DESIGN AND DEVELOPME NT OF MOBILE SILK -ED · exploring the possibilities of Eri and Muga...

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 8, Issue 5, May 2017, pp. 1096–1107, Article ID: IJCIET_08_05_117 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=5 ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316 © IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF MOBILE SILK-ED

Kulkarni Srikant R. Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,

N.K. Orchid College of Engineering & Technology, Solapur, Maharashtra, India

Maske Ravi G. Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,


Mashyal M.C. Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,

S.E.S. Polytechnic, Solapur, Maharashtra, India

Thavare Ramkrishna M. Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,


ABSTRACT Sericulture is an important agro forest based industry and good source of earning

a foreign exchange and providing gainful employment. According to FAO approximately 35-40 countries have been involved in sericulture industry development in the World. More than half of these countries are situated Asia.

Sericulture or silk farming is the cultivation of silkworms to produce silk. The two main important aspects of sericulture is proper feeding to larvae and proper rearing shed. The feeding is based on mulberry leaves and by applying farming knowledge is done. But the farmers has difficulty in second aspect i.e. rearing shed and here we did/tried to find a feasible solution for proper rearing of silkworms and i.e. our project “MOBILE SILK-ED”. In our city like Solapur due to climatic conditions it is not very easy to do sericulture as that of Karnataka. The larvae in rearing shed should be nurtured by proper feeding and maintaining proper atmospheric conditions. As we know our Solapur city is temperature goes up to 45° and sericulture silkworm can sustain at 27° to 35°. As a civil engineer we tried to create a rearing shed which maintains all necessary conditions for silkworm rearing.

In our journey to “MOBILE SILK-ED” first of all we did surveys to know real scenario of sericulture in Solapur district. Then we found out requirements that need to be satisfied for success of sericulture. And then we had taken step to create “MOBILE SILK-ED”. Our “MOBILE SILK-ED” nothing but a rearing shed is a perfect model of steel structure and thermal insulating material; in which we succeed

Design and Development of Mobile Silk-ED


to maintain necessary atmospheric conditions such as temperature, humidity etc. and ultimately good rearing of silkworm.

Key words: Sericulture, life cycle of silkworms, conventional rearing shed, Soothing Climate, temperature, adequacy of space, ventilation, humidity.

Cite this Article: Kulkarni Srikant R., Maske Ravi G., Mashyal M.C. and Thavare Ramkrishna M., Design and Development of Mobile Silk-ED. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(5), 2017, pp. 1096–1107. http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=5

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Preface

Figure 1 Silkworms and Cocoon

Sericulture or silk farming is the cultivation of silkworms to produce silk (See Image 1). The two main important aspects of sericulture is proper feeding to larvae and proper rearing shed. The feeding is based on mulberry leaves and by applying farming knowledge is done. But the farmers has difficulty in second aspect i.e. rearing shed and this study includes finding a feasible solution for proper rearing of silkworms and i.e. our project “MOBILE SILK-ED”.

1.2. Sericulture Sericulture is an ancient industry in India, references to ‘Silk’ may be traced back to age old back to sacred Hindu epics. Historical records indicate the existence of a flourishing export trade in silk good between India and Europe in the second century. Indian sericulture is one of the important agro and forest based industry, earning a foreign exchange of Rs. 2235.38 crores/annum (Year 2000-2002) and providing gainful employment to over 6 million people. Sericulture is rearing of silkworms either on mulberry or non-mulberry plants for production of silk.

However, due to international demand to sericultural products, capital Maharashtra Government is taking keen interest in sericulture which resulted in submission of project to World Bank of Rs. 37 crores recently (See Image 1.3). In Maharashtra, limited sericulture activities are being practiced. A very few sections of the societies are well acquainted with Tussar and Mulberry silk production. The state is yet to initiate organized efforts for

Kulkarni Srikant R., Maske Ravi G., Mashyal M.C. and Thavare Ramkrishna M.


exploring the possibilities of Eri and Muga sericulture which has great potential in Western Maharashtra.

2. LIFE OF SILKWORMS

2.1. Life Cycle of Silkworms

Figure 2 Life Cycle of Silkworm

Eggs Egg is the first stage of silkworm life cycle. The female moth lays an egg about the size of an ink dot. It takes the eggs about 2 weeks to hatch after they are activated as shown in Image 3.

