DESIGN OF CYLINDRICAL SOLAR WATER HEATER (SWH)

USING COPPER AS SOLAR COLLECTOR

N r Jlsuan Rm lIamdi

Bachelur uf Engineering wilh Honuurs 1lI (Mechanical and Manufactunng Engineering) 65617 2010 H974 2010

UIl ERS ITI TAL YSI SARA YAK

l udul DESIGN OF CYLINDRI AI SOLAR WATER HEATE R (SWII) USING

COf IICH AS SOLAR CO LLECTO R

III 1I~1 RI BI H)II)I ____________ (H I Rl F UESAlI)

mcngltku mcmbenarklaquon tesis in i disirnpan d i Pusal Khidnw t Maklum11 A ~adc tn i l- I nlHrsiti Mda)SJ Sanl iJ Lknpoundn S)HfJ-syarat kCruna1n Iepen Ixnkut

I Tcs is mJalah hal-m i Ilk l middotnivtflI i t1alJ Sill SalltI a 2 Pltsat Khidmill Mal um at Akadelll lil l l l1 l r ~ 11 MulHys ia Sarawak Jlhl llorkan rncrnl1 uilt fJhnl1l 1H111Ik

rujulll pngujmn uhtlll

J Me lll bmll pcml i~lIun 1I 1l lk mcmb)J1~unkiJl1 PangJitbn Dala KULLlulllltt1I 1111111011 4 Pust Khidmat Makluill ilf kad~l U ni vcr~i ll M ala~ ia SirltmaJ dibel1arl m mcmbmll ~alt n ltln tcsis

in i sehag l i hahnn pe I1ukaLtn tulI Elnl 111~ l ilUS I pellIJlmn 1 1Il~f l 5 Si la landakan ( ~ ) Ji ~ulH k iJllH berJcnil311

o ULlT (1 I~ngmldungi mululltat )Ulg bCl d1rinh ~ e~dJlll l1a l alCl ll k epen lin~mJl

M I J) ~ i a Olper1l )111pound lerntiulllb Ji tlaliull AK A RA fi SIA RA SMI 1 7~)

D f ER IIAf) (Men n~hlll~ 1 maklumal TERHAD )Ul~ Ie-Iall JknlUUI (1kh lrgMl isltbil ballm dl InJOlt plI) lIdikali Lii j1I1I1kun

~ Tlf)AK TERHflD

-~ji (I MltI) 1middottU PRN LI

o

N() Imiddot I o ((nNG IQ JI I AN SI IKI N lt)6(HIU Slfll ClKIlIR 111111 III IIA7middot11 I S (( AWAK

Tari k11 ______-~5 iAY 20 IU

C TTAN c i dimal lId~tln Ibagjj h~is bpound1 Ijvah l)oltor I alJfnh Sarjana Chfl (jltulullt1 MuJa JI~II IrS1S in i SU UT alllil TIKIIAr D 5il lafl lilirlan uml J1rlraJa pihnl tliku~loq~an~1~i ht rlnaaJl (hm~an mt-nyatrlkul ~J a h ~CI1) b dnn ICI11J4 It ~i lI1i p~rlu lIldbkm cba-li SU LI J Jim J ERHAD

UIl ERS ITI TAL YSI SARA YAK

l udul DESIGN OF CYLINDRI AI SOLAR WATER HEATE R (SWII) USING

COf IICH AS SOLAR CO LLECTO R

III 1I~1 RI BI H)II)I ____________ (H I Rl F UESAlI)

mcngltku mcmbenarklaquon tesis in i disirnpan d i Pusal Khidnw t Maklum11 A ~adc tn i l- I nlHrsiti Mda)SJ Sanl iJ Lknpoundn S)HfJ-syarat kCruna1n Iepen Ixnkut

I Tcs is mJalah hal-m i Ilk l middotnivtflI i t1alJ Sill SalltI a 2 Pltsat Khidmill Mal um at Akadelll lil l l l1 l r ~ 11 MulHys ia Sarawak Jlhl llorkan rncrnl1 uilt fJhnl1l 1H111Ik

rujulll pngujmn uhtlll

J Me lll bmll pcml i~lIun 1I 1l lk mcmb)J1~unkiJl1 PangJitbn Dala KULLlulllltt1I 1111111011 4 Pust Khidmat Makluill ilf kad~l U ni vcr~i ll M ala~ ia SirltmaJ dibel1arl m mcmbmll ~alt n ltln tcsis

in i sehag l i hahnn pe I1ukaLtn tulI Elnl 111~ l ilUS I pellIJlmn 1 1Il~f l 5 Si la landakan ( ~ ) Ji ~ulH k iJllH berJcnil311

o ULlT (1 I~ngmldungi mululltat )Ulg bCl d1rinh ~ e~dJlll l1a l alCl ll k epen lin~mJl

M I J) ~ i a Olper1l )111pound lerntiulllb Ji tlaliull AK A RA fi SIA RA SMI 1 7~)

D f ER IIAf) (Men n~hlll~ 1 maklumal TERHAD )Ul~ Ie-Iall JknlUUI (1kh lrgMl isltbil ballm dl InJOlt plI) lIdikali Lii j1I1I1kun

~ Tlf)AK TERHflD

-~ji (I MltI) 1middottU PRN LI

o

N() Imiddot I o ((nNG IQ JI I AN SI IKI N lt)6(HIU Slfll ClKIlIR 111111 III IIA7middot11 I S (( AWAK

Tari k11 ______-~5 iAY 20 IU

C TTAN c i dimal lId~tln Ibagjj h~is bpound1 Ijvah l)oltor I alJfnh Sarjana Chfl (jltulullt1 MuJa JI~II IrS1S in i SU UT alllil TIKIIAr D 5il lafl lilirlan uml J1rlraJa pihnl tliku~loq~an~1~i ht rlnaaJl (hm~an mt-nyatrlkul ~J a h ~CI1) b dnn ICI11J4 It ~i lI1i p~rlu lIldbkm cba-li SU LI J Jim J ERHAD

Approval Sheet

The followin g tinal year project

Title De sign of Cylindrical Solar Water Hea ter

Us ing Copper as So lar Co ll ecto r

Auth or Nul Misuari Bin Hamdi

Matrics Number 17000

Is hereby read and approved by

Miss Nul Tahirah Raza li Dare

( Supervisor )

1 ~O _010 bull y~ ~L lllk

lJNIVt~ ITI M11 i ~lA ~JJVu

DESI GN OF CYLlNDlU CAL SOLAR Wr T ER HE ATER (SWIr) lISING COIER AS SOLAR COLLECTOR

l l[ MISLIARI BIN HA 101

Th is projec t is submitted in partial fulfillmen t of

the requirements for the degree o f Bachelor of Engineering wi th Honours

(Mechanical and Manufacturin g Enginlter ing)

Faculty of Engineering

UNIVERS ITI MALA YSIA SARA WA K

20 10

To my beloved famil y

ACKNOWLEDGElVIENT

Fi rs t of all I would like to express my gratitude to A llah for giving me strength to

do thi s project Secondly thank you to my su pervisor Mi ss i ur Tahi rah Razali for her

guidance throughout the project J want to thank the Technician of Mechanical and

Manufacturing Engineering Depaltment 101 giv ing me advice on constructing the SWH

I also want to express my th anks to my family for giving me full support in doing this

stud y Last but not least my dear friends who lend their hand and giving idea in finishing

th is proj ect Thank you I

III

ABSTRACT

The demand for renewab le energy throughout the wor ld is increas in g rapidly

Usage of so lar water heater is one of the facto rs that cau se the increased demand There

are man y types of so lar water heater (S WH) for example fla t plat type and cylindrica l

type The system can be active or passi ve For an acti ve syst~m i t contains pump and

controller while the passive rel y on natural con vec tion to circulate the water between the

Imiddotvater heater and tank This study focuses on the design and test ing of passive cy lindrical

so lar water heater Accord ing to some research cy lindr ical solar water heater has a

beller performance compare to other type of so lar water heater It consists of glass tu be

as the receiver w ith the length of O4m and diam eter of 014m Two copper co llector

design co il type and lin type are used The coil w ith the length of 53m of copper tube

and the fin w ith the length of I 1m of copper tube compared during the ti ve testing days

The testing recorded the inlet outlet and ambient temperature hourly from 800am ti ll

500pm Th e re sult shows that co il type is the be tter co llector w ith the highest effic iency

is at 80 T he hi ghest outlet temperat ure is at S7 7C had been ach icmiddoted The result

showed a good capabi lity of the systelll to convert the so lar energy to heat which then

can be used to heat water

v

ABSTRAK

Permintaan terhadap tena ga bo leh diperbaharui te lah menin gka l di se luruh dunia

Salah satu fa ktor penin gkatan permin taa n ini adalah penggunaan pemanas air so lar

Terdapat banya k jenis pemanas air solar (PAS) conto hnya jeni s plat rata da n jenis

s ilinder Terdapat dua jenis s istem ya ng digunaa n akti f da n pas ie Aktif menggunaan

pa m dan pengawa l manakala pas if hanya bergantung kepada pemanasan semll lajadi

untu k mengge rak kan air ant ara pemanas air dan tangki Kajian ini mem fokllskan kepada

mere ka dan menguji pemanas air so lar berbentuk silinder Bcrdasarkan kajian yang

dilakukan oleh pengkaji ya ng la in pemanas air berbentuk so lar memp llnyai preslasi

ya ng lebih tin ggi berbanding pemanas air so lar yang lain la lerdi ri daripada liub kaca

sebaga i penerima dengan panjang 04 m dan berdiameter 0 14111 Dua rekaan pengumpul

kuprum jeni s gege lung dan jenis si rip digunakan Gege lung dengan tiub kupr llm

sepanjang 53m dan jeni s sirip dengan tiub sepanjang 1 1 m diband ingkan semasa ujian

ya ng dijalank an se lama li ma hari Semasa ujian suhu air rn asuk a ir kel uar dan suhu

persekitaran direkodkan seli ap jam dari jam 800 pagi sehingga 500 pet3ng Kep ulu san

menunjukkan jeni s gege lung adala h pengurnpul yang Icbih ba ik dengan kecekapan

Icrtingg i ada lah pada 80 uhu air kelu ar te rtin gg i telah III nca pai 577C Keputusan

