Developing viability criteria for threatened Puget Sound steelhead
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Developing viability criteria for threatened Puget Sound steelhead
Jeff Hard and Jim Myers (for the PSSTRT)Conservation Biology Division
NMFS Northwest Fisheries Science CenterSeattle, WA 98112
West Coast Steelhead Management MeetingRedmond, OR
9-11 March 2010
interim^
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Outline
• Status of the Puget Sound steelhead DPS
• Recent changes• Technical Recovery Team (TRT)
objectives• The TRT’s approach to
identifying viability criteria• Identifying DIPs & MPGs• Assessing viability of DIPs,
MPGs, and the DPS• Run type diversity; residency
and anadromy• Outlook
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Puget Sound steelhead
status reviews• Originally reviewed in 1996;
ESA listing not warranted• 2nd status review in response
to September 2004 petition completed June 2007
• DPS listed as threatened under ESA
• Several populations continue steep declines despite harvest restrictions
• Low productivity; poor FW/marine habitat conditions; use of non-local/ derived hatchery stocks; depressed LH diversity
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Outline
• Status of the Puget Sound steelhead DPS
• Recent changes• Technical Recovery Team (TRT)
objectives• The TRT’s approach to
identifying viability criteria• Identifying DIPs & MPGs• Assessing viability of DIPs,
MPGs, and the DPS• Run type diversity; residency
and anadromy• Outlook
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East Puget Sound steelhead
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1000.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
80.00%
90.00%
100.00%
Threshold
Tolt SSH
P(ex
tincti
on)
Years
Abun
danc
e
QET = 50
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11
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13
14
15
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19
20
050
100150200250300350400
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1000.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
80.00%
90.00%
100.00%
Threshold Q1 Q4
Green WSH
QET = 50
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
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30
0500
10001500200025003000350040004500
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General RoE patterns for Puget Sound steelhead
• Some but not all northern PS populations are at relatively low risk of extinction
• Populations in central and southern PS (except Green WSH) are generally smaller and most are declining
• Hood Canal and SJF populations are small and at high risk, although some have been relatively stable
• Status of many South Sound/Kitsap Peninsula independents and most SSH populations unclear
• Of concern: Most central and SPS populations, many Hood Canal, all SJF populations
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Outline
• Status of the Puget Sound steelhead DPS
• Recent changes• Technical Recovery Team (TRT)
objectives• The TRT’s approach to
identifying viability criteria• Identifying DIPs & MPGs• Assessing viability of DIPs,
MPGs, and the DPS• Run type diversity; residency
and anadromy• Outlook
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Technical Recovery Team (TRT)• When a population(s) under NOAA/USFWS jurisdiction is
petitioned for listing under ESA, a Biological Review Team (BRT) of federal scientists determines its risk of extinction—the basis for a listing decision
• Viable Salmonid Populations (VSP; McElhany et al. 2000) criteria:- Abundance, productivity, spatial structure, diversity
• A TRT develops biological recovery (“viability”) criteria to guide recovery planning for listed unit
• A TRT has two primary charges:- Identify demographically independent populations (DIPs) and