(a) (b)

Figure 3 (a) Hatching of Eggs; (b) Enlarged View

Larvae Newly hatched silkworms are small, hairy and eat tender mulberry leaves. The hair get shade when they go through their first of five growth stages called instars, which is described below in Table 1



Table 1 Stages of Larvae

Instar No. of Days Moult 1st instar 3 to 3.5 days 1stmoult 2nd instar 2.5 to 3 days 2ndmoult 3rd instar 3 to 3.5 days 3rdmoult 4th instar 4 to 4.5 days 4thmoult 5th instar 6 to 7 days spinning

Total 23-26 days Average 24-25 days

Figure 4 Instar of SilkwormImage 5 Instar of Silkworm

Figure 6 Cocoon Formation Figure 7 Pupa

Pupa As the silkworm prepares to pupate, it spins a protective cocoon as shown in Image 2.8. About the size and color of a cotton ball, the cocoon is constructed from one continuous strand of silk, perhaps 1.5 km long. The silk cocoon serves as protection for pupa. (Image 7)

3. REQUIREMENTS OF SERICULTURE

3.1. Requirements of Sericulture Adequate knowledge of sericulture

Mulberry farm

Rearing shed

Soothing climate



3.2. Weather Data of Solapur

Table 2 The average weather data of last 10 years (2006-2016)

Period Rainfall (mm) Temperat-ure E Pan (mm) Wind Speed (Km/hr)

Sun Shine (hours)

