Detectors in Particle Physics - Deutschlands größtes ...kolanosk/det05/Det_Kap_1.pdf · Detectors...
Transcript of Detectors in Particle Physics - Deutschlands größtes ...kolanosk/det05/Det_Kap_1.pdf · Detectors...
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Detectors in Particle PhysicsClaus Gößling (Dortmund) and Hermann Kolanoski (Berlin)
Web page: http://www-zeuthen.desy.de/~kolanosk/det05/title.html
Joined lecture with participants from HU Berlin, Uni Dortmund,
Uni Lancaster, DESY/Zeuthen
employing video conferencing and internet transmission(originating from a BMBF-funded programme "New Media in Teaching'' ).
Hermann Kolanoski, Detectors - SS05, Introduction 1
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Scope of the lecture
Topic:Physics requirements, methods and techniques for detection of particle radiation;
Explained for the examples of detectors forParticle physics
Astro-particle physicsMedical physics
…
Pre-requisites:Basic physics courses,
desirable: Introduction to Nuclear and Particle Physics
• WPF Elementarteilchenphysik an der HU:• Obligatorisch: Experimentelle Teilchenphysik• Theor. Einf. In das Standardmodell• Wahl-obligatorisch: Detektoren• (bei exp. Ausrichtung) Beschleuniger
Hermann Kolanoski, Detectors - SS05, Introduction 2
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Lecture, exercises, credits
VL: 2 SWS (Th 11-13): H.Kolanoski (HU), C.Goessling (UniDo)
UE: 2 SWS (fak.). (Th 15-17): HU: Alexander Konopelko
HU: exercises start next week
Leistungsnachweis HU:
Schein nach Bearbeitung von Übungsaufgaben (mindestens 2/3 derAufgaben sind zu lösen), nicht benotet.
Wählbar als Prüfungsfach im Wahlpflichtfach. proof of attendance
Hermann Kolanoski, Detectors - SS05, Introduction 3
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Hermann Kolanoski, Detectors - SS05, Introduction 4
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Table of Content
• Introduction (1)
• Interaction of radiation with matter (3)
• Gaseous radiation detectors (6)
• Semiconductor Detectors (6)
• Scintillation Detectors (2)
• Particle Identification (2)
• Energy Measurements (4)
• Electronics and Data Handling (if sufficient time) (2)
Hermann Kolanoski, Detectors - SS05, Introduction 5
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Literature:• C. Grupen: ''Teilchendetektoren'', BI
• K. Kleinknecht: ''Detektoren für Teilchenstrahlung'', Teubner
• ''Detectors for particle radiation'', Cambrige Univ. Press
• W.R. Leo: ''Techniques for Nuclear and Particle Physics Experiments'', Springer
• G.F. Knoll: ''Radiation Detection and Measurement'', Wiley
• T. Ferbel: ''Experimental Techniques in High Energy Physics'', Addison-Wesley
• F. Sauli: ''Instrumentation in High Energy Physics'', World Scientific
• Delaney, Finch: ''Radiation Detectors'', Clarendon 1992
Review of Particle Physics: Experimental Methods and Colliders
http://pdg.lbl.gov/2002/contents_sports.html#expmethetc
Lehrmodul “Detektoren”: zur Zeit 2 Teile: (in German)Berlin: http://phys2000.physik.hu-berlin.de/Bonn: http://ltphys2k.physik.uni-bonn.de/Halbleiter/p2000/course_overview.html
http://ltphys2k.physik.uni-bonn.de/ (Physik2000-Seite)
Hermann Kolanoski, Detectors - SS05, Introduction 6
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Application of Particle Detectors
Experiments with cosmic rays:
Detection of radiation in medicin, geology, archeology, …
Experiments at accelerators:
Hermann Kolanoski, Detectors - SS05, Introduction 7
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Tasks of Particle Detectors
• Detection, flux measurement, Flussbestimmung(z.B. Geiger counter, film badge, ….)
• Determination of particle kinematics
•Identification of particles
Hermann Kolanoski, Detectors - SS05, Introduction 8
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Condition for Detection : Interaction of Particles with Matter
• Electromagnetic: ionisation, Cherenkov and transition radiation, electromagn. shower (e±, γ)
• Strong: hadronic showers, nuclear reactions (neutron detection)
• Weak: neutrino detection (inverse β-decay)
Hermann Kolanoski, Detectors - SS05, Introduction 9
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Hermann Kolanoski, Detectors - SS05, Introduction 10
Emulsions
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Cloud Chamber
Claud and bubble chambers: photographic recording, non-electronical
expanding pistonexpanding piston
observation
Hermann Kolanoski, Detectors - SS05, Introduction 11
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Bubble Chamber
D.A.Glaser, Nobel price 1960
Big European Bubble Chamber
Hermann Kolanoski, Detectors - SS05, Introduction 12
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Proportional Counting Tube
Geiger, Hans, (1882-1945)
Electronic readout!
Hermann Kolanoski, Detectors - SS05, Introduction 13
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Multiwire Proportional Chamber (MWPC)
G.Charpak, Nobel price 1992
Electronic readout! Large number of channels only possible by integrated circuits
Hermann Kolanoski, Detectors - SS05, Introduction 14
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Semiconductor Detectors
Diode
Silicon strip detector
Hermann Kolanoski, Detectors - SS05, Introduction 15
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Scintillation Counters
Hermann Kolanoski, Detectors - SS05, Introduction 16
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Cherenkov Detectors
Hermann Kolanoski, Detectors - SS05, Introduction 17
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Typical Detector
Hermann Kolanoski, Detectors - SS05, Introduction 18
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ALEPH Detector (Collider-Detektor)
Hermann Kolanoski, Detectors - SS05, Introduction 19
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HERA-B Detector (fixed target)
Hermann Kolanoski, Detectors - SS05, Introduction 20
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CMS Detector at LHC
Hermann Kolanoski, Detectors - SS05, Introduction 21
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Requirements on a Detector, Quality Criteria
• Minimal disturbance of the process to be measured
• High acceptance and detection efficiency, ‘hermeticity’
• Good resolution (energy, momentum, angle, …. ), ‘granularity’
• Elektronics and signal processing: fast, deadtime-free
• Online control and monitoring: error diagnosis
• Cost: compromises or clever ideas
Hermann Kolanoski, Detectors - SS05, Introduction 22
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CMS ‘Technical Proposal’
Hermann Kolanoski, Detectors - SS05, Introduction 23
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The Long Way to a Detector1. Physics, good ideas, ….2. How, where, can the idea be realised? 3. Convince the others4. Write a ‘Letter of Intent’ which will be evaluated by a committee 5. If positive: if positive look for collaborators, ..6. Write a ‘Technical Proposal’7. If approved an important hurdle has been taken.8. Gather a Collaboration9. Apply for funding10. Start detector development11. Write a ‘Technical Design Report’12. Build prototyp detector components13. Detector construction14. Commissioning of the detectors15. ‘Do physics’ ….. write publications ….. buy a ticket to Stockholm
Inbetweenagain and again reports To the expert committee
Hermann Kolanoski, Detectors - SS05, Introduction 24