Inenunjukkan kebo lehan sislem ini mengllbah tenaga so lar kepada tenaga haba lIntuk

memanaskan air

v

Pllsal Kiwu CLu Akadclllli UNIVERSITI MALAYSlA SARAWAJ(

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Con lent Page

Acknowledgemen t I

Abs tract IV

TA BLE OF CONTENTS V I

LI ST OF TA BLES IX

LI ST OF FI G URES x

List o f Abbreviati on X I

Cha pler 1 INTlWDUCTION

11 Objecti ves 3

12 Scope 4

13 Contributi on of the Study 4

14 Chapter Oulline 4

Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 6

2 I HislOIY o f Solar Water Heater 6

22 So lar Water Heater 6

Passive Solar Wate r Hea ter 8

VI

23 I Thermosyphon 8

232 Batch System 9

24 Material for So lar Water Heater 10

241 Co ll ector I I

242 Receiver 15

25 Climate of Ma lays ia 19

Chapter 3 MlnllODOLOCY 21

3 I Con siderati on in Design 2 1

Design of Solar Wa ter Heater 22

33 Expected Prob lem 25

3 l Testing Me thod 26

35 Pe rformance Analys is 26

Chapter t RES LTAN)) I)JSCLIS ION 27

41 Constructi on of Des ign

42 Testing Descri ption 28

43 Result and Discussion 29

Chapter 5 CONCLUSION ANI) RECOI1ilENDA TlON 34

VII

5 Conclusion 34

52 Recommendation for Future Advancement 36

References 37

Appendix 39

V III

List of Tables Page

Table 2 I Physical Properties of Pure Meta l 12

Table 22 Materia l and Emitta nce ofRad iation 13

Table 23 Materia l and Absorptance 14

Table 24 Properties of Material for Solar Co ll ector Cover 17

Tab le 41 Changes Made on the Act ual Design 32 14

IX

List of Figure Page

Figure 2 I Therm osy ph on System Diagram 9

Figu re 3 1 Co il ector Cover Des i gn 2 1

Figure 32 Coil Design 22

Figu re 33 Shark Fin Design ~3

Figure 34 SWH with Co il Co ll ector 0_00

Figure 35 SW H with Shark Fin Co ll ecto r 24

Figu re4 1 Graph of ambielll lcmperalUrc 29

Figure 42 Graph of out let lemperalure of water for coil Iype co lleclor dcsigl1 30

Figure 43 Graph of oUllellemperature of water fo r fin t) PC coliector ucsigll 30

b igure 44 Graph of effi ciency of co il type co llector de ign 32

Figure 45 Graph ofe fti cicncy of lin type coliector des ign 32

x

List of Abbreviation

S WH So la r water heater

ICS Imegraled co ll ector slorage

T IM = Transparent insulatio n maleria l

Heal O utpul (J)

Ii Wale r now rale (mls)

Temperatu re a l outlet CC)

T Tempera lu re al o utlet (C)

C Speci fi c heal o f wale r ( kJ(kg K)

Collector e ffic iency

Coll ector a rea (m )

So lar intens ilY (JIm )

x

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTIO

Hot wate r is wide ly used around the wo rld either for industrial purposes or

do mestic usage (A l- Madani 2006) The water generall y heated using elec tri cal

heaters The electrica l energy comes mostl y from combustion of fossi l fuel s such as

coal (Hedenberg amp Wa llander (08) Solar water heate rs (SWH) are 1I0W ba neen

accepted as a re liab le source of prov iding bot water in many domestic homes and are

becoming more po pular However SWHs are still cons ide red luxuriolls hardware in

Malays ia A cheaper and efficient SWH system is req uired to be des ign

There are many types o f renewable ener~y The Iilt most often used art

hydropower wind so lar geothe rmal and biomass (wwvveiadocgov) Hydropower

is one o f the oldest sources of energy and IVas used thousands of years ago to turn a

paddle wheel for purposes such as grinding grain The wind energy is mainly ultcd to

ge nera te electric us ing wind mach ines Wind is call ed re nltwlt1b le energy source

because the wind w ill blow as long as the sun shines

1

1 ~O _010 bull y~ ~L lllk

lJNIVt~ ITI M11 i ~lA ~JJVu

DESI GN OF CYLlNDlU CAL SOLAR Wr T ER HE ATER (SWIr) lISING COIER AS SOLAR COLLECTOR

l l[ MISLIARI BIN HA 101

Th is projec t is submitted in partial fulfillmen t of

the requirements for the degree o f Bachelor of Engineering wi th Honours

(Mechanical and Manufacturin g Enginlter ing)

Faculty of Engineering

UNIVERS ITI MALA YSIA SARA WA K

20 10

To my beloved famil y

ACKNOWLEDGElVIENT

Fi rs t of all I would like to express my gratitude to A llah for giving me strength to

do thi s project Secondly thank you to my su pervisor Mi ss i ur Tahi rah Razali for her

guidance throughout the project J want to thank the Technician of Mechanical and

Manufacturing Engineering Depaltment 101 giv ing me advice on constructing the SWH

I also want to express my th anks to my family for giving me full support in doing this

stud y Last but not least my dear friends who lend their hand and giving idea in finishing

th is proj ect Thank you I

III

ABSTRACT

The demand for renewab le energy throughout the wor ld is increas in g rapidly

Usage of so lar water heater is one of the facto rs that cau se the increased demand There

are man y types of so lar water heater (S WH) for example fla t plat type and cylindrica l

type The system can be active or passi ve For an acti ve syst~m i t contains pump and

controller while the passive rel y on natural con vec tion to circulate the water between the

Imiddotvater heater and tank This study focuses on the design and test ing of passive cy lindrical

so lar water heater Accord ing to some research cy lindr ical solar water heater has a

beller performance compare to other type of so lar water heater It consists of glass tu be

as the receiver w ith the length of O4m and diam eter of 014m Two copper co llector

design co il type and lin type are used The coil w ith the length of 53m of copper tube

and the fin w ith the length of I 1m of copper tube compared during the ti ve testing days

The testing recorded the inlet outlet and ambient temperature hourly from 800am ti ll

500pm Th e re sult shows that co il type is the be tter co llector w ith the highest effic iency

is at 80 T he hi ghest outlet temperat ure is at S7 7C had been ach icmiddoted The result

showed a good capabi lity of the systelll to convert the so lar energy to heat which then

can be used to heat water

v

ABSTRAK

Permintaan terhadap tena ga bo leh diperbaharui te lah menin gka l di se luruh dunia

Salah satu fa ktor penin gkatan permin taa n ini adalah penggunaan pemanas air so lar

Terdapat banya k jenis pemanas air solar (PAS) conto hnya jeni s plat rata da n jenis

s ilinder Terdapat dua jenis s istem ya ng digunaa n akti f da n pas ie Aktif menggunaan

pa m dan pengawa l manakala pas if hanya bergantung kepada pemanasan semll lajadi

untu k mengge rak kan air ant ara pemanas air dan tangki Kajian ini mem fokllskan kepada

mere ka dan menguji pemanas air so lar berbentuk silinder Bcrdasarkan kajian yang

dilakukan oleh pengkaji ya ng la in pemanas air berbentuk so lar memp llnyai preslasi

ya ng lebih tin ggi berbanding pemanas air so lar yang lain la lerdi ri daripada liub kaca

sebaga i penerima dengan panjang 04 m dan berdiameter 0 14111 Dua rekaan pengumpul

kuprum jeni s gege lung dan jenis si rip digunakan Gege lung dengan tiub kupr llm

sepanjang 53m dan jeni s sirip dengan tiub sepanjang 1 1 m diband ingkan semasa ujian

ya ng dijalank an se lama li ma hari Semasa ujian suhu air rn asuk a ir kel uar dan suhu

persekitaran direkodkan seli ap jam dari jam 800 pagi sehingga 500 pet3ng Kep ulu san

menunjukkan jeni s gege lung adala h pengurnpul yang Icbih ba ik dengan kecekapan

Icrtingg i ada lah pada 80 uhu air kelu ar te rtin gg i telah III nca pai 577C Keputusan

Inenunjukkan kebo lehan sislem ini mengllbah tenaga so lar kepada tenaga haba lIntuk

memanaskan air

v

Pllsal Kiwu CLu Akadclllli UNIVERSITI MALAYSlA SARAWAJ(

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Con lent Page

Acknowledgemen t I

Abs tract IV

TA BLE OF CONTENTS V I

LI ST OF TA BLES IX

LI ST OF FI G URES x

List o f Abbreviati on X I

Cha pler 1 INTlWDUCTION

11 Objecti ves 3

12 Scope 4

13 Contributi on of the Study 4

14 Chapter Oulline 4

Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 6

2 I HislOIY o f Solar Water Heater 6

22 So lar Water Heater 6

Passive Solar Wate r Hea ter 8

VI

23 I Thermosyphon 8

232 Batch System 9

24 Material for So lar Water Heater 10

241 Co ll ector I I

242 Receiver 15

25 Climate of Ma lays ia 19

Chapter 3 MlnllODOLOCY 21

3 I Con siderati on in Design 2 1

Design of Solar Wa ter Heater 22

33 Expected Prob lem 25

3 l Testing Me thod 26

35 Pe rformance Analys is 26

Chapter t RES LTAN)) I)JSCLIS ION 27

41 Constructi on of Des ign

42 Testing Descri ption 28

43 Result and Discussion 29

Chapter 5 CONCLUSION ANI) RECOI1ilENDA TlON 34

VII

5 Conclusion 34

52 Recommendation for Future Advancement 36

References 37

Appendix 39

V III

List of Tables Page

Table 2 I Physical Properties of Pure Meta l 12

Table 22 Materia l and Emitta nce ofRad iation 13

Table 23 Materia l and Absorptance 14

Table 24 Properties of Material for Solar Co ll ector Cover 17

Tab le 41 Changes Made on the Act ual Design 32 14

IX

List of Figure Page

Figure 2 I Therm osy ph on System Diagram 9

Figu re 3 1 Co il ector Cover Des i gn 2 1

Figure 32 Coil Design 22

Figu re 33 Shark Fin Design ~3

Figure 34 SWH with Co il Co ll ector 0_00

Figure 35 SW H with Shark Fin Co ll ecto r 24

Figu re4 1 Graph of ambielll lcmperalUrc 29

Figure 42 Graph of out let lemperalure of water for coil Iype co lleclor dcsigl1 30