Humidity Morni-ng Aftern-oon

From To N A N A N A N A N A N A N A 01/01 07/01 0.6 0.0 29.9 32.9 5.6 5.6 5.5 2.7 9 9.4 70 58 36 24 08/01 14/01 1.0 0.0 30.3 31.7 5.8 5.7 5.7 3.2 8.9 8.7 70 53 36 22 15/01 21/01 2.0 0.0 30.6 30.8 5.9 6.2 5.9 4.6 9.1 8.4 68 53 36 30 22/01 28/01 0.4 0.0 31.6 32.0 6.4 5.8 5.7 2.8 9.4 8.8 66 52 35 27 29/01 04/02 0.5 0.0 32.3 35.6 6.9 6.9 6.0 2.3 9.5 9.7 62 45 34 17 05/02 11/02 1.7 0.0 31.1 35.5 7.2 7.7 6.1 4.3 9.7 9.3 60 52 34 25 12/02 18/02 0.1 0.0 33.8 34.6 7.9 9.0 6.2 4.5 9.6 9.5 55 54 31 23 19/02 25/02 1.1 0.0 34.5 37.6 8.1 9.0 6.8 5.0 9.8 9.7 53 43 30 20 26/02 04/03 1.0 9.0 35.7 36.8 9.1 8.9 6.7 6.4 9.7 7.3 51 57 27 27 05/03 11/03 0.8 0.0 36.4 37.2 9.7 9.1 6.7 4.0 9.9 8.0 49 50 28 20 12/03 19/03 0.6 0.0 37.3 38.8 10.2 11.2 6.7 4.8 9.8 9.2 48 43 29 17 19/03 25/03 0.7 0.0 30.3 40.5 10.9 11.9 6.8 4.3 9.7 9.3 46 31 26 14 26/03 01/04 2.5 0.3 38.6 41.3 11.2 10.9 7.4 4.6 9.9 8.5 47 35 25 16 02/04 08/04 4.7 2.1 39.1 40.5 11.1 10.0 7.7 5.5 9.4 7.7 50 46 24 22 09/04 15/04 4.1 5.7 39.6 41.7 11.7 11.6 8.0 5.3 9.6 10 50 40 23 19 16/04 22/04 2.9 7.5 40.3 42.9 12.4 12.6 8.7 6.3 9.8 9.0 50 37 22 16 23/04 29/04 2.9 0.0 40.6 42.6 12.3 13.3 9.2 7.6 9.7 11 53 42 24 15 30/04 06/05 4.0 0.0 40.9 42.3 13.0 12.2 9.6 5.7 9.7 10 55 43 25 15 07/05 13/05 3.8 5.6 40.6 46.1 12.8 11.3 10.5 7.0 9.4 9.1 57 51 25 22 14/05 20/05 9.5 21 40.0 42.4 12.2 11.2 12.0 8.4 9.4 6.1 63 60 27 23 21/05 27/05 9.9 1.0 39.9 40.9 12.1 13.4 11.9 14 8.7 9.9 67 91 31 25 28/05 03/06 15.4 5.8 39.0 40.2 11.6 12.8 12.3 11.5 8.5 9.9 72 65 33 28 04/06 10/06 26.6 44.9 36.9 34.8 9.9 5.5 13.0 8.0 7.2 3.9 78 86 41 53 11/06 17/06 29.9 5.0 35.1 36.3 8.9 8.0 12.6 12.3 5.4 5.6 82 77 50 40 18/06 24/06 17.1 39.8 33.9 32.4 7.8 6.8 13.4 8.7 3.9 4.4 82 86 50 59 25/06 01/07 30.7 44.4 33.2 32.5 7.3 5.5 13.8 11.4 1.3 2.0 84 82 51 61 02/07 08/07 25.9 1.8 33.2 32.3 7.2 5.4 13.2 12.8 1.2 0.9 84 85 54 63 09/07 15/07 22.8 10.6 32.8 30.8 6.9 4.8 13.1 11.7 1.2 1.8 85 86 57 59 16/07 22/07 21.0 139 32.4 32.4 6.9 5.1 12.2 8.3 1.7 2.7 86 86 57 63 23/07 29/07 33.3 48.5 32.2 30.7 6.4 3.7 11.8 5.0 3.7 2.7 87 90 56 65 30/07 05/08 32.4 79.6 31.8 30.1 6.1 4.0 11.2 8.5 4.0 1.4 87 91 60 70 06/08 12/08 33.6 0.7 31.3 32.1 5.9 5.4 11.1 12.0 3.7 5.5 88 86 62 58 13/08 19/08 25.1 0.6 31.5 32.8 5.8 5.6 10.3 8.5 4.2 6.4 88 83 59 51 20/08 26/08 34.3 23.0 31.4 33.8 5.5 5.4 9.1 6.7 4.2 7.6 88 86 60 48 27/08 02/09 26.6 3.3 31.6 32.6 5.9 4.5 9.9 3.8 4.7 3.0 88 86 57 58 03/09 09/09 22.7 5.0 31.8 32.6 5.9 5.6 8.4 4.5 5.4 7.1 87 82 55 44 10/09 16/09 38.7 78.9 32.4 29.9 5.9 3.9 6.9 3.8 6.2 1.3 87 89 54 73 17/09 23/09 44.9 69.0 32.5 29.1 5.7 3.1 6.0 4.4 6.1 2.8 87 93 54 71 24/09 30/09 59.8 124 32.4 29.9 5.5 2.9 5.3 2.8 6.2 3.7 86 94 56 69 01/10 07/10 36.0 60.4 32.4 27.8 5.5 2.9 5.3 3.4 6.9 3.5 87 90 52 76 08/10 14/10 25.0 7.0 33.0 32.7 5.9 4.0 5.4 1.8 8.0 7.4 85 88 46 48 15/10 21/10 16.7 0.0 32.6 32.7 6.3 4.5 5.8 0.8 7.9 9.3 80 80 46 31 22/10 28/10 15.7 0.0 32.3 32.6 6.2 4.7 5.7 1.4 7.7 8.8 78 78 45 30 29/10 04/11 7.3 0.0 32.0 32.7 5.9 5.1 6.0 2.0 8.2 8.3 76 68 42 37 05/11 11/11 8.5 0.0 31.6 31.9 6.2 4.6 6.1 1.4 8.3 9.1 74 69 39 24 12/11 18/11 4.5 0.0 31.2 32.2 6.0 3.7 6.3 2.1 8.6 7.1 75 73 41 36 19/11 25/11 3.1 0.0 30.8 31.9 5.7 5.0 5.6 1.1 8.3 9.1 74 68 38 20



26/11 02/12 2.8 0.0 30.6 33.4 5.6 4.5 5.0 1.0 8.9 8.5 73 73 34 20 03/12 09/12 2.1 0.0 30.4 31.3 5.7 5.0 5.1 1.9 9.1 5.4 71 77 35 33 10/12 16/12 1.4 1.2 30.2 30.9 5.5 4.3 5.5 2.2 8.6 7.4 71 77 38 37 17/12 23/12 0.1 0.0 30.1 31.7 5.6 3.7 5.4 0.9 9.0 9.3 72 78 34 25 24/12 30/12 2.5 0.0 29.8 32.0 5.6 3.7 5.6 1.5 8.0 9.9 69 73 43 24

3.3. Mulberry Farm Mulberry is cultivated in 227586 hectors in India. Mulberry is mainly planted through grafts which are carried out during March to April. Mulberry is generally resistant to pests and diseases and also adverse conditions.

