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DEVELOPING PARAGRAPH:

Definition and Process

Ig. Harjanto


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Writing Definitions

A formal definition is based upon a concise, logical patternthat includes as much information as it can within a minimumamount of space. The primary reason to include definitions inyour writing is to avoid misunderstanding with your audience.

A formal definition consists of three parts. The term (word or phrase) to be defined

The class of object or concept to which the term belongs.

The differentiating characteristics that distinguish it from all

others of its class


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For example:

Water (term) is a liquid (class) made up of molecules ofhydrogen and oxygen in the ratio of 2 to 1 (differentiatingcharacteristics).

Comic books (term) are sequential and narrative publications

(class) consisting of illustrations, captions, dialogue balloons,and often focus on super-powered heroes (differentiatingcharacteristics).

Astronomy (term) is a branch of scientific study (class)primarily concerned with celestial objects inside and outsideof the earth's atmosphere (differentiating characteristics).


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Classification Paragraph

When writing a classification paragraph, you group

things or ideas into specific categories.

Example: Write a paragraph discussing two types

of energy resources.

Words for a good classification paragraph:

is a kind of; can be divided into, is a type of, falls

under, belongs to, is a part of, fits into, is groupedwith, is related to, is associated with


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Example

is a kind ofCoal is a kind ofnon-renewable resource.

can be divided intoEnergy resources can be divided into two types.

is a type ofCoal is a type ofnon-renewable resource.

falls underCoal falls under the category of non-renewableresources.

belongs toCoal belongs to the category of non-renewableresources.


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Example

is a part ofCoal is a part ofthe category of non-renewableresources.

fits into

Coal fits into the category of non-renewableresources. is grouped withCoal is grouped with non-renewable resources.

is related to

Coal is related to other non-renewable resources. is associated withCoal is associated with other non-renewableresources.


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example

Definition


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Process Analysis Paragraph

Process analysis paragraph guides the reader

through a complex process of a series of

actions that are aimed at achieving a

particular result, or lead the reader toward a

particular conclusion. As such, process

analysis paragraph contains elements of both

how-to writing and advice giving. This type ofwriting is often used in manuals and various

instructional pieces.


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What is a process analysis paragraph?

The so-called process analysis paragraph,

usually, takes the form of a how-to paragraph

which guides readers through a process or

action to be performed. Its very concise and

uses formal, non-descriptive vocabulary. It

should be written in chronological order which

accounts for subsequent actions.


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Elements of a Process Analysis

Paragraph

Chronology all actions are described in a step-by-stepmanner which means that the order of in whichsubsequent actions are described is analogical to theorder in which those actions are to be performed;

Clarity the instruction is concise and uses simpleslanguage. Process analysis paragraphs, if composedcorrectly, will never be written in a descriptive orsubjective language and will also avoid opinion-based

stances;

Explanation the paragraph explains how a particularresult can be achieved.


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Example of a Process Analysis

Paragraph

The problem of hairballs that have already formed in

cats fur can be solved by proper brushing. In order to

brush your cats hairballs, youll need two kinds ofbrushes: a wide-teeth wipe and a metallic one. The

former will help you dissolve and, partially, removetightly knotted hairballs without causing any pain or

discomfort to your cat. The latter, used subsequently,will remove excess of loose puffy hair and decrease the

possibility of reoccurrence the next day. Once brushingis over, make sure to polish your cats fur all over hisbody with the help of a clean, cotton, or woolen cloth.


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Another example

How to Live on a Tight Budget


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Another example

Data collection


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Description Paragraph

In a description paragraph, you are writing

about what a person, place, or thing is like.

Sometimes, you may describe where a place is

located.

Examples: Write a paragraph describing what

a plaza looks like. Describe where Rungkut

Industry is located.


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Words for description paragraph:

Properties: size, color, shape, purpose

Measurement: length, with, mass, speed

Analogy: is like, resembles

Location: in, above, below, beside, near,

north/east/south/west


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Compare and Contrast Paragraph

In a compare and contrast paragraph, you

write about the similarities and differences

between two or more people, places, things,

or ideas.

Example: Write a paragraph comparing the

weather in Surabaya and Malang.


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Words for Compare and Contrast

Paragraph

Similarities: is similar to, both, also, too, as

well

Differences: the other hand, however, but, incontrast, while, differs from, unlike


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Sequence Paragraph

In a sequencing paragraph, you are writing to

describe a series of events or a process in

some sort of order. Usually, this order is based

on time.