Figure 43 Graph of oUllellemperature of water fo r fin t) PC coliector ucsigll 30

b igure 44 Graph of effi ciency of co il type co llector de ign 32

Figure 45 Graph ofe fti cicncy of lin type coliector des ign 32

x

List of Abbreviation

S WH So la r water heater

ICS Imegraled co ll ector slorage

T IM = Transparent insulatio n maleria l

Heal O utpul (J)

Ii Wale r now rale (mls)

Temperatu re a l outlet CC)

T Tempera lu re al o utlet (C)

C Speci fi c heal o f wale r ( kJ(kg K)

Collector e ffic iency

Coll ector a rea (m )

So lar intens ilY (JIm )

x

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTIO

Hot wate r is wide ly used around the wo rld either for industrial purposes or

do mestic usage (A l- Madani 2006) The water generall y heated using elec tri cal

heaters The electrica l energy comes mostl y from combustion of fossi l fuel s such as

coal (Hedenberg amp Wa llander (08) Solar water heate rs (SWH) are 1I0W ba neen

accepted as a re liab le source of prov iding bot water in many domestic homes and are

becoming more po pular However SWHs are still cons ide red luxuriolls hardware in

Malays ia A cheaper and efficient SWH system is req uired to be des ign

There are many types o f renewable ener~y The Iilt most often used art

hydropower wind so lar geothe rmal and biomass (wwvveiadocgov) Hydropower

is one o f the oldest sources of energy and IVas used thousands of years ago to turn a

paddle wheel for purposes such as grinding grain The wind energy is mainly ultcd to

ge nera te electric us ing wind mach ines Wind is call ed re nltwlt1b le energy source

because the wind w ill blow as long as the sun shines

1

To my beloved famil y

ACKNOWLEDGElVIENT

Fi rs t of all I would like to express my gratitude to A llah for giving me strength to

do thi s project Secondly thank you to my su pervisor Mi ss i ur Tahi rah Razali for her

guidance throughout the project J want to thank the Technician of Mechanical and

Manufacturing Engineering Depaltment 101 giv ing me advice on constructing the SWH

I also want to express my th anks to my family for giving me full support in doing this

stud y Last but not least my dear friends who lend their hand and giving idea in finishing

th is proj ect Thank you I

III

ABSTRACT

The demand for renewab le energy throughout the wor ld is increas in g rapidly

Usage of so lar water heater is one of the facto rs that cau se the increased demand There

are man y types of so lar water heater (S WH) for example fla t plat type and cylindrica l

type The system can be active or passi ve For an acti ve syst~m i t contains pump and

controller while the passive rel y on natural con vec tion to circulate the water between the

Imiddotvater heater and tank This study focuses on the design and test ing of passive cy lindrical

so lar water heater Accord ing to some research cy lindr ical solar water heater has a

beller performance compare to other type of so lar water heater It consists of glass tu be

as the receiver w ith the length of O4m and diam eter of 014m Two copper co llector

design co il type and lin type are used The coil w ith the length of 53m of copper tube

and the fin w ith the length of I 1m of copper tube compared during the ti ve testing days

The testing recorded the inlet outlet and ambient temperature hourly from 800am ti ll

500pm Th e re sult shows that co il type is the be tter co llector w ith the highest effic iency

is at 80 T he hi ghest outlet temperat ure is at S7 7C had been ach icmiddoted The result

showed a good capabi lity of the systelll to convert the so lar energy to heat which then

can be used to heat water

v

ABSTRAK

Permintaan terhadap tena ga bo leh diperbaharui te lah menin gka l di se luruh dunia

Salah satu fa ktor penin gkatan permin taa n ini adalah penggunaan pemanas air so lar

Terdapat banya k jenis pemanas air solar (PAS) conto hnya jeni s plat rata da n jenis

s ilinder Terdapat dua jenis s istem ya ng digunaa n akti f da n pas ie Aktif menggunaan

pa m dan pengawa l manakala pas if hanya bergantung kepada pemanasan semll lajadi

untu k mengge rak kan air ant ara pemanas air dan tangki Kajian ini mem fokllskan kepada

mere ka dan menguji pemanas air so lar berbentuk silinder Bcrdasarkan kajian yang

dilakukan oleh pengkaji ya ng la in pemanas air berbentuk so lar memp llnyai preslasi

ya ng lebih tin ggi berbanding pemanas air so lar yang lain la lerdi ri daripada liub kaca

sebaga i penerima dengan panjang 04 m dan berdiameter 0 14111 Dua rekaan pengumpul

kuprum jeni s gege lung dan jenis si rip digunakan Gege lung dengan tiub kupr llm

sepanjang 53m dan jeni s sirip dengan tiub sepanjang 1 1 m diband ingkan semasa ujian

ya ng dijalank an se lama li ma hari Semasa ujian suhu air rn asuk a ir kel uar dan suhu

persekitaran direkodkan seli ap jam dari jam 800 pagi sehingga 500 pet3ng Kep ulu san

menunjukkan jeni s gege lung adala h pengurnpul yang Icbih ba ik dengan kecekapan

Icrtingg i ada lah pada 80 uhu air kelu ar te rtin gg i telah III nca pai 577C Keputusan

Inenunjukkan kebo lehan sislem ini mengllbah tenaga so lar kepada tenaga haba lIntuk

memanaskan air

v

Pllsal Kiwu CLu Akadclllli UNIVERSITI MALAYSlA SARAWAJ(

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Con lent Page

Acknowledgemen t I

Abs tract IV

TA BLE OF CONTENTS V I

LI ST OF TA BLES IX

LI ST OF FI G URES x

List o f Abbreviati on X I

Cha pler 1 INTlWDUCTION

11 Objecti ves 3

12 Scope 4

13 Contributi on of the Study 4

14 Chapter Oulline 4

Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 6

2 I HislOIY o f Solar Water Heater 6

22 So lar Water Heater 6

Passive Solar Wate r Hea ter 8

VI

23 I Thermosyphon 8

232 Batch System 9

24 Material for So lar Water Heater 10

241 Co ll ector I I

242 Receiver 15

25 Climate of Ma lays ia 19

Chapter 3 MlnllODOLOCY 21

3 I Con siderati on in Design 2 1

Design of Solar Wa ter Heater 22

33 Expected Prob lem 25

3 l Testing Me thod 26

35 Pe rformance Analys is 26

Chapter t RES LTAN)) I)JSCLIS ION 27

41 Constructi on of Des ign

42 Testing Descri ption 28

43 Result and Discussion 29

Chapter 5 CONCLUSION ANI) RECOI1ilENDA TlON 34

VII

5 Conclusion 34

52 Recommendation for Future Advancement 36

References 37

Appendix 39

V III

List of Tables Page

Table 2 I Physical Properties of Pure Meta l 12

Table 22 Materia l and Emitta nce ofRad iation 13

Table 23 Materia l and Absorptance 14

Table 24 Properties of Material for Solar Co ll ector Cover 17

Tab le 41 Changes Made on the Act ual Design 32 14

IX

List of Figure Page

Figure 2 I Therm osy ph on System Diagram 9

Figu re 3 1 Co il ector Cover Des i gn 2 1

Figure 32 Coil Design 22

Figu re 33 Shark Fin Design ~3

Figure 34 SWH with Co il Co ll ector 0_00

Figure 35 SW H with Shark Fin Co ll ecto r 24

Figu re4 1 Graph of ambielll lcmperalUrc 29

Figure 42 Graph of out let lemperalure of water for coil Iype co lleclor dcsigl1 30

Figure 43 Graph of oUllellemperature of water fo r fin t) PC coliector ucsigll 30

b igure 44 Graph of effi ciency of co il type co llector de ign 32

Figure 45 Graph ofe fti cicncy of lin type coliector des ign 32

x

List of Abbreviation

S WH So la r water heater

ICS Imegraled co ll ector slorage

T IM = Transparent insulatio n maleria l

Heal O utpul (J)

Ii Wale r now rale (mls)

Temperatu re a l outlet CC)

T Tempera lu re al o utlet (C)

C Speci fi c heal o f wale r ( kJ(kg K)

Collector e ffic iency

Coll ector a rea (m )

So lar intens ilY (JIm )

x

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTIO

Hot wate r is wide ly used around the wo rld either for industrial purposes or

do mestic usage (A l- Madani 2006) The water generall y heated using elec tri cal

heaters The electrica l energy comes mostl y from combustion of fossi l fuel s such as

coal (Hedenberg amp Wa llander (08) Solar water heate rs (SWH) are 1I0W ba neen

accepted as a re liab le source of prov iding bot water in many domestic homes and are

becoming more po pular However SWHs are still cons ide red luxuriolls hardware in

Malays ia A cheaper and efficient SWH system is req uired to be des ign

There are many types o f renewable ener~y The Iilt most often used art

hydropower wind so lar geothe rmal and biomass (wwvveiadocgov) Hydropower

is one o f the oldest sources of energy and IVas used thousands of years ago to turn a

paddle wheel for purposes such as grinding grain The wind energy is mainly ultcd to

ge nera te electric us ing wind mach ines Wind is call ed re nltwlt1b le energy source

because the wind w ill blow as long as the sun shines

1

ACKNOWLEDGElVIENT

Fi rs t of all I would like to express my gratitude to A llah for giving me strength to

do thi s project Secondly thank you to my su pervisor Mi ss i ur Tahi rah Razali for her

guidance throughout the project J want to thank the Technician of Mechanical and

Manufacturing Engineering Depaltment 101 giv ing me advice on constructing the SWH

I also want to express my th anks to my family for giving me full support in doing this

stud y Last but not least my dear friends who lend their hand and giving idea in finishing

th is proj ect Thank you I

III

ABSTRACT

The demand for renewab le energy throughout the wor ld is increas in g rapidly

Usage of so lar water heater is one of the facto rs that cau se the increased demand There

are man y types of so lar water heater (S WH) for example fla t plat type and cylindrica l

type The system can be active or passi ve For an acti ve syst~m i t contains pump and

controller while the passive rel y on natural con vec tion to circulate the water between the

Imiddotvater heater and tank This study focuses on the design and test ing of passive cy lindrical

so lar water heater Accord ing to some research cy lindr ical solar water heater has a

beller performance compare to other type of so lar water heater It consists of glass tu be

as the receiver w ith the length of O4m and diam eter of 014m Two copper co llector

design co il type and lin type are used The coil w ith the length of 53m of copper tube

and the fin w ith the length of I 1m of copper tube compared during the ti ve testing days

