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Supervisor:
Submitted By:
Mr. Ashok Kumar Kajla
Rupesh Sharma
Associate Professr Enrolment No.:
10E2AIDCM1XT614
Design OFDM System and Overcome Nonlinear
Distortion in OFDM Signal at Transmitter Using
Peak To Average Power Ratio (PAPR) Reduction
Techniques
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Outline Project Description
Overview of OFDM
Single-Carrier vs. Multi-Carrier Transmission
Orthogonality
Cyclic Prefix (CP)
OFDM Modulation and Demodulation implemented using IDFT/DFT
Theoretical analysis OFDM system performance
Introduction of Peak-to-average power ratio(PAPR)
PAPR Reduction Techniques
Simulation Results For, OFDM system and PAPR reduction Techniques
Conclusions
References
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PROJECT DESCRIPTION
In this Dissertation we are discuses on ...• Theoretical analysis of OFDM system• Quantitative study of PAPR and
Nonlinear Distortion• Simulate an OFDM-system• Implement PAPR reduction techniques
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Overview of OFDMOFDM is a powerful spectrally efficient digital
modulation technique. which employs multiple carriersthat are mutually orthogonal to each other over agiven time interval.
OFDM is also called a multicarrier modulationtechnology which is used in many new and emergingbroadband wireless communication systems like Wi-MAX, DVB-T and future 4G/LTE systems because of
1. Immunity to frequency selective fading channels
2. OFDM offer high spectral efficiency
3. Immune to the multipath delay
4. Low inter symbol interference (ISI)
5. High Power spectral EfficiencyDue to these merits OFDM is chosen as high data
rate communication system
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Drawbacks:1. The major drawback of OFDM is the high
PAPR of the transmitted signal. So system isSensitivity to nonlinear amplification.
Compensation techniques for nonlinear effects
1. Linearization (digital predistortion).2. Peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR)
reduction.3. Post-processing.
PAPR-reduction techniques1. Amplitude Clipping(AC) ,2. Selected Mapping Technique(SLM) and
3. Partial Transmit Sequence (PTS),5
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Single-Carrier vs. Multi-Carrier
Transmission
6
Single-Carrier commutation system1. For Single-Carrier commutation system consider
a bandwidth of B2. Transmit one symbols every T second T=1/B3. Single-Carrier commutation symbols rate = 1/T4. So in Single-Carrier commutation occupies the
entered commutation bandwidth B for one symbol
Single-Carrier commutation system model
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multiple carriers can be
used for high rate data
transmission
multiple carriers is
overcome the frequency
selectivity of the wideband
channel
In the multichannel system
, let the wide band be
divided into N narrow band
sub channels , which have
the subcarrier frequency of
fk, k = 0, 1, 2,…, N-1.
7
Multi-Carrier Transmission
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Comparison of FDM and OFDM
FDM OFDM
8
non-orthogonal nature
of carrier frequencies
in FDM
a large band gap is
required to avoid
inter-channel
interference, which
reduces the overall
spectral efficiency
subcarriers are
orthogonal to each
other in OFDM
These subcarriers are
orthogonal to each
other, thus required
no band gap which
improves the spectral
efficiency
It converts a
frequency selective
fading channel into
several fading
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Comparison of FDM and
OFDM
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Basic Principles of
OFDM
10
Standardized for IEEE 802.11a
The concept of OFDM is very much similar to
technique of FDM. FDM to allow multiple
messages to be sent over a single radio
channel.
If FDM is implement much more controlled
manner, then we can improved spectral
efficiency
OFDM is to split a high data rate streams(R=B)
into a number of lower data rate streams(R=B/N)
Due to this parallel transmission, the symbol
duration increases thus decreases the relative
amount of dispersion in time caused by multipath
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Orthogonality
11
Orthogonality is a property that allows multiple
information signals to be transmitted perfectly over a
common channel with the successful detection
Two functions or signals are said to be orthogonal if
they are mutually independent of each other
Orthogonality the two vectors are said to be
orthogonal if dot product is zero Sine and cosine
are best example of orthogonal signal and
integration of protect of the two orthogonal is
zero
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=
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Frequency response of the sub-
carriers in a 5 tone OFDM signal
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OFDM transmission scheme implemented using
IDFT/DFT
15
OFDM Based on the fast Fourier transform
In practice, discrete Fourier transform (DFT) and inverse
DFT (IDFT) processes are useful for implementing these
orthogonal signals.
Note that DFT and IDFT No. of operation (4(N* N)) can be
implemented efficiently by using fast Fourier transform (FFT)
and inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) no of operation
4Nlog2N, respectively.
In the OFDM transmission system, N-point IFFT is taken for
the transmitted symbols
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OFDM Modulation and Demodulation
17
Let Xl{k} denote the lth transmit symbol at the kthsubcarrier, l =0, 1, 2….∞ ;1, k = 0, 1, 2,……N-1.Due to the S/P conversion, the duration oftransmission time for N symbols is extended toNTs, which forms a single OFDM symbol with alength of Tsym
(i.e., Tsym = NTs).