The soil should possess following requirements to nurture good quality mulberry plant, Soil pH – 6.2 to 6.8

No salts

Nutrients:-Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Potassium are required.

Minerals: boron, chlorine, cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, magnesium, molybdenum, sulphur and zinc are required.

3.4. Rearing Shed For sericulture there are mainly two aspects; one is proper feeding of larvae and second is rearing shed. First aspect can be fulfilled by applying knowledge of farming but the problem is in second aspect where farmers need a proper shed for best growth of silkworms.

3.4.1. Conventional Rearing Shed Conventional rearing sheds (see Image 8) were constructed with East/West direction, preferably thatched roofing, mud walls or any roofing must not reflect heat on the biological body growth of silkworm. Keeping good number of windows, proper ventilation, light, using country tiles for roofing will serve the purpose of maintaining required atmospheric conditions. The main disadvantage of such sheds is that they cannot be shifted from one place to another. They are stable and require time to time alterations and modifications due to use of local materials. As time passes, the farmer needs to spend extra money on the shade to keep it in proper form.

Spending money on such parameters may add the additional task and which may lead to the reduction in one rearing. To overcome on such problems, we have prepared a shed which may eliminate all the above additional tasks.

Figure 8 Conventional Rearing shed



3.5. Soothing Climate

3.5.1. Temperature/Humidity/Spacing Under ideal conditions silkworm completes cocoon formation in 24-28 days from the day of hatching. However, there is variation in number of days due to fluctuation in temperature and humidity. As the temperature increases the development of larvae activates.

Table 3 Requirement of Temperature/Humidity/Spacing

Stage Temperature (˚ C)

Humidity (%) Spacing (for 100dfl’s) insq.ft.

1st Instar 26-28 85-90 4-14 2nd instar 26-28 85-90 15-95 3rd instar 25-26 80-85 46-90 4th instar 24-25 70-75 91-100 5th instar 23-24 70 181-360

4. MOBILE SILK-ED

4.1. Environmental Factors i. Temperature ii. Adequacy of Space iii. Ventilation iv. Humidity

Temperature The data obtained from table 4 it is realized that the maximum temperature in Solapur city is up to 43˚. And the temperature required for the growth of larvae is in between 24˚ to 35˚. So there is difference of 8˚ between highest temperature of Solapur and maximum temperature required for larvae growth. To overcome this problem a insulation material called “ROCKWOOL” is used. To identify the variations in temperature inside and outside the shed, a thermometer is installed and daily temperature readings were taken and the difference got is as in Table 4

Ventilation A silkworm rearing house should be well ventilated. Poor ventilation leads to humidity built up and accumulation of gases like carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, ammonia etc., which adversely affect the growth of silkworms and make them susceptible to disease. In mobile Silk-ed the concept of cross ventilation and stack effect is applied which is presented in Image 10 (a), (b) & (c).



Table 4 Daily Temperature Readings

Figure 10 (a) Window for Cross Ventilation Figure 10 (b) Stack Effect

Figure 10 (c) Wind Effect on Octagon Shape

Days Inside Temperature (˚C) Outside Temperature (˚C) 01 March - 11 March 24˚ 24˚ 12 March 24˚ 25˚ 13 March 24˚ 25˚ 14 March 25˚ 25˚ 15 March 24˚ 25˚ 16 March 25˚ 23˚ 17 March 27˚ 36˚ 18 March 29˚ 37˚ 19 March-20 March 29˚ 38˚ 21 March-22 March 28˚ 39˚ 23 March 29˚ 39˚ 24 March 30˚ 40˚ 25 March 30˚ 41˚ 26 March- 27 March 30˚ 38˚ 28 March- 29 March 29˚ 38˚ 30 March- 31 March 30˚ 42˚



Humidity Humidity plays vital role in silkworm rearing and its role is both direct and indirect. The combined effect of both humidity and temperature largely determines the satisfactory growth of silkworms and production of good quality cocoons. The required humidity inside the shed is around 80-90%. To maintain this thing mobile Silk-ed has provided with cow dung flooring, insulation material Rockwool.