The testing recorded the inlet outlet and ambient temperature hourly from 800am ti ll

500pm Th e re sult shows that co il type is the be tter co llector w ith the highest effic iency

is at 80 T he hi ghest outlet temperat ure is at S7 7C had been ach icmiddoted The result

showed a good capabi lity of the systelll to convert the so lar energy to heat which then

can be used to heat water

v

ABSTRAK

Permintaan terhadap tena ga bo leh diperbaharui te lah menin gka l di se luruh dunia

Salah satu fa ktor penin gkatan permin taa n ini adalah penggunaan pemanas air so lar

Terdapat banya k jenis pemanas air solar (PAS) conto hnya jeni s plat rata da n jenis

s ilinder Terdapat dua jenis s istem ya ng digunaa n akti f da n pas ie Aktif menggunaan

pa m dan pengawa l manakala pas if hanya bergantung kepada pemanasan semll lajadi

untu k mengge rak kan air ant ara pemanas air dan tangki Kajian ini mem fokllskan kepada

mere ka dan menguji pemanas air so lar berbentuk silinder Bcrdasarkan kajian yang

dilakukan oleh pengkaji ya ng la in pemanas air berbentuk so lar memp llnyai preslasi

ya ng lebih tin ggi berbanding pemanas air so lar yang lain la lerdi ri daripada liub kaca

sebaga i penerima dengan panjang 04 m dan berdiameter 0 14111 Dua rekaan pengumpul

kuprum jeni s gege lung dan jenis si rip digunakan Gege lung dengan tiub kupr llm

sepanjang 53m dan jeni s sirip dengan tiub sepanjang 1 1 m diband ingkan semasa ujian

ya ng dijalank an se lama li ma hari Semasa ujian suhu air rn asuk a ir kel uar dan suhu

persekitaran direkodkan seli ap jam dari jam 800 pagi sehingga 500 pet3ng Kep ulu san

menunjukkan jeni s gege lung adala h pengurnpul yang Icbih ba ik dengan kecekapan

Icrtingg i ada lah pada 80 uhu air kelu ar te rtin gg i telah III nca pai 577C Keputusan

Inenunjukkan kebo lehan sislem ini mengllbah tenaga so lar kepada tenaga haba lIntuk

memanaskan air

v

Pllsal Kiwu CLu Akadclllli UNIVERSITI MALAYSlA SARAWAJ(

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Con lent Page

Acknowledgemen t I

Abs tract IV

TA BLE OF CONTENTS V I

LI ST OF TA BLES IX

LI ST OF FI G URES x

List o f Abbreviati on X I

Cha pler 1 INTlWDUCTION

11 Objecti ves 3

12 Scope 4

13 Contributi on of the Study 4

14 Chapter Oulline 4

Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 6

2 I HislOIY o f Solar Water Heater 6

22 So lar Water Heater 6

Passive Solar Wate r Hea ter 8

VI

23 I Thermosyphon 8

232 Batch System 9

24 Material for So lar Water Heater 10

241 Co ll ector I I

242 Receiver 15

25 Climate of Ma lays ia 19

Chapter 3 MlnllODOLOCY 21

3 I Con siderati on in Design 2 1

Design of Solar Wa ter Heater 22

33 Expected Prob lem 25

3 l Testing Me thod 26

35 Pe rformance Analys is 26

Chapter t RES LTAN)) I)JSCLIS ION 27

41 Constructi on of Des ign

42 Testing Descri ption 28

43 Result and Discussion 29

Chapter 5 CONCLUSION ANI) RECOI1ilENDA TlON 34

VII

5 Conclusion 34

52 Recommendation for Future Advancement 36

References 37

Appendix 39

V III

List of Tables Page

Table 2 I Physical Properties of Pure Meta l 12

Table 22 Materia l and Emitta nce ofRad iation 13

Table 23 Materia l and Absorptance 14

Table 24 Properties of Material for Solar Co ll ector Cover 17

Tab le 41 Changes Made on the Act ual Design 32 14

IX

List of Figure Page

Figure 2 I Therm osy ph on System Diagram 9

Figu re 3 1 Co il ector Cover Des i gn 2 1

Figure 32 Coil Design 22

Figu re 33 Shark Fin Design ~3

Figure 34 SWH with Co il Co ll ector 0_00

Figure 35 SW H with Shark Fin Co ll ecto r 24

Figu re4 1 Graph of ambielll lcmperalUrc 29

Figure 42 Graph of out let lemperalure of water for coil Iype co lleclor dcsigl1 30

Figure 43 Graph of oUllellemperature of water fo r fin t) PC coliector ucsigll 30

b igure 44 Graph of effi ciency of co il type co llector de ign 32

Figure 45 Graph ofe fti cicncy of lin type coliector des ign 32

x

List of Abbreviation

S WH So la r water heater

ICS Imegraled co ll ector slorage

T IM = Transparent insulatio n maleria l

Heal O utpul (J)

Ii Wale r now rale (mls)

Temperatu re a l outlet CC)

T Tempera lu re al o utlet (C)

C Speci fi c heal o f wale r ( kJ(kg K)

Collector e ffic iency

Coll ector a rea (m )

So lar intens ilY (JIm )

x

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTIO

Hot wate r is wide ly used around the wo rld either for industrial purposes or

do mestic usage (A l- Madani 2006) The water generall y heated using elec tri cal

heaters The electrica l energy comes mostl y from combustion of fossi l fuel s such as

coal (Hedenberg amp Wa llander (08) Solar water heate rs (SWH) are 1I0W ba neen

accepted as a re liab le source of prov iding bot water in many domestic homes and are

becoming more po pular However SWHs are still cons ide red luxuriolls hardware in

Malays ia A cheaper and efficient SWH system is req uired to be des ign

There are many types o f renewable ener~y The Iilt most often used art

hydropower wind so lar geothe rmal and biomass (wwvveiadocgov) Hydropower

is one o f the oldest sources of energy and IVas used thousands of years ago to turn a

paddle wheel for purposes such as grinding grain The wind energy is mainly ultcd to

ge nera te electric us ing wind mach ines Wind is call ed re nltwlt1b le energy source

because the wind w ill blow as long as the sun shines

1

ABSTRACT

The demand for renewab le energy throughout the wor ld is increas in g rapidly

Usage of so lar water heater is one of the facto rs that cau se the increased demand There

are man y types of so lar water heater (S WH) for example fla t plat type and cylindrica l

type The system can be active or passi ve For an acti ve syst~m i t contains pump and

controller while the passive rel y on natural con vec tion to circulate the water between the

Imiddotvater heater and tank This study focuses on the design and test ing of passive cy lindrical

so lar water heater Accord ing to some research cy lindr ical solar water heater has a

beller performance compare to other type of so lar water heater It consists of glass tu be

as the receiver w ith the length of O4m and diam eter of 014m Two copper co llector

design co il type and lin type are used The coil w ith the length of 53m of copper tube

and the fin w ith the length of I 1m of copper tube compared during the ti ve testing days

The testing recorded the inlet outlet and ambient temperature hourly from 800am ti ll

500pm Th e re sult shows that co il type is the be tter co llector w ith the highest effic iency

is at 80 T he hi ghest outlet temperat ure is at S7 7C had been ach icmiddoted The result

showed a good capabi lity of the systelll to convert the so lar energy to heat which then

can be used to heat water

v

ABSTRAK

Permintaan terhadap tena ga bo leh diperbaharui te lah menin gka l di se luruh dunia

Salah satu fa ktor penin gkatan permin taa n ini adalah penggunaan pemanas air so lar

Terdapat banya k jenis pemanas air solar (PAS) conto hnya jeni s plat rata da n jenis

s ilinder Terdapat dua jenis s istem ya ng digunaa n akti f da n pas ie Aktif menggunaan

pa m dan pengawa l manakala pas if hanya bergantung kepada pemanasan semll lajadi

untu k mengge rak kan air ant ara pemanas air dan tangki Kajian ini mem fokllskan kepada

mere ka dan menguji pemanas air so lar berbentuk silinder Bcrdasarkan kajian yang

dilakukan oleh pengkaji ya ng la in pemanas air berbentuk so lar memp llnyai preslasi

ya ng lebih tin ggi berbanding pemanas air so lar yang lain la lerdi ri daripada liub kaca

sebaga i penerima dengan panjang 04 m dan berdiameter 0 14111 Dua rekaan pengumpul

kuprum jeni s gege lung dan jenis si rip digunakan Gege lung dengan tiub kupr llm

sepanjang 53m dan jeni s sirip dengan tiub sepanjang 1 1 m diband ingkan semasa ujian

ya ng dijalank an se lama li ma hari Semasa ujian suhu air rn asuk a ir kel uar dan suhu

persekitaran direkodkan seli ap jam dari jam 800 pagi sehingga 500 pet3ng Kep ulu san

menunjukkan jeni s gege lung adala h pengurnpul yang Icbih ba ik dengan kecekapan

Icrtingg i ada lah pada 80 uhu air kelu ar te rtin gg i telah III nca pai 577C Keputusan

Inenunjukkan kebo lehan sislem ini mengllbah tenaga so lar kepada tenaga haba lIntuk

memanaskan air

v

Pllsal Kiwu CLu Akadclllli UNIVERSITI MALAYSlA SARAWAJ(

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Con lent Page

Acknowledgemen t I

Abs tract IV

TA BLE OF CONTENTS V I

LI ST OF TA BLES IX

LI ST OF FI G URES x

List o f Abbreviati on X I

Cha pler 1 INTlWDUCTION

11 Objecti ves 3

12 Scope 4

13 Contributi on of the Study 4

14 Chapter Oulline 4

Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 6

2 I HislOIY o f Solar Water Heater 6

22 So lar Water Heater 6

Passive Solar Wate r Hea ter 8

VI

23 I Thermosyphon 8

232 Batch System 9

24 Material for So lar Water Heater 10

241 Co ll ector I I

242 Receiver 15

25 Climate of Ma lays ia 19

Chapter 3 MlnllODOLOCY 21

3 I Con siderati on in Design 2 1

Design of Solar Wa ter Heater 22

33 Expected Prob lem 25

3 l Testing Me thod 26

35 Pe rformance Analys is 26

Chapter t RES LTAN)) I)JSCLIS ION 27

41 Constructi on of Des ign

42 Testing Descri ption 28

43 Result and Discussion 29

Chapter 5 CONCLUSION ANI) RECOI1ilENDA TlON 34

VII

5 Conclusion 34

52 Recommendation for Future Advancement 36

References 37

Appendix 39

V III

List of Tables Page

Table 2 I Physical Properties of Pure Meta l 12

Table 22 Materia l and Emitta nce ofRad iation 13

Table 23 Materia l and Absorptance 14

Table 24 Properties of Material for Solar Co ll ector Cover 17

Tab le 41 Changes Made on the Act ual Design 32 14

IX

List of Figure Page

Figure 2 I Therm osy ph on System Diagram 9

Figu re 3 1 Co il ector Cover Des i gn 2 1

Figure 32 Coil Design 22

Figu re 33 Shark Fin Design ~3

Figure 34 SWH with Co il Co ll ector 0_00

Figure 35 SW H with Shark Fin Co ll ecto r 24

Figu re4 1 Graph of ambielll lcmperalUrc 29

Figure 42 Graph of out let lemperalure of water for coil Iype co lleclor dcsigl1 30

