Development and testing of improved ... - Texas A&M University
Transcript of Development and testing of improved ... - Texas A&M University
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Development and testing of
improved physically based
streambank erosion and
sediment routing routines in
SWAT
Balaji Narasimhan, P. M. Allen, Stephanie Capello, and Dave Coffman, J.G. Arnold, and R. Srinivasan
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Outline
Channel Erosion
Sediment Routing
In SWAT2000 and SWAT2005
Physically based approach
Erosion
Transportation
Deposition
Field monitoring and model results
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Channel Erosion
Channel erosion
Can account for as much as 85% of total sediment yield of a watershed
Predicted loss in 3 km channel
erosion = 1000 years of sheet
and rill erosion at pre-
conservation agriculture rates
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Channel Erosion
Three major processes
Subaerial processes
• Climate
• Alternate wet and dry cycles
• Freeze/Thaw cycles
• Cracking
Fluvial erosion (Hydraulic Erosion)
• Removal of particles by streamflow
Bank Failure
• Caused due to slope instability
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SWAT2000 and 2005
Simplified Bagnold stream power equation
Channel erosion
limited only by the stream power or transport capacity
but not by limits on sediment supply from the actual erosion process
exp
,
sp
chmxsed vspconconc
chchchchsedmxsed CKVconcconcsed )( ,,deg
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SWAT2000 and 2005
No particle size distribution of eroded sediment
No bedload
• Hence, TSS calculated from sediment yield is often high and not directly comparable with observations
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Organic nutrient load
Are we missing to quantify a significant organic nutrient load from stream bank and attributing the nutrient loads only to overland?
Cedar Creek, Texas • 8% of orgN and
• 15% of orgP from channel erosion
• Channel erosion – 35% of total sediment yield
Hence, accurate quantification of channel erosion is very important
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Rock Zone
Slake Zone
Soil Zone
Bed Load
Complex Process: Simplify
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Fluvial Erosion Process
For the erosion to occur
There should be enough shear stress exerted by the flowing water on stream bank and stream bed to dislodge the sediments
The channel should have enough stream power to carry the eroded sediments (overland+channel)
Deposition will occur if the sediment transport capacity is low
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Wash-load particle size distribution
Sediment yield from overland (MUSLE) is partitioned using the approach used in CREAMS
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Stream bank/bed erosion load
particle distribution
Channel bank and bed D50
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Shear Stress
Critical shear stress (τc) Soil parameter that governs erosion
Erosion based on excess shear stress:
where ξ – erosion rates of the bank and bed (m/s), kd – erodibility coefficient of bank and bed (cm3/N-s) and τc – Critical shear stress acting on bank and bed (N/m2).
6
,,, 10)( a
bankcbankebankdbank k
6
,,, 10)( a
bedcbedebeddbed k
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Critical Shear Stress and
Erodibility Coefficient
Submerged Jet Test (Hanson and Cook, 1997; Hanson and Simon, 2001)
Hanson and Simon, 2001
Erodibility calculated as a function of jet index
Ji – Jet index (depth of scour hole made by the jet per unit time
• Iw – Plasticity Index
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Empirical Equation for τc
Julian and Torres, 2001
Range mostly between: 0 and 100 N/m2 But could go as High as 400 N/m2
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Shear Stress
Effective shear stress based on channel hydraulics: (Eaton and Millar, 2004)
depth
PWSF
slpdepth
bedbank
ch
banke
4
sin)(
100
,
5.0
21001
,
bed
bank
chw
bede
P
WSF
slpdepth
247.25.1log4026.1log
bank
bed
bankP
PSF
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Empirical Equation for Kd
Erodibility Coefficient, Kd: (Temple and Hanson, 1994; Zhu et al. 2006)
91.0
3
5.0
50
%)(14.4
)1(
8.9)1(
0176.0exp0034.0
ClayC
Cs
DsM
MK
e
e
d
Where s is relative density of sediment
Range mostly between 0 and 0.01 cm3/N-s but could go As high as 3.75 cm3/N-s for highly erodible material
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Stream Power/Transport Capacity
Four new transport equations Simplified Bagnold Equation • Silt type bed material
Kodatie model • Silt to gravel size bed materials
Molinas and Wu model • Large sand bed rivers
Yangs sand and gravel model • Sand and gravel bed material
exp
,
sp
chmxsed vspconconc
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Kodatie Model
Kodatie (2000)
2.,
btm
in
dcb
chmxchsed
WW
Q
Syaconc
a, b, c and d coefficients depend on D50
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Molinas and Wu Model
Molinas and Wu (2001):
6
5.1
10016.0
86.01430
wC
2
50
1050
3
log)1(
D
depthdepthgS
v
g
ch
3600
4112
50
50
D
g
gww
wmxchsed S
SCC
Cconc
)1(.,
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Yangs Sand and Gravel Model
Sand equation: (D50 less than 2mm):
Gravel equation: (D50 between 2mm and 10mm)
505050
*5050
50
*5050
loglog314.0log409.0799.1
log457.0log286.0435.5log
SVSVD
VDC
crch
w
505050
*5050
50
*5050
loglog282.0log305.0784.2
log816.4log633.0681.6log
SVSVD
VDC
crch
w
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Selecting the appropriate model
Model Gravel Sand Very Fine sand and silt
Bagnold X X
Kodatie X X X
Molinas and Wu
X
Yangs X X
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Deposition
If the sediment concentration in the channel is more than the transport capacity then deposition occurs:
Einstein equation (1965):
Flood plain deposition
If the streamflow goes overbank
depthv
Lx
eDep
ch
ch
xfract
50055.1
11
3600
4112
50
50
D
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Excess transport capacity
Excess sediment beyond transport capacity is also deposited
But the channel is eroded only based on excess shear stress and not the available transport capacity
Bank scour always occurs when excess shear stress is available
Bed scour occurs only after all the deposited bed materials are scoured
ichsedmxchsedch concconcVSedEx .,.,
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Study Area
Kings Creek Watershed
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Field Data Collection
Stage height
Erosion rate (mm/event)
Channel dimension
Particle size distribution
Submerged jet test
Erodibility
Period: 2007
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Flow Calibration (1971-1987)
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Flow Validation (2007)
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Model Inputs
Default model spcon, spexp, CH_cov, CH_Erod
Physically based models D50 – Median particle size of bank and bed material
Cover factor of bank and bed
Critical shear stress of bank and bed • If not given, calculated based on SC% and cover
Erodibility coefficient of bank and bed • If not given, calculated based on SC%
Bulk density of bank and bed • If not given, calculated based on SC%
Particle size distribution of bank and bed material • Assumed based on the D50 size
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Model Output
File name: output.sed Default
Total sediment Bed erosion, deposition, TSS
Physically based models Total sediment
• Sand, silt, clay, SAGG, LAGG, gravel
Bank erosion Bed erosion Channel deposition / Flood plain deposition
• Total remaining in deposits at the end of the time step
TSS • Only based on silt and clay particles
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Conclusion
Already most of the code is available in the present release
Few changes are being made to represent the mass balance in a better way
Detailed calibration and validation study is underway to evaluate the new routines
New Components Active channel eroding length based on channel sinuosity
Effect of alternate wetting and drying on erodibility
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Thank You