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Determining Degree of Antonymy Step 1 for Detec2ng Erroneous Coreference Links by Contradic2on Saif Mohammad, Bonnie Dorr, and Graeme Hirst

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Determining Degree of Antonymy Step 1 for Detec2ng Erroneous  

Coreference Links by Contradic2on 

Saif Mohammad, Bonnie Dorr, and Graeme Hirst 

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Mul2document coreference resolu2on 

•  Errors –  Linking two men2on chains from different documents even though they do not refer to the same en2ty 

–  Failing to recognize that two men2on chains refer to the same en2ty 

•  The first kind of error can be reduced by detec2ng contradic2ons 

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Contradic2ons 

a.  X supports conserva/ve ideologies b.  X has liberal leanings 

c.  X has a large presence in Europe d.  X has a small‐scale presence in Europe 

e.  In school, X showed all the signs of a genius f.  X was an average high school student 

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Contradic2ons 

a. X supports conserva/ve ideologies b.  X has liberal leanings 

c.  X has a large presence in Europe d.  X has a small‐scale presence in Europe 

e.  In school, X showed all the signs of a genius f.  X was an average high school student 

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Contradic2on detec2on 

•  Detec2ng antonymy 

•  Determining that the antonymous words qualify the same fact in the two sentences 

–  Techniques from: •  paraphrase detec2on •  nega2on handling •  sen2ment detec2on 

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Contradic2on detec2on 

•  Detec2ng antonymy 

•  Determining that the antonymous words qualify the same fact in the two sentences 

–  Techniques from: •  paraphrase detec2on •  nega2on handling •  sen2ment detec2on 

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Degree of antonymy •  Clear opposites:  

–  wet and dry,  –  hard and so>,  –  promoted and demoted 

•   Contras2ng word pairs: –  fired and employed,   –  promoted and censured,  –  hard and fluid,  –  large and small‐scale –  flinch and advance –  cogent and unconvincing –  opportune and awkward –  eclec/c and uniform 

•  What about these? –  bill and bill 

• invoice (e.g. in a restaurant) • money; banknote   

–  bolt and bolt  • to secure in place • to dash away suddenly   

–  cleave and cleave  • to adhere; s2ck together • to cut apart; divide   

–  rent and rent  • to lend; lease out • to borrow; hire 

–  sanc/on and sanc/on  • to endorse; authorise • a puni2ve ac2on 

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Degree of antonymy •  Clear opposites:  

–  wet and dry,  –  hard and so>,  –  promoted and demoted 

•   Contras2ng word pairs: –  fired and employed,   –  promoted and censured,  –  hard and fluid,  –  large and small‐scale –  flinch and advance –  cogent and unconvincing –  opportune and awkward 

•  What about these? –  bill and bill 

• invoice (e.g. in a restaurant) • money; banknote   

–  bolt and bolt  • to secure in place • to dash away suddenly   

–  cleave and cleave  • to adhere; s2ck together • to cut apart; divide   

–  rent and rent  • to lend; lease out • to borrow; hire 

–  sanc/on and sanc/on  • to endorse; authorise • a puni2ve ac2on 

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Degree of antonymy •  Clear opposites:  

–  wet and dry,  –  hard and so>,  –  promoted and demoted 

•   Contras2ng word pairs: –  fired and employed,   –  promoted and censured,  –  hard and fluid,  –  large and small‐scale –  flinch and advance –  cogent and unconvincing –  opportune and awkward 

•  What about these? –  bill and bill 

• invoice (e.g. in a restaurant) • money; banknote   

–  bolt and bolt  • to secure in place • to dash away suddenly   

–  cleave and cleave  • to adhere; s2ck together • to cut apart; divide   

–  rent and rent  • to lend; lease out • to borrow; hire 

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Degree of antonymy •  Clear opposites:  

–  wet and dry,  –  hard and so>,  –  promoted and demoted 

•   Contras2ng word pairs: –  fired and employed,   –  promoted and censured,  –  hard and fluid,  –  large and small‐scale –  flinch and advance –  cogent and unconvincing –  opportune and awkward 

•  Autoantonyms –  bill and bill 

• invoice (e.g. in a restaurant) • money; banknote   

–  bolt and bolt  • to secure in place • to dash away suddenly   

–  cleave and cleave  • to adhere; s2ck together • to cut apart; divide   

–  rent and rent  • to lend; lease out • to borrow; hire 

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Degree of antonymy •  Clear opposites:  