Figure 43 Graph of oUllellemperature of water fo r fin t) PC coliector ucsigll 30

b igure 44 Graph of effi ciency of co il type co llector de ign 32

Figure 45 Graph ofe fti cicncy of lin type coliector des ign 32

x

List of Abbreviation

S WH So la r water heater

ICS Imegraled co ll ector slorage

T IM = Transparent insulatio n maleria l

Heal O utpul (J)

Ii Wale r now rale (mls)

Temperatu re a l outlet CC)

T Tempera lu re al o utlet (C)

C Speci fi c heal o f wale r ( kJ(kg K)

Collector e ffic iency

Coll ector a rea (m )

So lar intens ilY (JIm )

x

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTIO

Hot wate r is wide ly used around the wo rld either for industrial purposes or

do mestic usage (A l- Madani 2006) The water generall y heated using elec tri cal

heaters The electrica l energy comes mostl y from combustion of fossi l fuel s such as

coal (Hedenberg amp Wa llander (08) Solar water heate rs (SWH) are 1I0W ba neen

accepted as a re liab le source of prov iding bot water in many domestic homes and are

becoming more po pular However SWHs are still cons ide red luxuriolls hardware in

Malays ia A cheaper and efficient SWH system is req uired to be des ign

There are many types o f renewable ener~y The Iilt most often used art

hydropower wind so lar geothe rmal and biomass (wwvveiadocgov) Hydropower

is one o f the oldest sources of energy and IVas used thousands of years ago to turn a

paddle wheel for purposes such as grinding grain The wind energy is mainly ultcd to

ge nera te electric us ing wind mach ines Wind is call ed re nltwlt1b le energy source

because the wind w ill blow as long as the sun shines

1

ABSTRAK

Permintaan terhadap tena ga bo leh diperbaharui te lah menin gka l di se luruh dunia

Salah satu fa ktor penin gkatan permin taa n ini adalah penggunaan pemanas air so lar

Terdapat banya k jenis pemanas air solar (PAS) conto hnya jeni s plat rata da n jenis

s ilinder Terdapat dua jenis s istem ya ng digunaa n akti f da n pas ie Aktif menggunaan

pa m dan pengawa l manakala pas if hanya bergantung kepada pemanasan semll lajadi

untu k mengge rak kan air ant ara pemanas air dan tangki Kajian ini mem fokllskan kepada

mere ka dan menguji pemanas air so lar berbentuk silinder Bcrdasarkan kajian yang

dilakukan oleh pengkaji ya ng la in pemanas air berbentuk so lar memp llnyai preslasi

ya ng lebih tin ggi berbanding pemanas air so lar yang lain la lerdi ri daripada liub kaca

sebaga i penerima dengan panjang 04 m dan berdiameter 0 14111 Dua rekaan pengumpul

kuprum jeni s gege lung dan jenis si rip digunakan Gege lung dengan tiub kupr llm

sepanjang 53m dan jeni s sirip dengan tiub sepanjang 1 1 m diband ingkan semasa ujian

ya ng dijalank an se lama li ma hari Semasa ujian suhu air rn asuk a ir kel uar dan suhu

persekitaran direkodkan seli ap jam dari jam 800 pagi sehingga 500 pet3ng Kep ulu san

menunjukkan jeni s gege lung adala h pengurnpul yang Icbih ba ik dengan kecekapan

Icrtingg i ada lah pada 80 uhu air kelu ar te rtin gg i telah III nca pai 577C Keputusan

Inenunjukkan kebo lehan sislem ini mengllbah tenaga so lar kepada tenaga haba lIntuk

memanaskan air

v

Pllsal Kiwu CLu Akadclllli UNIVERSITI MALAYSlA SARAWAJ(

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Con lent Page

Acknowledgemen t I

Abs tract IV

TA BLE OF CONTENTS V I

LI ST OF TA BLES IX

LI ST OF FI G URES x

List o f Abbreviati on X I

Cha pler 1 INTlWDUCTION

11 Objecti ves 3

12 Scope 4

13 Contributi on of the Study 4

14 Chapter Oulline 4

Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 6

2 I HislOIY o f Solar Water Heater 6

22 So lar Water Heater 6

Passive Solar Wate r Hea ter 8

VI

23 I Thermosyphon 8

232 Batch System 9

24 Material for So lar Water Heater 10

241 Co ll ector I I

242 Receiver 15

25 Climate of Ma lays ia 19

Chapter 3 MlnllODOLOCY 21

3 I Con siderati on in Design 2 1

Design of Solar Wa ter Heater 22

33 Expected Prob lem 25

3 l Testing Me thod 26

35 Pe rformance Analys is 26

Chapter t RES LTAN)) I)JSCLIS ION 27

41 Constructi on of Des ign

42 Testing Descri ption 28

43 Result and Discussion 29

Chapter 5 CONCLUSION ANI) RECOI1ilENDA TlON 34

VII

5 Conclusion 34

52 Recommendation for Future Advancement 36

References 37

Appendix 39

V III

List of Tables Page

Table 2 I Physical Properties of Pure Meta l 12

Table 22 Materia l and Emitta nce ofRad iation 13

Table 23 Materia l and Absorptance 14

Table 24 Properties of Material for Solar Co ll ector Cover 17

Tab le 41 Changes Made on the Act ual Design 32 14

IX

List of Figure Page

Figure 2 I Therm osy ph on System Diagram 9

Figu re 3 1 Co il ector Cover Des i gn 2 1

Figure 32 Coil Design 22

Figu re 33 Shark Fin Design ~3

Figure 34 SWH with Co il Co ll ector 0_00

Figure 35 SW H with Shark Fin Co ll ecto r 24

Figu re4 1 Graph of ambielll lcmperalUrc 29

Figure 42 Graph of out let lemperalure of water for coil Iype co lleclor dcsigl1 30

Figure 43 Graph of oUllellemperature of water fo r fin t) PC coliector ucsigll 30

b igure 44 Graph of effi ciency of co il type co llector de ign 32

Figure 45 Graph ofe fti cicncy of lin type coliector des ign 32

x

List of Abbreviation

S WH So la r water heater

ICS Imegraled co ll ector slorage

T IM = Transparent insulatio n maleria l

Heal O utpul (J)

Ii Wale r now rale (mls)

Temperatu re a l outlet CC)

T Tempera lu re al o utlet (C)

C Speci fi c heal o f wale r ( kJ(kg K)

Collector e ffic iency

Coll ector a rea (m )

So lar intens ilY (JIm )

x

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTIO

Hot wate r is wide ly used around the wo rld either for industrial purposes or

do mestic usage (A l- Madani 2006) The water generall y heated using elec tri cal

heaters The electrica l energy comes mostl y from combustion of fossi l fuel s such as

coal (Hedenberg amp Wa llander (08) Solar water heate rs (SWH) are 1I0W ba neen

accepted as a re liab le source of prov iding bot water in many domestic homes and are

becoming more po pular However SWHs are still cons ide red luxuriolls hardware in

Malays ia A cheaper and efficient SWH system is req uired to be des ign

There are many types o f renewable ener~y The Iilt most often used art

hydropower wind so lar geothe rmal and biomass (wwvveiadocgov) Hydropower

is one o f the oldest sources of energy and IVas used thousands of years ago to turn a

paddle wheel for purposes such as grinding grain The wind energy is mainly ultcd to

ge nera te electric us ing wind mach ines Wind is call ed re nltwlt1b le energy source

because the wind w ill blow as long as the sun shines

1

Pllsal Kiwu CLu Akadclllli UNIVERSITI MALAYSlA SARAWAJ(

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Con lent Page

Acknowledgemen t I

Abs tract IV

TA BLE OF CONTENTS V I

LI ST OF TA BLES IX

LI ST OF FI G URES x

List o f Abbreviati on X I

Cha pler 1 INTlWDUCTION

11 Objecti ves 3

12 Scope 4

13 Contributi on of the Study 4

14 Chapter Oulline 4

Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 6

2 I HislOIY o f Solar Water Heater 6

22 So lar Water Heater 6

Passive Solar Wate r Hea ter 8

VI

23 I Thermosyphon 8

232 Batch System 9

24 Material for So lar Water Heater 10

241 Co ll ector I I

242 Receiver 15

25 Climate of Ma lays ia 19

Chapter 3 MlnllODOLOCY 21

3 I Con siderati on in Design 2 1

Design of Solar Wa ter Heater 22

33 Expected Prob lem 25

3 l Testing Me thod 26

35 Pe rformance Analys is 26

Chapter t RES LTAN)) I)JSCLIS ION 27

41 Constructi on of Des ign

42 Testing Descri ption 28

43 Result and Discussion 29

Chapter 5 CONCLUSION ANI) RECOI1ilENDA TlON 34

VII

5 Conclusion 34

52 Recommendation for Future Advancement 36

References 37

Appendix 39

V III

List of Tables Page

Table 2 I Physical Properties of Pure Meta l 12

Table 22 Materia l and Emitta nce ofRad iation 13

Table 23 Materia l and Absorptance 14

Table 24 Properties of Material for Solar Co ll ector Cover 17

Tab le 41 Changes Made on the Act ual Design 32 14

IX

List of Figure Page

Figure 2 I Therm osy ph on System Diagram 9

Figu re 3 1 Co il ector Cover Des i gn 2 1

Figure 32 Coil Design 22

Figu re 33 Shark Fin Design ~3

Figure 34 SWH with Co il Co ll ector 0_00

Figure 35 SW H with Shark Fin Co ll ecto r 24

Figu re4 1 Graph of ambielll lcmperalUrc 29

Figure 42 Graph of out let lemperalure of water for coil Iype co lleclor dcsigl1 30

Figure 43 Graph of oUllellemperature of water fo r fin t) PC coliector ucsigll 30

b igure 44 Graph of effi ciency of co il type co llector de ign 32

Figure 45 Graph ofe fti cicncy of lin type coliector des ign 32

x

List of Abbreviation

S WH So la r water heater

ICS Imegraled co ll ector slorage

T IM = Transparent insulatio n maleria l

Heal O utpul (J)

Ii Wale r now rale (mls)

Temperatu re a l outlet CC)

T Tempera lu re al o utlet (C)

C Speci fi c heal o f wale r ( kJ(kg K)

Collector e ffic iency

Coll ector a rea (m )

So lar intens ilY (JIm )

x

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTIO

Hot wate r is wide ly used around the wo rld either for industrial purposes or

do mestic usage (A l- Madani 2006) The water generall y heated using elec tri cal

heaters The electrica l energy comes mostl y from combustion of fossi l fuel s such as

coal (Hedenberg amp Wa llander (08) Solar water heate rs (SWH) are 1I0W ba neen

accepted as a re liab le source of prov iding bot water in many domestic homes and are

becoming more po pular However SWHs are still cons ide red luxuriolls hardware in

Malays ia A cheaper and efficient SWH system is req uired to be des ign

There are many types o f renewable ener~y The Iilt most often used art

hydropower wind so lar geothe rmal and biomass (wwvveiadocgov) Hydropower

is one o f the oldest sources of energy and IVas used thousands of years ago to turn a

paddle wheel for purposes such as grinding grain The wind energy is mainly ultcd to

ge nera te electric us ing wind mach ines Wind is call ed re nltwlt1b le energy source

because the wind w ill blow as long as the sun shines

1

23 I Thermosyphon 8

232 Batch System 9

24 Material for So lar Water Heater 10

241 Co ll ector I I

242 Receiver 15

25 Climate of Ma lays ia 19

Chapter 3 MlnllODOLOCY 21

3 I Con siderati on in Design 2 1

Design of Solar Wa ter Heater 22

33 Expected Prob lem 25

3 l Testing Me thod 26

35 Pe rformance Analys is 26

Chapter t RES LTAN)) I)JSCLIS ION 27

41 Constructi on of Des ign

42 Testing Descri ption 28

43 Result and Discussion 29

Chapter 5 CONCLUSION ANI) RECOI1ilENDA TlON 34

VII

5 Conclusion 34

52 Recommendation for Future Advancement 36

References 37

Appendix 39

V III

List of Tables Page

Table 2 I Physical Properties of Pure Meta l 12

Table 22 Materia l and Emitta nce ofRad iation 13

Table 23 Materia l and Absorptance 14

Table 24 Properties of Material for Solar Co ll ector Cover 17

Tab le 41 Changes Made on the Act ual Design 32 14

IX

List of Figure Page

Figure 2 I Therm osy ph on System Diagram 9

Figu re 3 1 Co il ector Cover Des i gn 2 1

Figure 32 Coil Design 22

Figu re 33 Shark Fin Design ~3

Figure 34 SWH with Co il Co ll ector 0_00

Figure 35 SW H with Shark Fin Co ll ecto r 24

Figu re4 1 Graph of ambielll lcmperalUrc 29

Figure 42 Graph of out let lemperalure of water for coil Iype co lleclor dcsigl1 30

Figure 43 Graph of oUllellemperature of water fo r fin t) PC coliector ucsigll 30

b igure 44 Graph of effi ciency of co il type co llector de ign 32

Figure 45 Graph ofe fti cicncy of lin type coliector des ign 32

x

List of Abbreviation

S WH So la r water heater

ICS Imegraled co ll ector slorage

T IM = Transparent insulatio n maleria l

Heal O utpul (J)

Ii Wale r now rale (mls)

Temperatu re a l outlet CC)

T Tempera lu re al o utlet (C)

C Speci fi c heal o f wale r ( kJ(kg K)

Collector e ffic iency

Coll ector a rea (m )

So lar intens ilY (JIm )

x

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTIO

Hot wate r is wide ly used around the wo rld either for industrial purposes or

do mestic usage (A l- Madani 2006) The water generall y heated using elec tri cal

heaters The electrica l energy comes mostl y from combustion of fossi l fuel s such as

coal (Hedenberg amp Wa llander (08) Solar water heate rs (SWH) are 1I0W ba neen

accepted as a re liab le source of prov iding bot water in many domestic homes and are

becoming more po pular However SWHs are still cons ide red luxuriolls hardware in

Malays ia A cheaper and efficient SWH system is req uired to be des ign

There are many types o f renewable ener~y The Iilt most often used art

hydropower wind so lar geothe rmal and biomass (wwvveiadocgov) Hydropower

is one o f the oldest sources of energy and IVas used thousands of years ago to turn a

paddle wheel for purposes such as grinding grain The wind energy is mainly ultcd to

ge nera te electric us ing wind mach ines Wind is call ed re nltwlt1b le energy source

because the wind w ill blow as long as the sun shines

1

5 Conclusion 34

52 Recommendation for Future Advancement 36

References 37

Appendix 39

V III

List of Tables Page

Table 2 I Physical Properties of Pure Meta l 12

Table 22 Materia l and Emitta nce ofRad iation 13

Table 23 Materia l and Absorptance 14

Table 24 Properties of Material for Solar Co ll ector Cover 17

Tab le 41 Changes Made on the Act ual Design 32 14

IX

List of Figure Page

Figure 2 I Therm osy ph on System Diagram 9

Figu re 3 1 Co il ector Cover Des i gn 2 1

Figure 32 Coil Design 22

Figu re 33 Shark Fin Design ~3

Figure 34 SWH with Co il Co ll ector 0_00

Figure 35 SW H with Shark Fin Co ll ecto r 24

Figu re4 1 Graph of ambielll lcmperalUrc 29

Figure 42 Graph of out let lemperalure of water for coil Iype co lleclor dcsigl1 30

Figure 43 Graph of oUllellemperature of water fo r fin t) PC coliector ucsigll 30

b igure 44 Graph of effi ciency of co il type co llector de ign 32

Figure 45 Graph ofe fti cicncy of lin type coliector des ign 32

x

List of Abbreviation

S WH So la r water heater

ICS Imegraled co ll ector slorage

T IM = Transparent insulatio n maleria l

Heal O utpul (J)

Ii Wale r now rale (mls)

Temperatu re a l outlet CC)

T Tempera lu re al o utlet (C)

C Speci fi c heal o f wale r ( kJ(kg K)

Collector e ffic iency

Coll ector a rea (m )

So lar intens ilY (JIm )

x

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTIO

Hot wate r is wide ly used around the wo rld either for industrial purposes or

do mestic usage (A l- Madani 2006) The water generall y heated using elec tri cal

heaters The electrica l energy comes mostl y from combustion of fossi l fuel s such as

coal (Hedenberg amp Wa llander (08) Solar water heate rs (SWH) are 1I0W ba neen

accepted as a re liab le source of prov iding bot water in many domestic homes and are

becoming more po pular However SWHs are still cons ide red luxuriolls hardware in

Malays ia A cheaper and efficient SWH system is req uired to be des ign

There are many types o f renewable ener~y The Iilt most often used art

hydropower wind so lar geothe rmal and biomass (wwvveiadocgov) Hydropower

is one o f the oldest sources of energy and IVas used thousands of years ago to turn a

paddle wheel for purposes such as grinding grain The wind energy is mainly ultcd to

ge nera te electric us ing wind mach ines Wind is call ed re nltwlt1b le energy source

because the wind w ill blow as long as the sun shines

1

List of Tables Page

Table 2 I Physical Properties of Pure Meta l 12

Table 22 Materia l and Emitta nce ofRad iation 13

Table 23 Materia l and Absorptance 14

Table 24 Properties of Material for Solar Co ll ector Cover 17

Tab le 41 Changes Made on the Act ual Design 32 14

IX

List of Figure Page

Figure 2 I Therm osy ph on System Diagram 9

Figu re 3 1 Co il ector Cover Des i gn 2 1

Figure 32 Coil Design 22

Figu re 33 Shark Fin Design ~3

Figure 34 SWH with Co il Co ll ector 0_00

Figure 35 SW H with Shark Fin Co ll ecto r 24

Figu re4 1 Graph of ambielll lcmperalUrc 29

Figure 42 Graph of out let lemperalure of water for coil Iype co lleclor dcsigl1 30

Figure 43 Graph of oUllellemperature of water fo r fin t) PC coliector ucsigll 30

b igure 44 Graph of effi ciency of co il type co llector de ign 32

Figure 45 Graph ofe fti cicncy of lin type coliector des ign 32

x

List of Abbreviation

S WH So la r water heater

ICS Imegraled co ll ector slorage

T IM = Transparent insulatio n maleria l

Heal O utpul (J)

Ii Wale r now rale (mls)

Temperatu re a l outlet CC)

T Tempera lu re al o utlet (C)

C Speci fi c heal o f wale r ( kJ(kg K)

Collector e ffic iency

Coll ector a rea (m )

So lar intens ilY (JIm )

x

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTIO

Hot wate r is wide ly used around the wo rld either for industrial purposes or

do mestic usage (A l- Madani 2006) The water generall y heated using elec tri cal

heaters The electrica l energy comes mostl y from combustion of fossi l fuel s such as

coal (Hedenberg amp Wa llander (08) Solar water heate rs (SWH) are 1I0W ba neen

accepted as a re liab le source of prov iding bot water in many domestic homes and are

becoming more po pular However SWHs are still cons ide red luxuriolls hardware in

