1st Asia Pacific Biochar ConferenceAP BioChar Conference-May09
Design and Development of Municipal Solid Waste phyrolyzer for producing high quality biochar
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Transcript of Design and Development of Municipal Solid Waste phyrolyzer for producing high quality biochar
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Design and Development of a Municipal Solid Waste Pyrolyzer for
Producing High Quality Biochar
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OutlineIntroduction
Objectives
Methodology
Results and Discussion
Conclusions and Recommendations
References
IntroductionOpen dumping is a common method
Urban solid waste management - critical issue Rapid increase in population, urbanization,
industrialization Large volume of solid waste, limited land space Natural assimilation (acceptance) capacity exceeded
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Air Pollution
Water Pollution
Soil Pollution
Health Problems
•Eutrophication•Heavy metals
•Greenhouse effect•Ozone depletion•Acid rains
•Heavy metals
Introduction cont………
•Skin diseases•Respiratory Problems
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Charcoal production from mined MSW and MSW Compost
Sustainable Solution
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Introduction cont............
Introduction cont............Charcoal is the black residue consisting of impure carbon obtained by
removing water and other volatile constituents from the biomass.
(Source : Ryu et al., 2005)
Sources of Charcoal – Wood, Agricultural Waste, Sewage, Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
Charcoal is usually produced by slow pyrolysis
(Source : Kampegowda and Chandayot, Unknown)
As a soil amendment, char can replace commercial fertilizers to avoid polluting ground water
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What Makes Char A Good Fertilizer?
Charcoal is a carbon negative, meaning it takes carbon from the atmosphere and locks it into the dirt for millions of years, reducing global warming. Char reduces emissions of green house gases (Source : Steiner and Zech, 2006).
Porous structure & high surface area Strongly adsorptive - both cation and anion Enhance ion exchange capacity
(Source : Ryu et al., 2005)
Introduction cont………
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ObjectivesDevelopment ObjectiveTo provide adequate scientific information and formulate solutions for the
production of charcoal coated fertilizer and industrialization
Specific ObjectivesTo characterise the decomposed MSWTo develop a pyrolyzer to produce charcoal by optimizing operating
conditionsTo evaluate the quality of charcoal
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MethodologyExperimental Sites
Work Shop, Department of Agricultural Engineering
Meewathura farm, Solid Waste Management Research Unit
Soil and Water Engineering Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Engineering
Post harvest Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Engineering
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Methodology cont.............
Materials and Equipments
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Material Equipment
2'' GI pipe Iron bending machine
1 1/2'' nails Spanners
Angle iron (1 1/2'' and 11/2''x 5mm) Hacksaw
ValvesMetal working lathe
1/ 2'' Valve socket Welding machine
Hinges Pipe Rindge
Water Drill machine
1 1/2'' flat iron Gas cutter
4 mm iron rods
Bench grinder
Welding rods (No: 12)Metal cutter
0.2 m3 Barrels
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Methodology cont………
•Design of the Pyrolyzer
FeedingMechanism
Charcoal Remover
Air Inlet
Iron Plate(Flap)
Drill Flap
FlameDevelopementHole
FlameDevelopmentHole
Cement Flow
Cross Sectional View Front View
Hopper
Temporary Storage for Feedstock
CombutionChamber
Temperaturemeasuring point
Base
Top Views of the Iron Plate and Drill Flap
Feeding Mechanism
TopView
Front View
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Construction of the Pyrolyzer
The Hopper and temporary storage for the feedstock
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Methodology cont………
Flap
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Methodology cont………..
The combustion chamber Capacity – 0.02 m3
Air InletFlame development hole
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Methodology cont………..
Combustion chamber was consisted of two type of flaps, Which are iron plate flap and grill flap.
Grill flap Iron plate flap
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Methodology cont………..
•Construction of charcoal remover
•The charcoal remover was fabricated by removing lid from
the bottom of the barrel and placed on the angle floor.
The Charcoal RemoverBottom of the charcoal removal area
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Methodology cont………..Constructed Pyrolyzer
Air inlet
Charcoal remover
Moveable arm
Flame development hole
Hopper and temporaryStorage for the feedstock
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Methodology cont………..• Preparation of Feeding Material
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Methodology cont………..
Production of Biochar
•Development of flame through the Orifice
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Flame through the orifice
Methodology cont………..
Methodology Cont…...
Determination of Feeding Rate Amount of waste feed Time taken for produce charcoal
Temperature – Model 8396 Thermocouple
Grading of Charcoal by particle size
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Sieve No Mesh Size (mm)
4 4
3 2
2 0.5
1 0.355
Methodology cont………..
