
f th
e r
ive
r sy
ste
m t
o p
re-r
ele
ase
co
nd
itio
ns.
4.
Pro
vid
es
add
itio
nal
info
rmat
ion
fo
r o
the
r p
urp
ose
s su
ch
as a
sse
ssin
g N
atu
ral R
eso
urc
es
Dam
age
s re
cove
ry
5.
Incl
ud
es
Pra
ctic
al A
dap
tive
Man
age
me
nt
TVA R
est
rict
ed I
nfo
rmation -
Delib
era
tive a
nd P
re-D
eci
sional Privile
ged
Info
rmat
ion
Ne
ed
ed
1.
Info
rmat
ion
on
se
dim
en
t sc
ou
rin
g, m
ixin
g,
tran
spo
rt, a
nd
de
po
siti
on
ove
r ti
me
2.
Co
nce
ntr
atio
ns
of
ash
an
d a
sh-r
ela
ted
co
nta
min
ants
in s
ed
ime
nt
3.
Co
nce
ntr
atio
ns
of
ash
-re
late
d c
on
tam
inan
ts in
b
iota
, esp
ecia
lly in
th
e ar
ea
wit
h m
ost
re
sid
ual
ash
4.
Bio
ta p
op
ula
tio
n, c
om
mu
nit
y, h
eal
th, a
nd
re
pro
du
ctiv
e c
om
pe
ten
ce m
eas
ure
s
TVA R
est
rict
ed I
nfo
rmation -
Delib
era
tive a
nd P
re-D
eci
sional Privile
ged
Pro
po
sed
Lo
ng-
term
Mo
nit
ori
ng
Pla
n
1
.A
sh f
ate
& t
ran
spo
rt m
on
ito
rin
g &
mo
de
ling
2.
Bie
nn
ial s
ed
ime
nt
con
tam
inan
ts
mo
nit
ori
ng—
seve
ral l
oca
tio
ns
3.
Sed
ime
nt
toxi
city
—2
01
3, 2
01
7
4.
Bie
nn
ial b
en
thic
inve
rte
bra
tes
mo
nit
ori
ng
5.
An
nu
al m
on
ito
rin
g in
Lo
we
r Em
ory
: in
vert
eb
rate
s, s
ed
ime
nts
, bir
ds,
fis
h
6.
Sup
ple
me
nta
l mo
nit
ori
ng
of
fish
b
ioac
cum
ula
tio
n, c
om
mu
nit
y su
rve
ys, h
eal
th
& r
epro
du
ctio
n
32
TVA R
est
rict
ed I
nfo
rmation -
Delib
era
tive a
nd P
re-D
eci
sional Privile
ged
Ash
fat
e &
tra
nsp
ort
mo
de
ling
& m
on
ito
rin
g
▪U
pd
ate
d b
ath
yme
try
at 2
00
’ re
solu
tio
n f
or
mo
de
l re
fin
em
en
t
▪Se
dim
en
t tr
ansp
ort
mo
de
ling
follo
win
g 1
0-y
r st
orm
s (o
r at
en
d o
f e
ach
5-y
r re
vie
w p
eri
od
)
▪“G
rou
nd
tru
th”
sed
ime
nt
sam
plin
g: a
sh d
ep
th, %
as
h, a
rse
nic
, se
len
ium
TVA R
est
rict
ed I
nfo
rmation -
Delib
era
tive a
nd P
re-D
eci
sional Privile
ged
Bie
nn
ial M
on
ito
rin
g: S
ed
ime
nts
& B
ugs
▪Fa
ll sa
mp
ling
of
be
nth
ic in
vert
eb
rate
co
mm
un
ity
&
con
tam
inan
t b
ioac
cum
ula
tio
n a
t 1
0 t
ran
sect
s
▪Se
dim
en
t co
nta
min
ants
at
be
nth
ic s
amp
ling
tran
sect
s
▪“O
ff-y
ear
” co
nfi
rmat
ory
sam
plin
g if
un
usu
al r
esu
lts
ob
serv
ed
TVA R
est
rict
ed I
nfo
rmation -
Delib
era
tive a
nd P
re-D
eci
sional Privile
ged
Sed
ime
nt
Toxi
city
Mo
nit
ori
ng
▪Fa
ll: 2
01
3, 2
01
7
▪U
p t
o t
hre
e c
om
po
site
se
dim
en
t sa
mp
les
pe
r tr
anse
ct in
are
as w
ith
gre
ate
st r
esi
du
al a
sh (
plu
s re
fere
nce
sit
es)
:
ERM
1.4
, CR
M 3
.0, E
RM
& C
RM
re
fere
nce
sit
es
Mid
-ch
ann
el (
