7-*Job design involves specifying the content and methods of jobWhat will be doneWho will do the jobHow the job will bob will be doneWhere the job will be doneErgonomics: Incorporation of human factors in the design of the workplace Job Design

7-*Design of Work SystemsSpecializationBehavioral Approaches to Job DesignTeamsMethods AnalysisMotions StudyWorking conditions

7-*Job Design SuccessSuccessful Job Design must be:Carried out by experienced personnel with the necessary training and backgroundConsistent with the goals of the organizationIn written formUnderstood and agreed to by both management and employees

7-*Specialization in Business: AdvantagesTable 7.1

7-*DisadvantagesTable 7.1

7-*Behavioral Approaches to Job DesignJob EnlargementGiving a worker a larger portion of the total task by horizontal loadingJob RotationWorkers periodically exchange jobsJob EnrichmentIncreasing responsibility for planning and coordination tasks, by vertical loading

7-*Motivation and TrustMotivationInfluences quality and productivityContributes to work environmentTrustInfluences productivity and employee-management relations

7-*TeamsBenefits of teamsHigher qualityHigher productivityGreater worker satisfactionSelf-directed teamsGroups of empowered to make certain changes in their work process

7-*Methods AnalysisMethods analysisAnalyzing how a job gets doneBegins with overall analysisMoves to specific details

7-*Methods AnalysisChanges in tools and equipmentChanges in product design or new productsChanges in materials or proceduresOther factors (e.g. accidents, quality problems)The need for methods analysis can come from a number of different sources:

7-*Methods Analysis ProcedureIdentify the operation to be studiedGet employee inputStudy and document current methodAnalyze the jobPropose new methodsInstall new methodsFollow-up to ensure improvements have been achieved

7-*Selecting an OperationSelecting a job to study consider:High labor contentDone frequentlyUnsafeTiringUnpleasantNoisyDesignated problem

7-*Analyzing the JobFlow process chartChart used to examine the overall sequence of an operation by focusing on movements of the operator or flow of materialsWorker-machine chartChart used to determine portions of a work cycle during which an operator and equipment are busy or idle

7-*Figure 7-2

7-*Motion StudyMotion study is the systematic study of the human motions used to perform an operation.

7-*Motion Study TechniquesMotion study principles - guidelines for designing motion-efficient work proceduresAnalysis of therbligs - basic elemental motions into which a job can be broken downMicromotion study - use of motion pictures and slow motion to study motions that otherwise would be too rapid to analyzeChartsTherbligs

7-*Eliminate unnecessary motionsCombine activitiesReduce fatigueImprove the arrangement of the workplaceImprove the design of tools and equipmentDeveloping Work Methods

7-*TherbligsTherbligs: Basic elemental motions that make up a job.SearchSelectGraspHoldTransport loadRelease load

7-*Working Conditions

7-*Working Conditions (contd)

7-*Work Measurement Work measurement: Determining how long it should take to do a job.Standard timeStopwatch time studyHistorical timesPredetermined dataWork Sampling

7-*Standard timeStandard time: The amount of time it should take a qualified worker to complete a specific task, working at a sustainable rate, using given methods, tools and equipment, raw materials, and workplace arrangement.

7-*Stopwatch Time StudyStopwatch Time Study: Development of a time standard based on observations of one worker taken over a number of cycles.The basic steps in a time study:Define the task to be studiedDetermine the number of cycles to observeTime the jobCompute the standard time

7-*Standard Elemental TimesStandard elemental times: Time standards derived from a firms historical data.Steps for standard elemental timesAnalyze the jobCheck file for historical timesModify file times if necessarySum elemental times to get normal time

7-*Predetermined Time StandardsPredetermined time standards: Published data based on extensive research to determine standard elemental times.Advantages:Based on large number of workers under controlled conditionsAnalyst not requires to rate performanceNo disruption of the operationStandards can be established

7-*Work SamplingWork sampling: technique for estimating the proportion of time that a worker or machine spends on various activities and idle time.Work sampling involves making brief observations of a worker or machine at random intervalsWork sampling does not require timing an activitycontinuous observation of an activity

7-*CompensationTime-based systemCompensation based on time an employee has worked during a pay periodOutput-based (incentive) systemCompensation based on the amount of output an employee produces during a pay period

7-*Form of Incentive PlanAccurateEasy to applyConsistentEasy to understandFair

7-*CompensationIndividual Incentive PlansGroup Incentive PlansKnowledge-Based Pay SystemManagement Compensation

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