Malays ia A cheaper and efficient SWH system is req uired to be des ign

There are many types o f renewable ener~y The Iilt most often used art

hydropower wind so lar geothe rmal and biomass (wwvveiadocgov) Hydropower

is one o f the oldest sources of energy and IVas used thousands of years ago to turn a

paddle wheel for purposes such as grinding grain The wind energy is mainly ultcd to

ge nera te electric us ing wind mach ines Wind is call ed re nltwlt1b le energy source

because the wind w ill blow as long as the sun shines

1

List of Figure Page

Figure 2 I Therm osy ph on System Diagram 9

Figu re 3 1 Co il ector Cover Des i gn 2 1

Figure 32 Coil Design 22

Figu re 33 Shark Fin Design ~3

Figure 34 SWH with Co il Co ll ector 0_00

Figure 35 SW H with Shark Fin Co ll ecto r 24

Figu re4 1 Graph of ambielll lcmperalUrc 29

Figure 42 Graph of out let lemperalure of water for coil Iype co lleclor dcsigl1 30

Figure 43 Graph of oUllellemperature of water fo r fin t) PC coliector ucsigll 30

b igure 44 Graph of effi ciency of co il type co llector de ign 32

Figure 45 Graph ofe fti cicncy of lin type coliector des ign 32

x

List of Abbreviation

S WH So la r water heater

ICS Imegraled co ll ector slorage

T IM = Transparent insulatio n maleria l

Heal O utpul (J)

Ii Wale r now rale (mls)

Temperatu re a l outlet CC)

T Tempera lu re al o utlet (C)

C Speci fi c heal o f wale r ( kJ(kg K)

Collector e ffic iency

Coll ector a rea (m )

So lar intens ilY (JIm )

x

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTIO

Hot wate r is wide ly used around the wo rld either for industrial purposes or

do mestic usage (A l- Madani 2006) The water generall y heated using elec tri cal

heaters The electrica l energy comes mostl y from combustion of fossi l fuel s such as

coal (Hedenberg amp Wa llander (08) Solar water heate rs (SWH) are 1I0W ba neen

accepted as a re liab le source of prov iding bot water in many domestic homes and are

becoming more po pular However SWHs are still cons ide red luxuriolls hardware in

Malays ia A cheaper and efficient SWH system is req uired to be des ign

There are many types o f renewable ener~y The Iilt most often used art

hydropower wind so lar geothe rmal and biomass (wwvveiadocgov) Hydropower

is one o f the oldest sources of energy and IVas used thousands of years ago to turn a

paddle wheel for purposes such as grinding grain The wind energy is mainly ultcd to

ge nera te electric us ing wind mach ines Wind is call ed re nltwlt1b le energy source

because the wind w ill blow as long as the sun shines

1

List of Abbreviation

S WH So la r water heater

ICS Imegraled co ll ector slorage

T IM = Transparent insulatio n maleria l

Heal O utpul (J)

Ii Wale r now rale (mls)

Temperatu re a l outlet CC)

T Tempera lu re al o utlet (C)

C Speci fi c heal o f wale r ( kJ(kg K)

Collector e ffic iency

Coll ector a rea (m )

So lar intens ilY (JIm )

x

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTIO

Hot wate r is wide ly used around the wo rld either for industrial purposes or

do mestic usage (A l- Madani 2006) The water generall y heated using elec tri cal

heaters The electrica l energy comes mostl y from combustion of fossi l fuel s such as

coal (Hedenberg amp Wa llander (08) Solar water heate rs (SWH) are 1I0W ba neen

accepted as a re liab le source of prov iding bot water in many domestic homes and are

becoming more po pular However SWHs are still cons ide red luxuriolls hardware in

Malays ia A cheaper and efficient SWH system is req uired to be des ign

There are many types o f renewable ener~y The Iilt most often used art

hydropower wind so lar geothe rmal and biomass (wwvveiadocgov) Hydropower

is one o f the oldest sources of energy and IVas used thousands of years ago to turn a

paddle wheel for purposes such as grinding grain The wind energy is mainly ultcd to

ge nera te electric us ing wind mach ines Wind is call ed re nltwlt1b le energy source

because the wind w ill blow as long as the sun shines

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTIO

Hot wate r is wide ly used around the wo rld either for industrial purposes or

do mestic usage (A l- Madani 2006) The water generall y heated using elec tri cal

heaters The electrica l energy comes mostl y from combustion of fossi l fuel s such as

coal (Hedenberg amp Wa llander (08) Solar water heate rs (SWH) are 1I0W ba neen

accepted as a re liab le source of prov iding bot water in many domestic homes and are

becoming more po pular However SWHs are still cons ide red luxuriolls hardware in

Malays ia A cheaper and efficient SWH system is req uired to be des ign

There are many types o f renewable ener~y The Iilt most often used art

hydropower wind so lar geothe rmal and biomass (wwvveiadocgov) Hydropower

is one o f the oldest sources of energy and IVas used thousands of years ago to turn a

paddle wheel for purposes such as grinding grain The wind energy is mainly ultcd to

ge nera te electric us ing wind mach ines Wind is call ed re nltwlt1b le energy source

because the wind w ill blow as long as the sun shines

1

Geo thermal energy is hea t from within the earth We can use the steam and

hot water produced inside the earih to heat buildings or generates electri city

Geothermal energy is a renewable energy SOurce because the water is repl enished by

rainfa ll and the heat is continuously produced inside the ea I1h Biomass is organic

material made fro m planl s and an imals Biomass contains stored energy fro m the

sun Biomass is a renewable ene rgy source because we can always grow mo re trees

and crops and waste will always exist Some examples of biomass fuels are wood

crops manure and some garbage

The sun has produced energy for billions of years So lar energy can be

con verted into other forms of energy suc h as hea t and elec tric ity

(wwweiadoegov) Solar energy is one of the renewable energy that can be use to

heal the water Solar wa te r heater (SWH) can be use as an alternative 10 heal Ihe

water By us ing SWH we can reduce the pollution cause by the combus tion of fossil

fuel

A solar water heater consis ts of storage tanks and solar co llec tors [n most

wa ter heating sys tems cold water is passed into the collector where it is hea ted and

the n Ihe healed water is 110wn to the storage tank There are Iwo types of SOJar waler

hla ting sys tems active and pass ive In the ac ti ve system the water is pumped into the

co llector The passive system makes use of nalural convect ion 10 dri ve the water into

the collec tor Passive syslems are nol as e ffi cient as active systems howe cr they are

less expens ive more reliab le and ha ve a longer lifetime

2

There are many adva ntages of using a solar water hea ter over the standard

water heater The biggest adva ntage is that it makes use of energy fro m the sun

whi ch is free and tho ugh it may have a much higher initial cost the operating cost is

signifi cantly lower than that ofa standard wa ter heater Also a so lar water heater has

a much highe r life expec tancy than the standard Apart fro m these the so lar water

heater also has a larger storage capacity compared to the standa rd lt does not po llu te

the environment Using a solar wa ter heater reduces carbon dioxide emi ssion

sign i ficantl y

1 1 Objecth es

This project has three main objecti ves to be achieved at the end

I To design the ove rall cy lindr ica l S WH system

The aim of this project is to des ign a SWH system that can be imple mented in

local resident ial houses The system need to be user friend ly mater ia l avai lab le

loca ll y and re liable

To eva luate the performance of the SWH using copper as a collec to r

Experiments wil l be conducted to eva luate th e performance of the SWH

system The effi cie ncy of the system wi ll be measured as well

1 To des ign different copper tube so lar co ll ector

There will be two design copper tube collector to be test The result will gi ve

the best co llector design to be use in the SWH sys tem

3

12 Scope

The project is using copper as the collector for the cylindrical solar water

heater because copper has high thermal conducti vity The co ll ector is subject to sun

radi ation The expe riment will be conducted to evaluate different designs of the

copper and the perfOlma nce of the copper as the co ll ector of the so lar water heater

13 Contribu tiol) of the Study

This study will hopefu ll y will educate people around about the importance of

using renewable energy A cheaper yet re liable SWH system wil l be used

The project will help reduc ing e lec trica l bill s by using so lar water heater [t

can increase the efficiency usage o f e lect ri ci ty in home Furthermore it will reduce

the po llutio n cause by the combustion o f the fossil fue l as less electri cit y is

consumed It also will deve lop the usage solar e nergy as an alte rnati ve source of

energy for da il y uses

ll Chapter Outline

T his report will be divided into fi ve mai n chapters Introduc ti on Literature

Review Methodo logy Result and Discussio n and Conclusion and Recommendati o n

The summary of conte nt for each chapter is as follows

Chapter I Introd uction on why the project carried o ut is d iscussed This

includes project objectives scope of work contribution of the study and lastly

chapter out line

4

Pusal Khidmal Millumal Akademilo UNlVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAJ

Chapter 2 Literature Rev iew contains the hi story and bac kground of

cyl indrical solar wate r heater system It includes the prev ious resea rch and study on

cy lind rica l SWH system

Chapter 3 Methodo logy will explain the methods that are used to achieve the

objecti ves of this projec t This chapter will cover the conside rati on made in

des igning type of experiment and testing tha t been done during designing

construction o f the design and testing method and types tha t will be do ne to eva luate

the design

Chapter 4 Resul t and Discuss ion consist the description of the co nstructi on o f

til ~ design expe riment descri pti on do ne on the des ign result da ta fro m the tes t and

tes ting on the design and also the plotted graph based on the data

Chapter 5 Conc lusion and Recommendati ons will be based on the objectives

of the project Recomlnendations for future advancements and studies of the project

wil1 be conclude in the fin al chapte r

--shy

5

- --- 1-

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

21 Histo1 Solar W riter Henter

Charles Greeley Abbott an American astrophysicist had invented a solar

bo il er in the year o f 1936 T he so lar wate r heate r ga ined popularity at thi s time in

Florida Ca lifo rnia and the Southwest The indus try started in the ea rl y 1920s and

was in full swingjust before World War II This growth lasted until mid 1950s when

low cost natural gas became the primary fuel for heating Ameri can homes

(Secondary Energy Infobook 2008)

22 So lar Waler t-Ieater

Solar water hea ting systems incl ude storage tanks and so lar co llectol

(wvwenergysaversgov) The re are two types of solar wa ter heating sys tems a_lIve

which have circulating pumps and controls and passive which ucs natural

convection to circulate water between a solar collector and a storage tank

6

12 Scope

The project is using copper as the collector for the cylindrical solar water

heater because copper has high thermal conducti vity The co ll ector is subject to sun

radi ation The expe riment will be conducted to evaluate different designs of the

copper and the perfOlma nce of the copper as the co ll ector of the so lar water heater