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Block Diagram of OFDM Modulation and
Demodulation:
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Cyclic Prefix (CP)
20
The OFDM guard interval
can be inserted in two
different ways.
One is the zero padding
(ZP) that pads the guard
interval with zeros.
The other is the cyclic
extension of the OFDM
symbol (for some continuity)
with CP (cyclic prefix) or CS
(cyclic suffix).
CP is to extend the OFDM
symbol by copying the last
samples of the OFDM
symbol into its front
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Effect of a multipath channel on OFDM symbols
with CP.
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Introduction of PAPR
23
The transmit signals in an OFDM system can
have high peak values in the time domain since
In IFFT operation many subcarrier components
are added in same phase Therefore, OFDM
systems are known to have a high PAPR
compared with single-carrier systems
It decreases the efficiency of the power amplifier
in the transmitter
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PAPR Definition: The PAPR of the discrete time baseband OFDM
signal is defined as the ratio of the maximum peak
power divided by the average power of the OFDM
signal.
With
where E{·} denotes the expected value.24
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Distribution of PAPR in OFDM
System
Complementary Cumulative Distribution
Function(CCDF)
can be used to estimate
CCDF curves provide critical information about the
signals in 3G systems.
Evaluate the performance of any PAPR reduction
scheme.
Can be used to calculate BER.
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What are CCDF curves?
26
A CCDF curve shows
how much time the signal
spends at or above a
given power level. The
power level is expressed
in dB relative to the
average power.
The percentage of time
the signal spends at or
above each line defines
the probability for that
particular power level.
A CCDF curve is a plot of
relative power levels
versus probability.
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The probability of PAPR is grater then or equal to 7.5 dB is
1 %t of the time. {FX(x) ccdf = P[PAPR X(7.5dB)>x 1%}
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function [] = ccdf_log_plot(x)
Th = 20*log10([0.1:0.1:10]);
kk = 1;
th_current = Th(1);
rms = sqrt(mean((x.^2)));
w = 20*log10(x/rms);
z = sort(w);
L = -inf*ones(1, length(Th));
for ii = 1:(length(z)-1)
if (z(ii) > th_current)
L(kk) = ii - 1;
kk = kk + 1;
th_current = Th(kk);
end
end
CCDF = (length(z) - L)/length(z);
semilogy(Th, CCDF);
grid on;
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PAPR Reduction Techniques
PAPR reduction techniques are
classified into the different approaches
Clipping
Partial Transmission Sequence(PTS)
Selective Mapping(SLM)
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Amplitude Clipping
Clip the parts of OFDM signal at transmitter which are
outside the allowable limits.
Clipping method introduce both In band distortion and
out of band radiation into OFDM signals.
drawbacks:
BER performance degradation
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Selected Mapping (SLM)
Input sequences are multiplied by phase
sequences to generate alternative symbol
sequences.
Ability of PAPR reduction for selective mapping
depends upon number of required bits and their
design.
SLM can produce multiple time domain OFDM
signals that are asymptotically independent
Advantage: No distortion is introduced
× Drawback: It requires transmitting bits of side information per OFDM symbol
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Block diagram of selective mapping
(SLM) technique for PAPR reduction
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Partial Transmit Sequences
(PTS)
34
The partial transmit sequence (PTS) technique
partitions an input data block of N symbols into V
disjoint sub blocks as follows:
where Xi are the sub blocks
SLM technique in which scrambling is applied to all
subcarriers,
scrambling (rotating its phase independently) is
applied to each sub block in the PTS technique
each partitioned sub block is multiplied by a
corresponding complex phase factor
V =1; 2; . . . ; V, subsequently taking its IFFT
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The original data block is partitioned into Vdisjoint sub blocks. The subcarriers in eachsub block are rotated by the same phasefactor such the PAPR of the combination isminimized.
At the receiver the reverse operation isperformed to recover the original data block.
Advantage: No distortion is introduced
× Drawback: It requires transmitting bits of sideinformation per OFDM symbol.