4.2. Structural and Material Factors Structural Stability, Strength And Serviceability

Insulation Material; Rockwool (Described in detail in 5th chapter)

Structural Design Mobile Silk-ed is movable; so here two points comes into picture that is, its self-weight and its shape. The Mobile Silk-ed is that much light weight that it can be moved from one place to other but its self-weight is also enough to sustain in high wind pressure. For achieving these crucial requirements the Mobile Silk-ed structure is designed using Staad pro software by considering wind data received from weather department of Solapur (See Image 11 &12).

Figure 11 Design of Mobile Silk-ed Figure 12 2D model of Mobile Silk-ed

4.2.1. STAAD-Pro Design Details Shown in Image 12



4.2.2. Fabrication of Structure After studying Staad-Pro results we synthesized feasible tube sections, those are 25x25x2.5 mm and 20x20x2.5 mm for fabrication as shown in Image 13

Figure 13 Fabrication of Mobile Silk-ed Figure 14 Application of Rockwool

4.2.3. Covering Structure with Protective Materials Fabricated structure is covered with insulation material Rockwool and waterproof polythene sheet.

Figure 15 Mobile Silk-ed

4.2.4. Thermal Transitivity of Rockwool The thermal transitivity of Rockwool is found out numerically as follows.

K values for Rockwool and polythene sheet are 65 and 0.000967 kcal cm/m2 n deg c respectively.



Let,

P P Lp= Thickness of polythene sheet = 0.01cm

LR= Thickness of Rockwool Material = 5 cm

R

R1=R3= Lp/Kp = 0.01/0.000967 = 10.34

R2= LR/KR = 5/65 = 0.08

RT = 1/f0 + 1/fi + R1 + R2 + R3 = (0.125 + 0.0515) + 10.49 = 10.69

0.01 cm 5 cm 0.01 cm Hence,

U = 1/ RT = 1/10.69 = 0.094 kcal/m2 h deg

Figure 4 C/S of Rockwool with covering material

From Figure 4 Where,R = Thermal Resistivity, K = Coefficient of Thermal Conductivity, U = Thermal

Transmittance

5. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

Table 5 Comparative Study of Mobile Silk-ed and Conventional Shed

Parameters Mobile Silk-Ed Convetional Shed

Size of Shed

Octagon Shape Diameter: 2.4m Height: 2.5m

Rectangle Shape Length: 15.4m Width: 6.1 m Height: 2.5 m

Materials used for shed construction Steel tubes, Rockwool, polyethylene sheets

Masonry construction

Flooring Cow dung floor Cement floor No. Of Rearings 11 to 12 times Average 10 times Cost Per Sq.ft. 95 Rs Average 120 Rs Life Expected 10 years Average 10 years

Maintenance Rockwool would be replaced at every 5 years

Regular maintenance is required

Profit Per Rearing Per tray 16.80 Rs 11.54 Rs. Cocoon Yield (asper effective ratio consideration)

2046 Kg 1400 Kg

6. CONCLUSION Conventional sheds are lagging in some facilities which are necessary for satisfactory growth of silkworms and ultimately development of sericultural business. Mobile Silk-ed has overcome all these inadequacies and succeeds to achieve all necessary requisites. The mobile Silk-ed has following benefits,



Mobile: The name itself indicates that the shed is movable i.e. mobile. It is advantage of mobile silk-ed over conventional sheds.

Environmental: It is an eco-friendly activity.

Cost Effectiveness: It is cost effective compared to conventional sheds.

Society: High employment potential, Women friendly occupation, Ideal programme for weaker sections of society.

Innovation: The strong, stable, adequately insulated and ventilated and all weather sustaining shed is created by using steel tubes and thermal insulating material Rockwool.

7. FUTURE SCOPE The journey of mobile Silk-ed doesn’t stop at this station it can also reach to following junctions,

Financially handicapped farmers will be benefitted by using this shed on large scale along with government subsidy.

The sunrays are do not allowed to enter within shed but if this thing is facilitated then horticulture can be done.

By using this brilliant combination of steel structure and advanced thermal insulating material we can control the temperature within enclosed space which is best suited for sensitive electronic components.

In short due the salient features of our shed it has wide applications in various areas such as agriculture, electronics, residential etc.

REFERENCES

[1] Dr. K. Thiripura Sundari, P.Rama Lakshmi, An Analysis of Silk Production in India, International Journal of Buisness and Management, Volume 3 pp. 151-161

[2] Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute (CSRTI), Mysuru, Central Silk Board, Ministry of Textiles, Government of India

[3] Reshim Sanchanalay, Government of Maharashtra.

[4] Thermal Insulation Material, