Development: differentiating cells to become an organism.

Development differentiating cells to become an organism

Cells function differently because they express differentgenes

The proper control of gene expression is critical for proper development

Irreversible packaging of DNA partially explains the loss of totipotency

Often in the form of DNA methylation

Embryonic Stem Cells are totipotent

Adult Stem Cells are pluripotent (only form some cell types)

Fig 1914

Use of stem cells shows promise to cure various diseases by replacing damaged cells

Use of embryonic stem cells has generated controversyhellip Why

What is life When does it begin

Fertilization and mitosis without implantation is common


What genetic mechanisms regulateallow development

Fig 2327

Flower partsComplexity from a few simple genes

4 whorls of a flowerFig 2323

Each whorl expresses a specific combination of three genes

Fig 2324

How does a cell know where it is

Fig 232

Drosophila Development

Fig 234

Polarity development by mRNA localization

Fig 235

Hox genes regulate the identity of body parts Fig 2311

Expression of hox genes in the embryo give rise to different adult body parts

embryo

adult

Fig 2311

The order of Hox genes parallels the order of body parts in which they are expressed

Fig 2317

Drosophila and vertebrate Hox protein show striking similarities (500 million years since common ancestor)

Fig 2316

Many hox proteins have common sequences(these are from Drosophila)

Fig 2313

helix-turn-helix a common DNA-binding motif

Fig 2313

Many developmental genes are transcription factors

these are from Drosophila

ldquoIntroduction to Genetic Analysisrdquo 9th ed copy2008 by Griffiths et al Fig 1218

Interaction of genes can set gradients in cellsorganisms that signal how different regions should develop

Reporter gene

protein

coding region

promoter reporter gene (luciferase etc)

easily visualized protein

promoter




Why change gene expressionbullDifferent cells need different componentsbullResponding to the environmentbullReplacement of damagedworn-out parts


Fig 2317

25000 12

How are genomes organized Tbl 202

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovmapviewmapscgiORG=humanampCHR=XampMAPS=ideogr[XpterXqter]genes[10015369239100]

Map of human chromosome 20

How does the organization of a genome affect its function

Figure 7-113 Molecular Biology of the Cell 4th ed by Alberts et al(Adapted from S Baxendale et al Nat Genet 1067ndash76 1995)

Comparison of Fugu and human huntingtin gene

75 X bigger

both have 67 exons connected by lines

(green indicates transposons prevalent in human version)

(puffer fish)

Some genes have several similar sequences within the genome known as a gene family

Fig 87

Hemoglobin (carries O2 in the blood) is comprised of a gene family in humans

Fig 87

Different members of the hemoglobin gene family are expressed at different developmental stages

Fetal Hb binds O2 more strongly than maternal Hb

Pseudogenes have the structure of a gene but are not expressed

Recently Mobilized Transposons in the Human and Chimpanzee Genomes (2006) Ryan E Mills et al The American Journal of Human Genetics 78 671-679andWhich transposable elements are active in the human genome (2007) Ryan E Mills et al Trends in Genetics 23 183-191

Transposons mobile DNA

Transposons comprise much of human DNA

Fig 1712C

Retro-transposons move via an RNA intermediate

QuickTimetrade and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture

Tbl 1 Recently Mobilized Transposons in the Human and Chimpanzee Genomes (2006) Ryan E Mills et al The American Journal of Human Genetics 78 671-679

Humans and chimpanzees shared a common ancestor about 6 million years ago



human

chimp

Fig 3 Recently Mobilized Transposons in the Human and Chimpanzee Genomes (2006) Ryan E Mills et al The American Journal of Human Genetics 78 671-679

Humans have more transposons than chimps

Conclusions

bullTransposons may play a role in evolution

bullMore abundant transposons in humans show ldquorecentrdquo transposon activity

Conclusions



What affect do transposons have in humans




Tbl 1 Which transposable elements are active in the human genome (2007) Ryan E Mills et al Trends in Genetics 23 183-191

Does transposition cause disease

An active copy of the L1 transposon lsquojumpedrsquo into the factor VIII gene and caused hemophilia

Diseases caused by transposon insertion

bullDuchenne muscular dystrophy

bullCoffin-Lowry syndrome

bullFukuyama-type congenital muscular dystrophy (FCMD)

bullcolon cancer

bullchronic granulomatous disease

bullX-linked dilated cardiomyopathy

bullfamilial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia and neonatal severe hyperparathyroidism

bullneurofibromatosis type 1

Active human transposons have been estimated to generate about one new insertion per 10ndash100 live births

Which transposons are mobile





Comparative genomics also has been used to identify recently mobilized transposons in genetically diverse humans For example over 600 recent transposon insertions were identified by examining DNA resequencing traces from 36 genetically diverse humans

Conclusions



bullTransposons are still active and can cause mutations and disease

Mil

lion

s of

Hec

tare

s

Texas =70 ha

Final topic before exam 2hellip BiotechGlobal area planted with GM crops

httpwwwgmo-compassorgengagri_biotechnologygmo_planting257global_gm_planting_2006html

PowerPoint Presentation

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Cells function differently because they express differentgenes






Fig 1914







Fig 2327




Fig 2324


Fig 232


Fig 234


Fig 235



embryo

adult

Fig 2311


Fig 2317


Fig 2316


Fig 2313


Fig 2313





Reporter gene

protein

coding region



promoter






Fig 2317

25000 12







75 X bigger



(puffer fish)


Fig 87


Fig 87







Fig 1712C








human

chimp



Conclusions



Conclusions














bullcolon cancer












Conclusions




Mil

lion

s of

Hec

tare

s

Texas =70 ha




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Fig 1914







Fig 2327




Fig 2324


Fig 232


Fig 234


Fig 235



embryo

adult

Fig 2311


Fig 2317


Fig 2316


Fig 2313


Fig 2313





Reporter gene

protein

coding region



promoter






Fig 2317

25000 12







75 X bigger



(puffer fish)


Fig 87


Fig 87







Fig 1712C








human

chimp



Conclusions



Conclusions














bullcolon cancer












Conclusions




Mil

lion

s of

Hec

tare

s

Texas =70 ha




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Fig 2327




Fig 2324


Fig 232


Fig 234


Fig 235



embryo

adult

Fig 2311


Fig 2317


Fig 2316


Fig 2313


Fig 2313





Reporter gene

protein

coding region



promoter






Fig 2317

25000 12







75 X bigger



(puffer fish)


Fig 87


Fig 87







Fig 1712C








human

chimp



Conclusions



Conclusions














bullcolon cancer












Conclusions




Mil

lion

s of

Hec

tare

s

Texas =70 ha




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Fig 2324


Fig 232


Fig 234


Fig 235



embryo

adult

Fig 2311


Fig 2317


Fig 2316


Fig 2313


Fig 2313





Reporter gene

protein

coding region



promoter






Fig 2317

25000 12







75 X bigger



(puffer fish)


Fig 87


Fig 87







Fig 1712C








human

chimp



Conclusions



Conclusions














bullcolon cancer












Conclusions




Mil

lion

s of

Hec

tare

s

Texas =70 ha




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Fig 232


Fig 234


Fig 235



embryo

adult

Fig 2311


Fig 2317


Fig 2316


Fig 2313


Fig 2313





Reporter gene

protein

coding region



promoter






Fig 2317

25000 12







75 X bigger



(puffer fish)


Fig 87


Fig 87







Fig 1712C








human

chimp



Conclusions



Conclusions














bullcolon cancer












Conclusions




Mil

lion

s of

Hec

tare

s

Texas =70 ha




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Fig 234


Fig 235



embryo

adult

Fig 2311


Fig 2317


Fig 2316


Fig 2313


Fig 2313





Reporter gene

protein

coding region



promoter






Fig 2317

25000 12







75 X bigger



(puffer fish)


Fig 87


Fig 87







Fig 1712C








human

chimp



Conclusions



Conclusions














bullcolon cancer












Conclusions




Mil

lion

s of

Hec

tare

s

Texas =70 ha




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Fig 235



embryo

adult

Fig 2311


Fig 2317


Fig 2316


Fig 2313


Fig 2313





Reporter gene

protein

coding region



promoter






Fig 2317

25000 12







75 X bigger



(puffer fish)


Fig 87


Fig 87







Fig 1712C








human

chimp



Conclusions



Conclusions














bullcolon cancer












Conclusions




Mil

lion

s of

Hec

tare

s

Texas =70 ha




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embryo

adult

Fig 2311


Fig 2317


Fig 2316


Fig 2313


Fig 2313





Reporter gene

protein

coding region



promoter






Fig 2317

25000 12







75 X bigger



(puffer fish)


Fig 87


Fig 87







Fig 1712C








human

chimp



Conclusions



Conclusions














bullcolon cancer












Conclusions




Mil

lion

s of

Hec

tare

s

Texas =70 ha




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Fig 2317


Fig 2316


Fig 2313


Fig 2313





Reporter gene

protein

coding region



promoter






Fig 2317

25000 12







75 X bigger



(puffer fish)


Fig 87


Fig 87







Fig 1712C








human

chimp



Conclusions



Conclusions














bullcolon cancer












Conclusions




Mil

lion

s of

Hec

tare

s

Texas =70 ha




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Fig 2316


Fig 2313


Fig 2313





Reporter gene

protein

coding region



promoter






Fig 2317

25000 12







75 X bigger



(puffer fish)


Fig 87


Fig 87







Fig 1712C








human

chimp



Conclusions



Conclusions














bullcolon cancer












Conclusions




Mil

lion

s of

Hec

tare

s

Texas =70 ha




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Fig 2313


Fig 2313





Reporter gene

protein

coding region



promoter






Fig 2317

25000 12







75 X bigger



(puffer fish)


Fig 87


Fig 87







Fig 1712C








human

chimp



Conclusions



Conclusions














bullcolon cancer












Conclusions




Mil

lion

s of

Hec

tare

s

Texas =70 ha




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Fig 2313





Reporter gene

protein

coding region



promoter






Fig 2317

25000 12







75 X bigger



(puffer fish)


Fig 87


Fig 87







Fig 1712C








human

chimp



Conclusions



Conclusions














bullcolon cancer












Conclusions




Mil

lion

s of

Hec

tare

s

Texas =70 ha




Slide 2

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Reporter gene

protein

coding region



promoter






Fig 2317

25000 12







75 X bigger



(puffer fish)


Fig 87


Fig 87







Fig 1712C








human

chimp



Conclusions



Conclusions














bullcolon cancer












Conclusions




Mil

lion

s of

Hec

tare

s

Texas =70 ha




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Fig 2317

25000 12







75 X bigger



(puffer fish)


Fig 87


Fig 87







Fig 1712C








human

chimp



Conclusions



Conclusions














bullcolon cancer












Conclusions




Mil

lion

s of

Hec

tare

s

Texas =70 ha




Slide 2

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25000 12







75 X bigger



(puffer fish)


Fig 87


Fig 87







Fig 1712C








human

chimp



Conclusions



Conclusions














bullcolon cancer












Conclusions




Mil

lion

s of

Hec

tare

s

Texas =70 ha




Slide 2

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75 X bigger



(puffer fish)


Fig 87


Fig 87







Fig 1712C








human

chimp



Conclusions



Conclusions














bullcolon cancer












Conclusions




Mil

lion

s of

Hec

tare

s

Texas =70 ha




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Fig 87


Fig 87







Fig 1712C








human

chimp



Conclusions



Conclusions














bullcolon cancer












Conclusions




Mil

lion

s of

Hec

tare

s

Texas =70 ha




Slide 2

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Fig 87







Fig 1712C








human

chimp



Conclusions



Conclusions














bullcolon cancer












Conclusions




Mil

lion

s of

Hec

tare

s

Texas =70 ha




Slide 2

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Slide 56







Fig 1712C








human

chimp



Conclusions



Conclusions














bullcolon cancer












Conclusions




Mil

lion

s of

Hec

tare

s

Texas =70 ha




Slide 2

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Slide 55

Slide 56







human

chimp



Conclusions



Conclusions














bullcolon cancer












Conclusions




Mil

lion

s of

Hec

tare

s

Texas =70 ha




Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

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Slide 52

Slide 53

Slide 54

Slide 55

Slide 56

Conclusions



Conclusions














bullcolon cancer












Conclusions




Mil

lion

s of

Hec

tare

s

Texas =70 ha




Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

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Slide 52

Slide 53

Slide 54

Slide 55

Slide 56

Conclusions














bullcolon cancer












Conclusions




Mil

lion

s of

Hec

tare

s

Texas =70 ha




Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

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Slide 52

Slide 53

Slide 54

Slide 55

Slide 56











bullcolon cancer












Conclusions




Mil

lion

s of

Hec

tare

s

Texas =70 ha




Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

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Slide 51

Slide 52

Slide 53

Slide 54

Slide 55

Slide 56








Conclusions




Mil

lion

s of

Hec

tare

s

Texas =70 ha




Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

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Slide 56

Mil

lion

s of

Hec

tare

s

Texas =70 ha




Slide 2

Slide 3

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Development: differentiating cells to become an organism.

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Transcript of Development: differentiating cells to become an organism.