Example: Write a paragraph outlining how a

person becomes the president / the governor.


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Words for Sequence Paragraph

Order: first, second, third, in the beginning,

before, then, after, finally, at last,

subsequently

Time: recently, previously, afterwards, when,

after


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Choice Paragraph

In a paragraph where you have to make a

choice, you need to choose which object, idea,

or action that you prefer. Often, you will need

to give your opinion on a choice of actions or

events.

Example: Write a paragraph stating whether

you would prefer to play badminton orfootball


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Words for Choice Paragraph

Point of View: in my opinion, belief, idea,

understanding, I think that, I consider, I

believe, it seems to me, I prefer

Personal Opinion: like/dislike, hope, feel


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Explanation Paragraph

In an explanation paragraph, you need to

explain how or why something happens. Very

often in social studies class, you will be asked

to explore causes and effects of certain

events.

Example: Write a paragraph explaining why

so many Chinese moved to Indonesia duringthe seventeenth century.


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Words for Explanation Paragraph

Cause: because, since, as, as a result of, is

due to

Effect: therefore, thus, consequently, hence,it follows that, if then


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Parallel Construction

Words, phrases, and clauses used in

enumerated (listed) items, in a series of items,

or in connected independent clauses must be

parallel in grammatical construction. You

might want to review the parallel structure

section if parallel construction is still a weak

area for you.


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KeyWords and Pronoun References

Words, such as pronouns, that clearly relate tonouns in previous sentences may be used topromote continuity. For example:

1. Frank will complete the required research withintwo months. He will report his findings no laterthan December 1.

2. The information system in the MNO Company is

used extensively for decision making. Because ofthis high rate of use, it is imperative that the data inthe system are up to date.


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Transitional Expressions

Transitional expressions help the coherence in

writing because they tie ideas together. For

example:

Overtime work can be increased to complete

the project on time. The budgeted cost of the

project, nevertheless, cannot be exceeded.


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Transition signals indicating an additional

idea:

moreover, further, furthermore, besides,

likewise, also, in addition, equally important,

last, first, second, similarly, etc.


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Transition signals indicating a contrast

and comparison of ideas

however, still, nevertheless, on the other

hand, on the contrary, after all,

notwithstanding, in contrast, otherwise, on

the other hand, yet, conversely, nonetheless,

rather, although, etc.

similarly, likewise


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Transition signals indicating the result of

an idea and summary statement

hence, thus, therefore, accordingly,

consequently, as a result

in summary, in brief, on the whole, in short, asI have said, in other words, in any event, for

example


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Transition signals indicating emphasis or

confirmation & Conclusion or Summary

indeed, naturally, of course, certainly,

undoubtedly, admittedly, plainly

hence, therefore, thus, accordingly, in brief, inconclusion, consequently


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Coherence Exercise: Supply with correct

and proper transition signals

In creating a document using word processing,

load or boot up the operating system. Load

the word processing software into primary

storage. Open and name the document.


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Suggested answer

To create a document using word processing,

follow these three steps: first, load or boot up

the operating system; second, load the word

processing software into primary storage; and

finally, open and name the document.


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Exercise:

Main idea: to be a good employee, have a

good understanding of the job

Details:1. understand your responsibilities

2. understand the rules you must follow

3. understand the decision you can make


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Answer: unity, coherence, completeness,

order

If you want to be a good employee, one

characteristic that you must have is a

clear understanding of the job you have.Firstofall, you must know what your

responsibilities are in the position you

hold.


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order

For example, you must know exactly what

tasks you must do in your job. You must also

know exactly how these tasks should be done

and when they should be done.After this, you

must understand the organizational rules that

you must follow in your position.


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order

Every organization has rules to follow, such as

when to take breaks or what to do when you

are sick, and it is important for you to

understand these clearly. In addition to

understanding your duties and the rules you

mustobserve in yourjob, you must also have

a clear understandingofwhich decisions youcan and cannot make.


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order

Some types of decisions may be yours to

make, while other kinds decisions may be

up to your supervisor. In summary, foryou to be a good employee, it is

important for you to understand all of

these aspects of yourjob.


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Troubleshooting paragraphs

1. Problem: the paragraph has no topic

sentence.

2. Problem: the paragraph has more than onecontrolling idea.

3. Problem: transitions are needed within the

paragraph.

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