Development and Fertility How are they related among countries? within countries?
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Transcript of Development and Fertility How are they related among countries? within countries?
![Page 1: Development and Fertility How are they related among countries? within countries?](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042703/5697bf8d1a28abf838c8c43a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Development and Fertility
How are they related
among countries?
within countries?
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WOMEN, development, and fertility
When women are of higher status, is there more rapid fertility decline?
And does it depend on the overall level of development?
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Fertility, development, and women
Does fertility decline lead to improved status of women?
And does change depend on the level of development?
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Development and Fertility
• Does the level of development matter for fertility decline?
• Do those countries that are better off economically have lower fertility?
• Do those countries with better education of women have lower fertility?
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Development and Fertility
• Does the level of development matter for fertility decline?
• The answer is unequivocal: YES
• Using individual measures such as per capita income, average education, health care, life expectancy, in each case, the higher the level of development, the lower the fertility
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Economics and Fertility
• The Easterlin framework of supply and demand for children is often used to explain why countries that are better off have fewer children
• People demand fewer children because they want to use their money for alternative purposes and/or they want fewer children because they invest more in each of them
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Development and Fertility Change
• Does fertility change more rapidly when there is a higher level of development in the country?
• We can ask this question both across countries and within a country
• This question was asked by Mauldin and Ross
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They asked about program effort
• Policy and stage-setting activities
• Service and service-related activities
• Record keeping and evaluation
• Availability and accessibility of fertility-control supplies and services
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Percentage TFR decline1975-90
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Very weak Weak Moderate Strong
Program effort
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They also examined social setting
• Adult literacy
• Primary and secondary school enrollment
• Life expectancy
• Infant mortality rate
• % male labor force not in agriculture
• GNP per capita
• % urban population
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Percentage TFR decline1975-90
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Low Lowermiddle
Uppermiddle
High
Social setting
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Women’s education and fertility
• There is a strong relationship across countries
• As female literacy goes up, the total fertility rate goes down
• As female enrollment goes up, the total fertility rate goes down
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Women’s education and other indicators
• As women’s education goes up, age at marriage goes up
• As women’s education goes up, infant mortality goes down
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Within country relationships
• The inverse relationship between education and fertility takes different forms within countries
• In some, there is a continuous decline in fertility with years of education
• In others, a reversed U or reversed J-shaped relationship is found -- women with some education have higher fertility than those with none or very little
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Threshhold effects
• In some countries, there is what has been described as a “7” relationship
• In these cases, there seems to be no change in fertility until a certain level of education -- and then a declining relationship is seen
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Fertility increasing with education
• In a very few countries, a positive relationship between education and fertility is seen
• This type of relationship was what was predicted by early economic theory, which was based on the notion that those who were better off would “buy” more children
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The education pattern varies with level of development
• The more developed the country, the more likely is there to be a strong inverse relationship between education and fertility
• The less the gender difference in education, the more likely is there to be a strong inverse relationship between education and fertility
• In the best off countries, differences by education diminish
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Does education increase women’s autonomy?
• We first need to define autonomy
• Jejeebhoy breaks autonomy into:
• Knowledge autonomy
• Decision-making autonomy
• Physical autonomy - mobility
• Emotional autonomy - nuclear vs extended family loyalties
• Economic and social autonomy
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Better educated women have more autonomy
• This relationship is found in many settings
• But there is a relationship to overall context and level of development
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Evidence of greater autonomy
• Closer ties to husband and children - loyalty shifts from extended family
• Greater participation in decision making within the home
• Greater physical autonomy
• Greater self-reliance
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But is education the only determinant of autonomy or
empowerment?Other factors to consider include age,
marital status, economic situation