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Analytical Parameters
Analytical Parameter Method / Instrument & Condition
Moisture content ASTM Method D3173
Volatile Matter ASTM Method D3172
Ash ASTM Method D3174
Fixed Carbon ASTM Method D3175
Bulk Density ASTM Method
pH pH meterElectrical Conductivity Thermo orient Model 145A
Salinity Thermo orient Model 145A
Methodology cont………..
Germination Bioassay Lettuce (Lactuca sativa ) seeds 50 seeds / Petri dish Incubator – 200C
Treatments
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Treatment Sand % Charcoal %T1 100 0T2 95 5T3 90 10T4 85 15T5 80 20T6 75 25T7 50 50T8 25 75T9 0 100
Results and Discussion
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Particle size distribution of MSW compost and charcoal
Results and Discussion cont.........
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Grading of Charcoal
Size of particle (mm) Grade>4mm 54 - 2mm 42-0.5mm 30.5-0.355mm 20.355-0mm 1
25 4 3 1
Results and Discussion cont.........
MC, Volatile Matter, Ash and FC Variation in charcoal and MSW.
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MSW Charcoal
Results and Discussion cont.........
Properties of MSW Compost and Charcoal
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Parameter MSW Compost Charcoal
MC (w. b) 18.43% 0.18%
Volatile Matter (w. b) 39.93% 10.54%
Ash (w. b) 38.38% 89.04%
Fixed Carbon (w. b) 3% 0.24%
pH 7.63 9.93
Temperature 0C 22.9 19.5
Conductivity (µs) 6.95 7.33
Salinity % 3.73 3.86
Bulk density (kg/m3) 422.02 928.28
Results and Discussion cont.........
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T1 T2 T7T6T5T4T3 T8 T9
•Lettuce grow in neutral pH
•Increase in pH of char reduced germination
•Relationship between charcoal percentage and germination
Results and Discussion cont............
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Performances of the Pyrolyzer
Quantity of MSW
compost (kg)
Duration
(min)
Quantity of char output
% of char
output
Residence time per
unit (min/kg)
% of compost volume
reduction
Feeding rate
(kg/min)
23.25 75 10.5 44.68 7.14 54.84 0.31
(kg)
Conclusions and RecommendationsThere are many important findings of the
investigation on pyrolysing decomposed organic fraction of MSW;
The average output of char made from decomposed MSW was higher than typical (reported) values due to high ash content.
But very less of fixed carbon.
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Conclusions and Recommendations cont.........
Charcoal is influencing soil quality by reducing acidity and adding macro and micro nutrients to the soil due to high ash content in charcoal
Charcoal can be used as a soil amendment and organic fertilizer, but adjustment of pH is required at high application rates
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Conclusions and Recommendations cont.........
Pyrolysis technology can be used to manage MSW.
the space in between the grills of the grill flap should be reduced to lesser the amount of unburnt particles falling to the charcoal collection chamber of the reactor.
The operating temperature inside the combustion chamber fluctuated drastically. Therefore, it is paramount to introduce a temperature regulating mechanism.
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The orifice which was left for flame development should be modified by moving to a vertical position above from the present location.
Incorporating a pressure regulator is another important aspect for pyrolysis process and it should be considered for eventual industrial model.
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References Ryu, C, Sharifi, V.N, Swithenbank, J, 2005, Waste Pyrolysis and Generation of Storable Fuel, Sheffield
University Waste Incineration Centre (SUWIC), Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, The University of Sheffield pp. 24 -40.
Steiner, C, Zech, W, 2006, Slash and Char as Alternative to Slash and Burn - soil charcoal amendments maintain soil fertility and establish a carbon sink, Institute of Soil Science and Soil Geography, University of Bayreuth, D-95440, Bayreuth, Germany. pp 9-15.
Kampegowda, R, Chandayot, P, 1998, Slow Pyrolysis for Rural Small biomass Energy By joint Project Developments of Brazil and Thailand, Asian University, Thailand, pp. 4-6.
Joseph,S.D, Downie,A, Munroe,P, Crosky,A, Lehmann,J, 1997, Biochar for Carbon Sequestration, Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Enhancement of Soil Fertility; A Review of the Materials Science, Proceedings of the Australian Combustion Symposium 97, University of Sydney, Australia. pp. 130 - 132.
Abe, F. 1988. The Thermochemical Study of Forest Biomass. Forest Prod. Chem. 45:91-95.
Ojolo, S. J. and Bamgboye, A. I, 2005, Thermochemical Conversion of Municipal Solid Waste to Produce
Fuel and Reduce Waste, Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, pp. 1-3.
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Thank you
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