Development. Human Development Index HDI – Economic factor is gross domestic product per capita...
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Transcript of Development. Human Development Index HDI – Economic factor is gross domestic product per capita...
Human Development Index
• HDI – Economic factor is gross domestic product per
capita – Social factors are literacy rate and amount of
education– Demographic factor is life expectancy
GDP
• Total output of goods and services
• GDP of the US was 14 trillion in 2009• GDP per capita $45,600
• Most LDCs per capita is less than $3,000
Primary
• Extract materials directly from earth
Secondary Sector
• Process, transform, and assemble raw materials into products
• Tertiary sector- banking, law, education, and government
Consumer Goods
• Transportation, communication, computers in MDCs
• Motor vehicles provide individuals with access to jobs and services and permit business distribute their product.
• Communication with raw materials providers and consumers
• Computers share info from buyers to suppliers
Stats per 1000
• MCD• Telephone 800• Motor vehicle 400• Internet 400• LCD• Tele 200• Vehicle 20• Internet 100
Education
• Literacy rate- percentage of people who can read and write.
• 98% MCDs vs less than 60% in LCDs • MCDs often have less students per teacher
than LCDs • Less than 20 per elementary • More than 30
Life Expectancy
• Males live 10yrs longer in MCDs• Females 13yrs longer
• MCDs have a higher percentage of older people who have retired and receive public support.
• In LDCs, number of young people is six times higher
Infant Mortality Rate
• 94% of infants survive in LDCs• 99.5% in MDCs
• Malnutrition, lack of medicine for illness• Babies may die from dehydration due to
diarrhea • Bad medical practice due to lack of education
Crude Birth Rate
• LCDs have higher natural increase than MCDs. • 23 per 1,000 in LCDs• 12 per 1,000 in MDCs
• Why fewer babies in MCDs? • Economic reasons, social reasons, birth-
control
Crude Death Rate
• Does not affect a countries development • CDR is lower in LDCs 8 per 1,000 • MCD 10 per 1,000• Why is the CDR lower in LDCs? • Diffusion of medical technology reducing
several disease. Second, more elderly in MCDs
Regions (9)
• North America, HDI .95• Europe, HDI .93• Latin America, .82• East Asia, .77• Southwest Asia (including North Africa), .74• Southeastern Asia, .73• Central Asia, .70• South Asia .61• Sub-Saharan Africa .51
North America .95
• Worlds leading food exporter with very few farmers, but a large percentage of the region workforce is involved in some aspect of producing or serving food.
• Once leading manufacturer
• N.A. financial institutions played a leading role in the deep recession. (Subprime loans)
Strengths and weakness
• GDP per capita and literacy rate
• Lower in education and life expectancy – Lower education due to high school drop outs– Lower education due to inadequate health care
coverage
Europe .93
• 15 of the 19 highest HDI rankings • Eastern countries lag in development
compared to the west.
• International trade has been hit the hardest in Europe. Dependent on international trade.
• Pay for imports with high value goods and services ex: BMW & Mercedes Benz
Less Developed Latin America .82
• Large cities are comparable with most MDCs. • Coastal area has a relatively high GDP per
capita
• Development in L. Am. is hindered by inequitable income distribution. Wealthy families control much of the land and rent parcels to tenant farmers
• Grow coffee, tea, and fruits for export to relatively developed countries rather than domestic consumption.
• L Am governments encourage redistribution of land to peasants
• Economy closely linked to the US
East Asia .77
• China is the worlds largest market and manufacturer (shoes, microwaves, DVD players, steel, coal, cement, and more)
• • Severe recession has slowed China’s economic
growth = declining demand for manufacturing goods
Communism in China
• Government took control of most agricultural land.
• Officials assigned specific tasks to farms and distributed food per family.
• Weakness: – Middle management, quality control, banking,
legal protection is inadequate
Southwest Asia and North Africa .74
• Dry desert • 70% of the worlds oil U.A.E., Saudi Arabia, and others• Large gap of GDP per capita from countries without
oil reserves (Jordan, Egypt, Syria)• Islam 95% traditional values lead to lower
development • inequalities among women. (literacy rate) • Conflicts with Iran & Iraq • Israeli Palestinian conflict
Southwest Asia .73
• Indonesia, Vietnam, and Thailand• Tropical climate limits intensive cultivation,
poor soil • Frequent typhoons, tsunamis, active
volcanoes keep population growth low • Continuous warfare colonies: Japan, French
preventing Communism
Central Asia .70
• Higher development in in Kazakhstan and Iran due to oil.
• Iran has used oil profit to maintain low consumer costs rather than to promote development.
• Shiite leaders have also used oil revenues to promote revolutions to sweep away elements of U.S. and European development and social customs.
South Asia
• India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, and Bhutan• Principal beneficiary of the Green revolution
“miracle rice” and wheat seeds • India is the fourth largest economy behind the
U.S. China, and Japan• Leading producer of peanuts, sugarcane, tea • Resources: aluminum ore• Major manufacturer
Sub-Saharan Africa .51
• Minerals chromium, diamonds, diamonds, platinum
• Poor health, low education levels, deteriorated economic conditions, European colonialism
• Landlocked states have difficulties shipping out raw materials
Political problems
• States created without regard to for the distribution of ethnicities.
• Leaders pursued personal economic gain and local wars rather than policies to promote economic gain.
• Africa has either a dry or tropical climate– Highest population growth rate= land overworked
and agriculture output had declined.
How GDI is determined?
• Economic- per capita female income to male • Social- number of females enrolled in school vs.
males • Demographic- life expectancy of females
compared to males
• A low GDI means women have a low level of development and is substantially lower than men.
Gender Empowerment
• The GEM measures the ability to imporve their status – Economic and political power
Economic
• Per capita of females vs. males • Percentage of professionals and technical jobs
held by women
Political
• Percentage of administrative jobs held by women and percentage of members of the national parliament who are women.
• Countries with the highest GEMs are MCDs (North America, North Europe, and Oceania)
• Lowest in Africa and Asia
Development through Self-Sufficiency
• China and India • Spread investment as equally as possible
across all sectors of its economy and regions. • Pace of development is modest, but equal for
all residents (country and city) • Limit imports to protect native business.
(tariffs) restrict exports