» It is crucial that the side information isreceived without errors.» The side information has to be heavilyprotected.36
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SIMULATION
RESULTS
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Parameters use in OFDM system
No. of bits transmitted = 960000
Single frame size: 96 bits
Total no. of Frames: 10000
No. of Carriers: N=64
coding used: Convolution coding
Modulation: 16-QAM
Cyclic Extension: 25%(16)
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Generate
Random bits
Map(QAM-16 modulation )
Encoding
Data
IFFT
Adding cyclic
Extension (add
CP)
Channel
IFFT
Remove cyclic
Extension
(remove CP)
De Map(QAM-16
demodulation)
Decoding
Data
Rx. Random
bits
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SNR(dB) BER(using 16-QAM)
0 0.4677
1 0.4467
2 0.4416
4 0.4086
6 0.3215
8 0.2520
10 0.1346
12 0.0290
14 0.0052
16 0
Table 1:
BER results for OFDM model
using 16- QAM modulation40
Figure 1:
SNR v/s BER plots for OFDM
system using subcarrier modulation
schemes 16 QAM
SNR v/s BER plots for OFDM
system
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QAM-16 symbols before IFFT
Figure 2: Transmit QAM-16 symbols before IFFT (at the
Transmitter)41
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42Figure 3: Receive QAM-16 symbols after FFT (at the
Receiver)
QAM-16 symbols after FFT
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Figure 4: Transmit symbols after IFFT showing peaks without PAPR
suppression.43
SIGNAL BEHAVIOUR OF BASIC OFDM SYSTEM
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Figure 5: Transmit symbols after IFFT showing peaks real and Imaginary value of
signal without PAPR suppression.
Peaks of real and Imaginary value of signal
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Amplitude Clipping Technique
Figure .6:. PAPR With and Without Reduction amplitude clipping with threshold 6 db and
with 10000 OFDM packets 45
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Degradation of The Bit Error Rate (BER)
Performance of The System in Clipping Technique:
Figure 7: OFDM With and Without Clipping (BER V/S SNR)46
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Selected Mapping Technique(SLM)
Figure 8: OFDM PAPR with and Without Reduction SLM with 10000 OFDM
packets47
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Partial Transmit Sequence Technique(PTS)
Figure 9: OFDM PAPR With and Without Reduction PTS with 10000 OFDM
packets48
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Comparison between PAPR Reduction Techniques
Reduction
TechniquesPAPR at CCDF of
Conventional
PAPR(dB)Proposed
PAPR(dB)
Difference of
PAPR Reduction in
(dB)
Clipping
Technique
(0.001%)10-3 8.94 6 2.94
(0.00001%)10-5 11.1 6 5.1
Selected
Mapping
Technique
10-3 9 8.1 0.9
10-5 11.1 10.4 0.7
Partial
Transmit
Sequence
Technique
10-3 8.93 7.5 1.43
10-5 12.6 10 2.649
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Overall Analysis of Different Techniques:
Name of
schemes
Name of parameters
Signal
Distortion
Power
Increase
Data rate
Loss
Computational Complexity
Transmitter
processing
Receiver
processing
Amplitude
clippingYes No No
Amplitude
clippingnone
(PTS) No No Yes
M IFFTs ,WM 1
complex vector
sums
Side information
extraction,
inverse PTS
(SLM) No No Yes U IFFTs
Side information
extraction,
inverse SLM
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Applications of OFDM
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Some applications of OFDM in modern wireless digital
transmission systems are mentioned below:
Asynchronous Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL), High
speed DSL, Very high speed DSL use OFDM for
transmission of high rate data transfer
Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) and Digital Video
Broadcasting (DVB).
IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11g and HYPERLAN2
wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) standards include
OFDM for supporting higher bit rates
IEEE 802.16 Wireless Metropolitan Area Network
(MAN) standard also includes OFDM.
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Conclusion Three PAPR reduction techniques are discussed as
clipping , SLM, and PTS .
clipping is the simplest method to reduce the PAPR.
however , low efficiency and high BER is drawback
of clipping .
Both SLM and PTS are important probabilistic
schemes for PAPR reduction .
PTS performs better than SLM in terms of PAPR
reduction provided PTS is less computational
complexity than SLM(since PTS can avoid several
IFFT operations)
But no of required bits as side information is larger
in PTS than SLM.52
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References1. Y.Wu and W. Y. Zou, “Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing: A multi-carrier
modulation scheme,” IEEE Trans. Consumer Electronics, vol. 41, no. 3, pp.
392–399, Aug. 1995.
2. R. van Nee and A. deWild, “Reducing the peak to average power ratio of
OFDM,” in Proceedings of the 48th IEEE Semiannual Vehicular Technology
Conference, May 1998, vol. 3, pp. 2072–2076.
3. PAPR Reduction of OFDM Signals Using a Reduced Complexity PTS
Technique Seung Hee Han, Student Member, IEEE, and Jae Hong Lee, Senior
Member, IEEE
4. John G. Proakis and Masoud Salehi,”Digital Communications”, 5th Edition,
McGraw-Hill Higher Education 2008.
5. Tao Jiang and Yiyan Wu, “An Overview: Peak-to-Average power Ratio
Reduction Techniques for OFDM Signals”, IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting,
Vol. 54, NO.2, June 2008.
6. Taewon et al, “OFDM and its Wireless Applications: A survey”, IEEE
Transaction on Vehicular Technology, Vol. 58, NO.4, May 2009.
7. Dae-Woon Lim et al, “An Overview of Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Reduction
Schemes for OFDM Signals”, Journal of Communications and Networks, Vol.
11, NO.3, June 2009.
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Questions & Answers
Thanks
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