–  wet and dry,  –  hard and so>,  –  promoted and demoted 

•   Contras2ng word pairs: –  fired and employed,   –  promoted and censured,  –  hard and fluid,  –  large and small‐scale –  flinch and advance –  cogent and unconvincing –  opportune and awkward 

•  Autoantonyms –  bill and bill 

• invoice (e.g. in a restaurant) • money; banknote   

–  bolt and bolt  • to secure in place • to dash away suddenly   

–  cleave and cleave  • to adhere; s2ck together • to cut apart; divide   

–  rent and rent  • to lend; lease out • to borrow; hire 

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Observa2ons •  There exists a degree of antonymy between words 

–  1: strict antonyms –  (0,1): some degree of antonymy –  0: not antonymous 

•  Lexicons of strict antonyms occur –  in some languages –  limited coverage 

•  Contras2ng word pairs far outnumber strict antonyms –  Contras2ng word pairs remain unrecorded 

•  Knowing that two words have some non‐zero degree of antonymy is useful  

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Uses of antonymy detec2on 

•  Separa2ng antonymous words from those that are seman2cally similar  

–  In a distribu2onal thesaurus (Lin, 1998) 

•  Detec2ng errors in coreference resolu2on 

•  Detec2ng contradic2ons 

•  Detec2ng paraphrases 

•  Opinion tracking –  Detec2ng sen2ment 

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Previous work 

•  No comprehensive approach 

•  Some ideas involve apply applying pa^erns –  from X to Y 

The situa/on changed from good to bad * Things moved quickly from bad to worse 

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Our approach: resources 

•  Text –  BNC, Wall Street Journal –  Co‐occurrence sta2s2cs 

•  Published thesaurus – Macquarie Thesaurus, Roget’s Thesaurus –  About 1000 categories – Words in a category 

•  near synonymous, closely related –  Ambiguous words 

•   more than one category 

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Our approach: resources 

•  Text –  BNC, Wall Street Journal –  Co‐occurrence sta2s2cs 

•  Published thesaurus – Macquarie Thesaurus, Roget’s Thesaurus –  About 1000 categories – Words in a category 

•  near synonymous, closely related –  Ambiguous words 

•   more than one category 

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Our approach: hypotheses 

•  Words in a category are seman2cally similar 

–  No antonymous word pairs 

•  Antonyms such as hot and cold are far outnumbered by those created from affixes 

–  please and displease; related and unrelated 

•  For a pair of contras2ng words: –  The degree of antonymy is to some degree correlated with their seman2c distance 

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Our approach: hypotheses 

•  Words in a category are seman2cally similar 

–  No antonymous word pairs 

•  Antonyms such as hot and cold are far outnumbered by those created from affixes 

–  please and displease; related and unrelated 

•  For a pair of contras2ng words: –  The degree of antonymy is to some degree correlated with their seman2c distance 

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Our approach: hypotheses 

•  Words in a category are seman2cally similar 

–  No antonymous word pairs 

•  Antonyms such as hot and cold are far outnumbered by those created from affixes 

–  please and displease; related and unrelated 

•  For a pair of contras2ng words: –  The degree of antonymy is to some degree correlated with their seman2c distance 

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Our approach: Affix rules 

•  Manually create a list of affix rules that tend to generate antonyms 

–  X disX (trust distrust) –  X unX (classified unclassified) –  X inX (consistent inconsistent) –  X deX (colonize decolonize; emphasize deemphasize) 

–  X an/X (clockwise an/clockwise) –  X nonX (playing nonplaying; aligned nonaligned) –  X imX (mobile immobile; potent impotent) 

–  X malX (prac2ce malprac2ce)  

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Affix rules (con2nued) 

•  Manually create a list of affix rules that tend to generate antonyms 

–  lX illX (legi2mate illegi2mate; legal illegal) –  rX irX (regular irregular) –  imX exX (implicit explicit) –  inX exX (introvert extrovert) –  Xless Xful (harmless harmful) 

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Affix rules (con2nued) 