major population groups (MPGs) within the ESU/DPS- Develop viability criteria for these units and the ESU/DPS
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Outline
• Status of the Puget Sound steelhead DPS
• Recent changes• Technical Recovery Team (TRT)
objectives• The TRT’s approach to
identifying viability criteria• Identifying DIPs & MPGs• Assessing viability of DIPs,
MPGs, and the DPS• Run type diversity; residency
and anadromy• Outlook
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Demographically Independent Populations & Major Population Groups
• DIPs < MPGs < DPS• Data are usually limiting, and TRTs have had
to rely on indirect measures to identify DIPs and MPGs
• TRTs have typically used simple decision rules to evaluate these factors– e.g., spawning populations separated by some
amount– e.g., elevation/gradient/hydrograph differs
substantially between areas• Assessment of historical populations a key
element of identifying DIPs and MPGs
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DIP checklist• Tier 1
– Historical presence– Historical abundance– Demographic independence
• Tier 2 (proxies)– Recent abundance
• Intrinsic potential or other habitat based estimate of potential productivity– Basin size/drainage area– Geographic isolation– Genetic distance– Barriers
• physical• seasonal
– Ecological separation– Temporal isolation
• Tier 3 (species surrogates)• Genetic distance• Geographic isolation
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0.1
DosewallipsDuckabush
77
Elwha wild05Dungeness all
8715
DuckSmlt08Hamma smlt
HammaSmlt0850
23
Skamania HatMinter Mx
45
7
Nisqually allPuyallup
WhiteR all62
GreenR wild06Cedar all
9058
33
Samish allNooksac
Nook2100
59
Stillagua smltSkag Mansr
100
29
15
5
7
Snow allBigBeef all
BeefSmlt08100
Dewat allDewatSmlt08
100
Tahuya allTahuyaSmlt08
10091
90
39
Skokom allSkokSmlt08
100
21
Neighbor-joining treeC-S-E distances13 μsat loci
Includes 2008 and 2009 collections
East Hood Canal
West Hood Canal
Strait of Juan de Fuca
South/Central Sound
North Sound
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Historical WDF steelhead catch data
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Dendrogram of Gower SI of habitat characteristics B
aker
Nor
th F
ork
Sky
kom
ish
Mid
dle
Fork
Noo
ksac
k
Cas
cade
Sou
th F
ork
Sky
kom
ish E
lwha
Ham
ma
Ham
ma
Can
yon
Finn
ey Dee
r
Sko
kom
ish
Sno
qual
mie
Sou
th F
ork
Noo
ksac
k
Tolt
Sou
th F
ork
Stil
lagu
amis
h
Stil
lagu
amis
h
Dos
ewal
lips
Duc
kabu
sh D
unge
ness
Sau
k
Car
bon
Whi
te
Gre
en
Mai
nste
m_N
orth
For
k N
ooks
ack Nis
qual
ly
Sno
hom
ish_
Sky
kom
ish
Cas
e_C
arr
Eas
t Kits
ap
Dew
atto
Uni
on
Tahu
ya
Totte
n In
let
Ham
mer
sley
Eld
Dak
ota
Sam
ish
Lake
Was
hing
ton
Pilc
huck
Puy
allu
p
Des
chut
es
Dis
cove
ry B
ay
Seq
uim
Bay
Mor
se
Mai
nste
m_S
kagi
t_Tr
ibs.
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Dendrogram of agnes(x = daisy(dat[, varNames1], metric = "gower"))
Agglomerative Coefficient = 0.81daisy(dat[, varNames1], metric = "gower")
Hei
ght
High precip, snow pack(and SSH)
Wider, more
spawn-able area
SJFRain dominated,
generally smaller
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How can we combine these data in a way that helps to identify DIPs?
Recent demographic independence
(PD)
Ecophenotypic differences
(EP)
Ecological distinctiveness
(ED)
Biological distinctiveness (BD)
Population independence
(IP)
Population dynamics
(PD.1)
W
W
Migration rates(PD.2)
Habitat characteristics
(EP.2)
Life history traits(EP.1)
W
Genetic distinctiveness
(GD)
Geographic isolation
(GI)
W
W
Stream gradient,
etc. (EP.2.A...)
W
Run timing,
etc. (EP.1.A...)
W
Tag recoverie
s, etc. (PD.2.A...)
W
Adult number,
etc. (PD.1.A...)
W
Geographic
distance, etc.
(GI.1.A...)
WGenetic
distance, etc.
(GD.1.A...)
W
(from a concept by K. Currens, NWIFC)
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Why a Decision Support System (DSS) framework?