13 Contribu tiol) of the Study

This study will hopefu ll y will educate people around about the importance of

using renewable energy A cheaper yet re liable SWH system wil l be used

The project will help reduc ing e lec trica l bill s by using so lar water heater [t

can increase the efficiency usage o f e lect ri ci ty in home Furthermore it will reduce

the po llutio n cause by the combustion o f the fossil fue l as less electri cit y is

consumed It also will deve lop the usage solar e nergy as an alte rnati ve source of

energy for da il y uses

ll Chapter Outline

T his report will be divided into fi ve mai n chapters Introduc ti on Literature

Review Methodo logy Result and Discussio n and Conclusion and Recommendati o n

The summary of conte nt for each chapter is as follows

Chapter I Introd uction on why the project carried o ut is d iscussed This

includes project objectives scope of work contribution of the study and lastly

chapter out line

4

Pusal Khidmal Millumal Akademilo UNlVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAJ

Chapter 2 Literature Rev iew contains the hi story and bac kground of

cyl indrical solar wate r heater system It includes the prev ious resea rch and study on

cy lind rica l SWH system

Chapter 3 Methodo logy will explain the methods that are used to achieve the

objecti ves of this projec t This chapter will cover the conside rati on made in

des igning type of experiment and testing tha t been done during designing

construction o f the design and testing method and types tha t will be do ne to eva luate

the design

Chapter 4 Resul t and Discuss ion consist the description of the co nstructi on o f

til ~ design expe riment descri pti on do ne on the des ign result da ta fro m the tes t and

tes ting on the design and also the plotted graph based on the data

Chapter 5 Conc lusion and Recommendati ons will be based on the objectives

of the project Recomlnendations for future advancements and studies of the project

wil1 be conclude in the fin al chapte r

--shy

5

- --- 1-

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

21 Histo1 Solar W riter Henter

Charles Greeley Abbott an American astrophysicist had invented a solar

bo il er in the year o f 1936 T he so lar wate r heate r ga ined popularity at thi s time in

Florida Ca lifo rnia and the Southwest The indus try started in the ea rl y 1920s and

was in full swingjust before World War II This growth lasted until mid 1950s when

low cost natural gas became the primary fuel for heating Ameri can homes

(Secondary Energy Infobook 2008)

22 So lar Waler t-Ieater

Solar water hea ting systems incl ude storage tanks and so lar co llectol

(wvwenergysaversgov) The re are two types of solar wa ter heating sys tems a_lIve

which have circulating pumps and controls and passive which ucs natural

convection to circulate water between a solar collector and a storage tank

6

Pusal Khidmal Millumal Akademilo UNlVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAJ

Chapter 2 Literature Rev iew contains the hi story and bac kground of

cyl indrical solar wate r heater system It includes the prev ious resea rch and study on

cy lind rica l SWH system

Chapter 3 Methodo logy will explain the methods that are used to achieve the

objecti ves of this projec t This chapter will cover the conside rati on made in

des igning type of experiment and testing tha t been done during designing

construction o f the design and testing method and types tha t will be do ne to eva luate

the design

Chapter 4 Resul t and Discuss ion consist the description of the co nstructi on o f

til ~ design expe riment descri pti on do ne on the des ign result da ta fro m the tes t and

tes ting on the design and also the plotted graph based on the data

Chapter 5 Conc lusion and Recommendati ons will be based on the objectives

of the project Recomlnendations for future advancements and studies of the project

wil1 be conclude in the fin al chapte r

--shy

5

- --- 1-

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

21 Histo1 Solar W riter Henter

Charles Greeley Abbott an American astrophysicist had invented a solar

bo il er in the year o f 1936 T he so lar wate r heate r ga ined popularity at thi s time in

Florida Ca lifo rnia and the Southwest The indus try started in the ea rl y 1920s and

was in full swingjust before World War II This growth lasted until mid 1950s when

low cost natural gas became the primary fuel for heating Ameri can homes

(Secondary Energy Infobook 2008)

22 So lar Waler t-Ieater

Solar water hea ting systems incl ude storage tanks and so lar co llectol

(wvwenergysaversgov) The re are two types of solar wa ter heating sys tems a_lIve

which have circulating pumps and controls and passive which ucs natural

convection to circulate water between a solar collector and a storage tank

6

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

21 Histo1 Solar W riter Henter

Charles Greeley Abbott an American astrophysicist had invented a solar

bo il er in the year o f 1936 T he so lar wate r heate r ga ined popularity at thi s time in

Florida Ca lifo rnia and the Southwest The indus try started in the ea rl y 1920s and

was in full swingjust before World War II This growth lasted until mid 1950s when

low cost natural gas became the primary fuel for heating Ameri can homes

(Secondary Energy Infobook 2008)

22 So lar Waler t-Ieater

Solar water hea ting systems incl ude storage tanks and so lar co llectol

(wvwenergysaversgov) The re are two types of solar wa ter heating sys tems a_lIve

which have circulating pumps and controls and passive which ucs natural

convection to circulate water between a solar collector and a storage tank

6

(Roonprasang Namprakai amp Pratinthong 2008) Most solar water heaters require a

well insulated storage tank Solar storage tanks have an additional outlet and inlet

connected to and from the collector In two tank systems the SWH preheats water

before it enters the conventional water heater In one tank systems the backup heater

is combined with the solar storage in one tank

There are three types of solar collectors used for residential applications flat

plate coUector integral coUector storage system and evacuated tube solar collectors

There are two types of active solar water heating system which is direct circulation

systems where the pumps circulate household water through the collectors and into

the home They work well in climates where it rarely freezes The second type of the

active solar water heating is indirect circulation system where the pumps circulate a

non-freezing heat transfer fluid through the collectors and a heat exchange r This

heats the water that then flows into the home They are popular in climates prone to

freezing temperatures

Passive solar water heating systems are typically less expensive than active

systems but they are usually not as efficient (wwwenergysaversgov) However

passive systems can be more reliable and may last longer There are two basic types

of passive system which is integral collector storage passive syste m where the

systems work best in areas where temperatures rarely fa ll below freezing They also

work well in households with significant daytime and eveni ng hot wate r needs The

second system is the thermosyphon systems In this system water flows thro ugh the

system vvhen warm water rises as cooler water sinks The collecto r must he insta lled

below the storage tank so that warm water will rise into the tank

7

23 1 sin Solar Water lIeater

Pass ive SWH typ ica ll y are very s imple low in cos t built with readi ly

ava il ab le bu ilding ma teria ls reliable durable and cost effec tive Many pass ive

systems ha ve onl y one moving pa ri the sun which in large paI1 accou nts for the ir

reliability Passive so lar wa ter hea ters can be further subdi vided in to two classes

thenllosyphon system (d irec t na tural circulation solar water hea ter) and batc h system

(integrated col lector storage system)

According to AI-Madani (2006) the performance of cylindrical solar water

heater with the maximum temperature difference of278 Ie between in let and outlet

of the so lar water heater at a mass low rate of 9 kgh was achieved The effic iency

of the cy lindri cal solar water heater was calculated The maximum value duri ng the

experimenta l period was found to be 418 This reveals a good capability of the

sys tem to conveI1 so lar energy to heat which can be used for heating water An

econo mic analys is has reveals that the cylindrical SWI-I is 1110re effective compared

to the flat plate co llector

231 Thermosypholl

As the sun shines on the collector the water inside the collector flow-tubes is

hea ted As it heats this water expands sli ghtl y and becomes lighter than the cold

wate r in the so lar storage tank mo unted abo ve the co llecto r Gravity then pu ll s

heav ier co ld wate r down from the tank and into the co ll ec lor inlet The co ld water

pushes the heated wa ter through the co llector outlet and into the top of the tank thus

heating the wate r in the tank

8

c -

Figure 21 Thermosyphon System Diagram

A thermosyphon system requires neither pump nor controller Cold water

frol11 the city water line flows directly to the tank on the roof Solar heated water

fl ows from the rooftop tan k to the auxili ary tank installed at ground leve l whenever

wa ter is used within the residence

This system features a thermally operated va lve that protects the col lector

from freez ing It also includes iso lation va lves which allow the so lar sys tem to be

manua lly drained in case of freezing conditions or to be bypassed complete ly

( wwwflasolarcomtherl11osyphon_systems htm)

232 Balch ystern

Batch system or integrated co ll ecto r storage (lC8) is a compac t ~ystem wline

the tank acts as both storage and so lar co llector A technicall y robust system is not

9

c -

Figure 21 Thermosyphon System Diagram

A thermosyphon system requires neither pump nor controller Cold water

frol11 the city water line flows directly to the tank on the roof Solar heated water

fl ows from the rooftop tan k to the auxili ary tank installed at ground leve l whenever

wa ter is used within the residence

This system features a thermally operated va lve that protects the col lector

from freez ing It also includes iso lation va lves which allow the so lar sys tem to be

manua lly drained in case of freezing conditions or to be bypassed complete ly

( wwwflasolarcomtherl11osyphon_systems htm)

232 Balch ystern

Batch system or integrated co ll ecto r storage (lC8) is a compac t ~ystem wline

the tank acts as both storage and so lar co llector A technicall y robust system is not

9

easy to construct If the sys tem is used in reg ions with a danger of fro st hea t losses

cool both collec tor and storage ultimate ly they can freeze and be da mage A doubleshy

circuit system wi th frost protecti on is not possible to realize as an integral collec tor

storage system A way needs to be found fo r achieving significant reduction of the

co llector heat losses Be tter insulation on the back is not a problem the problem is

that heat losses thTo ugh the front cover Sunlight must pass thro ugh the fro nt with

low absor ption and re fl ection losses The cover must therefore be transpa rent and

yet thi s leads to large heat losses through the cover A vacuum can reduce the heat

losses but not as much as is necessary to des ign an integral collector storage system

New so-called transparent insul ati on materials (TIM) brought a so luti on to

this problem (Chaurasia amp Twiddel 2000) These materials have sli ghtl y lower

transmittance compared to low-iron solar safe ty glass However the heat transition

coefficient is significantly lower so that the heat losses are red uced to level

acceptable for ICS systems

res systems do not need an external heat storage tank which is necessary for

other collector system The to tal system is simpler some components found in other

co llec tor systems are not necessary and thus reduce the cost

24 Material for Sol 1 Wal~ IIcater

The success ofa SWH depends on it s ability to co llect and store so lar ene rgy

The properti es o f materia ls and cha racteri sti cs of the vari ous components are

important and necessary to predict the perfo rmance and durability of the co llector

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