•  Time 

–  About 20 minutes 

•  Potency –  About 2630 seed antonym pairs 

–  Antonymy score of 1 

•  False posi2ves –  part and depart; intone and tone –  Need way to detect false posi2ves 

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Lexicon of antonyms 

•  Lexicon of antonyms can also be used as the seed set 

– WordNet –  Certain thesauri 

•  Our experiments 

–  273 antonym pairs taken from the web 

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Bootstrapping: phase I 

•  Words in the same paragraphs as a seed antonym pair 

–  antonymy score of 1  

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Bootstrapping: phase I 

•  Words in the same paragraphs as a seed antonym pair 

–  antonymy score of 1  

HIDING 

unno/ced 

unmarked 

unwitnessed . . 

cover 

curtain 

ensconce . 

REVEALING 

uncloak 

unclothe 

uncover . . 

blabber 

spill 

tell on . . 

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Bootstrapping: phase I 

•  Words in the same paragraphs as a seed antonym pair 

–  antonymy score of 1  

HIDING 

unno/ced 

unmarked 

unwitnessed . . 

cover 

curtain 

ensconce . 

REVEALING 

uncloak 

unclothe 

uncover . . 

blabber 

spill 

tell on . . 

Antonymy(cover,uncover) = 1 

Antonymy(ensconce,uncover) = 1 

Antonymy(cover,unclothe) = 1 

Antonymy(ensconce,uncloak) = 1 

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Bootstrapping: phase II 

•  Let x and y be a seed antonym pair 

•  Let their corresponding thesaurus categories be Cx and Cy 

•  All the words in Cx are to some degree antonymous with the words in Cy  

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Example 

HIDING 

unno/ced 

unmarked unwitnessed . . . 

cover curtain 

ensconce . 

REVEALING 

uncloak 

unclothe uncover . . . 

blabber spill 

tell on . 

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Example 

HIDING 

unno/ced 

unmarked unwitnessed . . . 

cover curtain 

ensconce . 

REVEALING 

uncloak 

unclothe uncover . . . 

blabber spill 

tell on . 

antonymy(unwitnessed,uncover) >  0 

antonymy(unno/ced,blabber) > 0 

Antonymy(unmarked,uncloak) >  0 

antonymy(cover,spill) > 0 

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Bootstrapping: phase II 

•  Let x and y be a seed antonym pair 

•  Let their corresponding thesaurus categories be Cx and Cy 

•  All the words in Cx are to some degree antonymous with the words in Cy  

–  The degree of antonymy is correlated with their distribu2onal distance 

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Example 

HIDING 

unno/ced 

unmarked unwitnessed . . . 

cover curtain 

ensconce . 

REVEALING 

uncloak 

unclothe uncover . . . 

blabber spill 

tell on . 

antonymy(unwitnessed,uncover) >  0 

antonymy(unno/ced,blabber) > 0 

Antonymy(unmarked,uncloak) >  0 

antonymy(cover,spill) > 0 

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Evalua2on 

•  Solving closest‐opposite ques2ons –  Standard GRE and GMAT ques2ons 

 adulterate 

•  renounce •  forbid •  purify •  cri2cize •  correct 

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Data 

•  World Wide Web 

–  A few hundred –  Development set: 112 ques2ons 

•  ETS 

•  Coaching ins2tu2ons and books –  Antonyms 2200: 1600 ques2ons 

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Results 

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Other sources of informa2on 

•  Distribu2onal distance at the granularity of paragraphs –  Distance between one of the target words and corresponding word of seed antonym pair 

•  Number of seed antonym links between a category pair 

•  Adjacent categories in a thesaurus tend to be antonymous 

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Crossing the language boundary 

•  Determining degree of antonymy in a resource‐poor language by combining its text with an English thesaurus 

–  Following the ideas of Mohammad, Gurevych, Hirst, and Zesch, 2007 

•  Evalua2on data?  