• “Fuzzy logic” system systematically incorporates degree of uncertainty into decision making
• Almost any relevant criterion can be considered• Employs truth membership functions to evaluate the
degree to which propositions are true• Uses logical operators (e.g., “AND”, “UNION”,
“MEDIAN”, “AVERAGE”) and weighting factors to combine criteria
• Provides a transparent, systematic, and repeatable framework to reach decisions supported by the available data
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A truth membership function
False
Unc
erta
in
Tru
e
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1f(x) = 20.0000000000004 x − 19.0000000000004
f(x) = 6.66666666666663 x − 6.3333333333333
0.8 0.95 1.0
“Population will persist= FALSE”
“Population will persist= TRUE”
Trut
h va
lue
for p
ropo
sition
1-P(extinction)
“I am completely uncertain whether the population will persist”
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Some DSS DIP model inputs• Historic populations identified from WDF steelhead catch
statistics (1946-1970) and habitat-based intrinsic potential estimates• Minimum historic size (e.g., > 500 natural spawners/gen)• Minimum suitable habitat (e.g., > 20K m2 IP habitat)
• Recent demographic data estimated from spawner escapements and selected age structure data (1970s-present)
• Geographic distances, hydrographic data, and habitat features estimated from GIS data layers
• Genetic distances based on pairwise FST values from 13 microsatellite loci
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Matrix of potential PS steelhead DIPs(Central/South Puget Sound WSH)
Lk Washington WSH Green WSH MS Puyallup WSH Nisqually WSH East Kitsap WSH
Lk Washington WSH -0.48642 0.132319 0.490463 0.301333
Green WSH -0.48642 0.164813 0.168309 0.056166
MS Puyallup WSH 0.132319 0.164813 -0.178016 -0.002167
Nisqually WSH 0.490463 0.168309 -0.178016 0.1435
East Kitsap WSH 0.301333 0.056166 -0.002167 0.1435DRAFT
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Outline
• Status of the Puget Sound steelhead DPS
• Recent changes• Technical Recovery Team (TRT)
objectives• The TRT’s approach to
identifying viability criteria• Identifying DIPs & MPGs• Assessing viability of DIPs,
MPGs, and the DPS• Run type diversity; residency
and anadromy• Outlook
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ESU viability:All MPGs must be viable
MPG viability
1 viable population from each major genetic and life-history
group.
2-4 viable populations
Phenotypic and genotypic variation at population level
Distribution of spawning
aggregations
Suggested population size
range
Historical Abundance SimSam Habitat-based
PVA (EDT)
CatastropheESU: Overall risk with distribution of pops and life histories in each MPG
Pop: % of affected by given catastrophe
Puget Sound Chinook salmon
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DSS viability criteria:
• population• stratum/MPG• entire ESU/DPS
AND
ES
ES-2
AND
ED-3ED-1
U
ED-1a ED-1b ED-1c ED-1d
ED-2
SF
32
PF1
. . .
AND
PF
PP*PD
AND
*See Persistence Criteria
PD-3 PD-4
UU
32
W-Sp1
. . . 32
W-Ju1
. . .
PD-1 PD-2
W-Sp W-Ju
AND
PS
M
SD
32
PS1
. . .
SS
AND
CB
SSA
. . .
AND
ES-1
U
ED-2a ED-2b
ES
U C
riter
ia
Stra
tum
Crit
eria
Pop
ulat
ion
Crit
eria
Wat
ersh
ed
Crit
eria
Legend
Final outputs of the DSSEP
The collection of results for lower-level criteriaiiiii
W-Ju i
Criteria evaluated from lower- level criteriaPP
Logical operatorsAND
Data is loaded into the DSS and evaluated with a truth membership function
PP-2
PP
Adult dist’n
Hatchery influence
Abundance
Juvenile dist’n
PS PF
PD
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Some DSS viability model inputs• Abundance and productivity estimated from
spawner escapements and available age structure data (1940s-present)
• Risk of reaching QET estimated with simple PVA models
• Analysis limited to winter-run fish (WSH)• So far, analysis limited to anadromous fish• For future: incorporate iteroparity and relative
abundance of resident fish as VSP factors
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DSS applied to PS steelhead viability: MPG and DPS levels
MPG MP MD MF MS DS DP
Strait of Georgia 0 -0.268 1 -0.036
Whidbey Basin 0.93 -0.029 1 0.221
Central/South Puget Sound 0 -0.302 0.689 -0.075 -0.805 0.093
Hood Canal 0 -0.340 -0.173 -0.312
Strait of Juan de Fuca 0 -0.316 -0.876 -0.861
…………..MPG level………….. …..DPS level…..