thal
we
g)
Su
bm
erg
ed
te
rrac
es
(de
po
siti
on
al a
reas
), le
ft &
rig
ht
▪1
0-d
de
fin
itiv
e s
urv
ival
& g
row
th t
est
s, H
yale
lla
azt
eca
▪Fu
ll su
ite
of
ph
ysic
al &
ch
em
ical
an
alys
es
G
rain
siz
e
M
eta
ls/m
eta
lloid
s
Sem
i-vo
lati
le o
rgan
ics
P
est
icid
es
TVA R
est
rict
ed I
nfo
rmation -
Delib
era
tive a
nd P
re-D
eci
sional Privile
ged
An
nu
al M
on
ito
rin
g in
Lo
we
r Em
ory
An
nu
al m
on
ito
rin
g in
low
er
par
t o
f Em
ory
Riv
er
wh
ere
>8
0%
of
the
re
sid
ual
ash
is lo
cate
d:
▪B
en
thic
inve
rte
bra
te c
om
mu
nit
y co
mp
osi
tio
n &
b
ioac
cum
ula
tio
n
▪Tr
ee
sw
allo
ws:
Sim
ple
me
asu
res
of
rep
rod
uct
ive
su
cce
ss (
clu
tch
siz
e,
hat
chin
g su
cce
ss, n
est
ling
surv
ival
to
15
-d)
A
rse
nic
& s
ele
niu
m b
ioac
cum
ula
tio
n in
egg
s
▪R
ed
ear
su
nfi
sh, b
lueg
ill, a
nd
bas
s
Ars
en
ic &
se
len
ium
bio
accu
mu
lati
on
TVA R
est
rict
ed I
nfo
rmation -
Delib
era
tive a
nd P
re-D
eci
sional Privile
ged
Sup
ple
me
nta
l Lo
ng-
Term
Mo
nit
ori
ng
B
ien
nia
l fal
l fis
h c
om
mu
nit
y as
sess
me
nt
(RFA
I)
B
ien
nia
l sp
rin
g sp
ort
fis
h s
urv
ey
B
lack
bas
s &
cra
pp
ie
B
ien
nia
l sp
rin
g fi
sh b
ioac
cum
ula
tio
n
B
lue
gill,
re
de
ar s
un
fish
, lar
gem
ou
th b
ass
Fi
llet,
ova
ry, l
ive
r
B
ien
nia
l sp
rin
g fi
sh h
eal
th &
re
pro
du
ctiv
e
com
pe
ten
ce
O
vera
ll fi
sh h
eal
th m
etr
ics
H
isto
pat
ho
logy
of
key
tiss
ue
s
Re
pro
du
ctiv
e co
nd
itio
n m
etr
ics
TVA R
est
rict
ed I
nfo
rmation -
Delib
era
tive a
nd P
re-D
eci
sional Privile
ged
Dat
a A
nal
ysis
, Rep
ort
ing,
Pro
gram
Re
fin
em
en
t
•Ev
alu
ate
re
sult
s as
so
on
as
the
y ar
e a
vaila
ble
(i.e
., n
o d
elay
s in
dat
a an
alys
is)
•P
rep
are
an
nu
al/b
ien
nia
l re
po
rts
sum
mar
izin
g
spat
ial &
te
mp
ora
l tre
nd
s/re
lati
on
ship
s
•R
ep
eat
sam
plin
g in
off
-yea
rs (
20
14
, 20
16
) fo
r
any
resu
lts
sugg
est
ing
sign
ific
ant,
un
exp
lain
ed
spat
ial o
r te
mp
ora
l ch
ange
s
TVA R
est
rict
ed I
nfo
rmation -
Delib
era
tive a
nd P
re-D
eci
sional Privile
ged
Ad
apti
ve M
on
ito
rin
g &
Man
age
me
nt
▪C
on
tin
uo
usl
y e
valu
ate
re
sult
s to
iden
tify
p
oss
ible
pro
gram
imp
rove
me
nts
Are
stu
dy
resu
lts
sho
win
g ch
ange
s?
D
o r
esu
lts
ind
icat
e lo
cati
on
s &
fre
qu
en
cie
s ar
e
op
tim
ize
d?
D
o r
esu
lts
just
ify
dis
con
tin
uin
g an
y m
on
ito
rin
g?
A
re b
ett
er,
up
dat
ed
mo
nit
ori
ng
tech
niq
ue
s av
aila
ble
?
D
eve
lop
re
com
me
nd
atio
ns
for
adap
tive
m
anag
em
en
t fo
r co
nsi
de
rati
on
by
EPA
& T
DEC
39