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Conclusions 

•  Proposed a new way to determine degree of antonymy 

•  Encouraging preliminary results 

•  Small set of affix rules found to be potent –  Effect of non‐antonymous instan2a2ons alleviated by other sources of informa2on  

•  Bootstrapping from these seed antonym pairs is viable 

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Future work 

•  Improve accuracy of algorithm 

•  Make the approach cross‐lingual 

•  Use antonymy detec2on for: –  contradic2on detec2on –  detec2ng paraphrases –  detec2ng sen2ment 

•  Use these in turn to: –  help coreference resolu2on –  analyze dialogic communica2on 

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Future work 

•  Improve accuracy of algorithm 

•  Make the approach cross‐lingual 

•  Use antonymy detec2on for: –  contradic2on detec2on –  detec2ng paraphrases –  detec2ng sen2ment 

•  Use these in turn to: –  help coreference resolu2on –  analyze dialogic communica2on 

Page 40: Determining Degree of Antonymy - saifmohammad.comsaifmohammad.com/WebDocs/Mar08-TT03-exchange... · Degree of antonymy • Clear opposites: – wet and dry, – hard and so, – promoted

Future work 

•  Improve accuracy of algorithm 

•  Make the approach cross‐lingual 

•  Use antonymy detec2on for: –  contradic2on detec2on –  detec2ng paraphrases –  detec2ng sen2ment 

•  Use these in turn to: –  help coreference resolu2on –  analyze dialogic communica2on 

Sirius Black managed to evade the clutches of the dementors. 

The dementors caught Sirius Black. 

Page 41: Determining Degree of Antonymy - saifmohammad.comsaifmohammad.com/WebDocs/Mar08-TT03-exchange... · Degree of antonymy • Clear opposites: – wet and dry, – hard and so, – promoted

Future work 

•  Improve accuracy of algorithm 

•  Make the approach cross‐lingual 

•  Use antonymy detec2on for: –  contradic2on detec2on –  detec2ng paraphrases –  detec2ng sen2ment 

•  Use these in turn to: –  help coreference resolu2on –  analyze dialogic communica2on 

Sirius Black could not evade the clutches of the dementors. 

The dementors caught Sirius Black. 

Page 42: Determining Degree of Antonymy - saifmohammad.comsaifmohammad.com/WebDocs/Mar08-TT03-exchange... · Degree of antonymy • Clear opposites: – wet and dry, – hard and so, – promoted

Future work 

•  Improve accuracy of algorithm 

•  Make the approach cross‐lingual 

•  Use antonymy detec2on for: –  contradic2on detec2on –  detec2ng paraphrases –  detec2ng sen2ment 

•  Use these in turn to: –  help coreference resolu2on –  analyze dialogic communica2on 

Cornelius Fudge is at best an incompetent minister of magic. 

Fudge is one of the finest ministers of magic ever. 

Page 43: Determining Degree of Antonymy - saifmohammad.comsaifmohammad.com/WebDocs/Mar08-TT03-exchange... · Degree of antonymy • Clear opposites: – wet and dry, – hard and so, – promoted

Future work 

•  Improve accuracy of algorithm 

•  Make the approach cross‐lingual 

•  Use antonymy detec2on for: –  contradic2on detec2on –  detec2ng paraphrases –  detec2ng sen2ment 

•  Use these in turn to: –  help coreference resolu2on –  analyze dialogic communica2on 

House elf Dobby is short and shabby. 

Dobby is an imposing elf of Middle Earth. 

Page 44: Determining Degree of Antonymy - saifmohammad.comsaifmohammad.com/WebDocs/Mar08-TT03-exchange... · Degree of antonymy • Clear opposites: – wet and dry, – hard and so, – promoted

Future work 

•  Improve accuracy of algorithm 

•  Make the approach cross‐lingual 

•  Use antonymy detec2on for: –  contradic2on detec2on –  detec2ng paraphrases –  detec2ng sen2ment 

•  Use these in turn to: –  help coreference resolu2on –  analyze dialogic communica2on 

Page 45: Determining Degree of Antonymy - saifmohammad.comsaifmohammad.com/WebDocs/Mar08-TT03-exchange... · Degree of antonymy • Clear opposites: – wet and dry, – hard and so, – promoted

Thank you 

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Results •  Random baseline: 1 in 5 chance = 20% •  Intelligent baseline? •  Our approach 

–  Only affix rules: •  Precision: 0.62 (63/102) •  Recall: 0.56 (63/112) •  F score: 0.59 

–  Only lexicon of antonyms: •  Precision: 0.58 (56/97) •  Recall: 0.5 (56/112) •  F score: 0.54 

–  Using both: •  Precision: 0.64 (70/110) •  Recall: 0.63 (70/112) •  F score: 0.63