Persistence
Diversity
Functionality
Sustainability
Sustainabilit
y
Persistence
DRAFT
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Outline
• Status of the Puget Sound steelhead DPS
• Recent changes• Technical Recovery Team (TRT)
objectives• The TRT’s approach to
identifying viability criteria• Identifying DIPs & MPGs• Assessing viability of DIPs,
MPGs, and the DPS• Run type diversity; residency
and anadromy• Outlook
![Page 27: Developing viability criteria for threatened Puget Sound steelhead](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062810/56815bda550346895dc9cbc6/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
VSP: DiversitySummer-run life history
• Historically at least 12 wild SSH populations existed in DPS
• In 2002 SaSI, 16 SSH populations were identified as extant• Most of “unknown” status; only 2 considered
“healthy” (Tolt, SF Skykomish [non-native])• 7 are monitored: Canyon Cr., Skagit, Snohomish,
Tolt, Stillaguamish, Green, Elwha• Estimates of escapement available for only Tolt River
SSH in northern Puget Sound
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Smolts produced by resident spawners may be critical in supporting steelhead productivity
during periods of low marine survival
VSP: Diversityresidency & anadromy
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Pro
porti
on s
mol
ts fr
om re
side
nt s
paw
ners
Marine survival
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Outline
• Status of the Puget Sound steelhead DPS
• Recent changes• Technical Recovery Team (TRT)
objectives• The TRT’s approach to
identifying viability criteria• Identifying DIPs & MPGs• Assessing viability of DIPs,
MPGs, and the DPS• Run type diversity; residency
and anadromy• Outlook
![Page 30: Developing viability criteria for threatened Puget Sound steelhead](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062810/56815bda550346895dc9cbc6/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Outlook• TRT to identify draft viability criteria for Puget Sound
steelhead in 2010• NOAA status review update due in 2010• Recovery planning is underway• Additional analyses planned:
• Genetic samples• Finer-scale intrinsic potential estimates• Archived abundance and life history data• Puget Sound Chinook salmon gap analysis
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FIN
Extra slides after this point
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Steelhead IP habitat rating metrics
Intrinsic Potential (Interior Columbia River parameters)
Unconfined Stream Habitat Rating (valley width > 4x bank full width)Stream width
0 - 25 m 25 - 50 m > 50 m
Stream gradient
0.0% - 0.5% moderate moderate low0.5% - 1.5% high moderate low1.5% - 4.0% high moderate low4.0% - 7.0% low very low / none very low / none7.0% - 15.0% very low / none very low / none very low / none
> 15.0% very low / none very low / none very low / none
Confined Stream Habitat Rating (valley width < 4x bank full width)Stream width
0 - 25 m 25 - 50 m > 50 m
Stream gradient
0.0% - 0.5% very low / none low very low / none0.5% - 1.5% low low very low / none1.5% - 4.0% low low very low / none4.0% - 7.0% very low / none very low / none very low / none7.0% - 15.0% very low / none very low / none very low / none
> 15.0% very low / none very low / none very low / none
Weighted Habitat Areahigh = 1.0 x Bank full areamoderate = 0.5 x Bank full arealow = 0.25 x Bank full areavery low / none = 0.0 x Bank full area
Stream Habitat Rating Matrix (below natural barriers)
Stream width (bankfull)
0 - 3 m 3 - 50 m > 50 m
Stream gradient 0.0 - 4.0% low highmoderat
e
>4.0% low low low
Puget Sound
Interior Columbia(for comparison)
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Est. mean ‘historic’ wild run size vs unblocked stream length
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Spawner capacity estimates
Assuming:7.17 parr/100 m2
0.0265 spnrs/parr(Gibbons et al. 1985)
WinterSummer
Run type
Baker
River
Bound
ary W
aters
Canyo
n Cree
k
Casca
de R
iver
Deer C
reek
Dunge
ness
Rive
r
East K
itsap
Elwha
Rive
r
Green R
iver
Lake
Was
hingto
n
MS Ska
git R
iver
Morse C
reek
NF Sky
komish
Rive
r
Nisqua
lly R
iver
Nooks
ack R
iver
Pilchu
ck R
iver
Puyall
up R
iver
SF Noo
ksac
k Rive
r
Samish
Rive
r
Sauk R
iver
Sequim
Inde
pend
ents
Skoko
mish R
iver
Snoho
mish R
iver
Snoqu
almie
River
South
Sound
Stillag
uamish
Rive
r
Tolt R
iver
Upper
Casca
de R
iver
Wes
t Hoo
d Can
al
Wes
t Kits
ap
Whit
e Rive
r
Population
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
Pot
entia
l spa
wne
rs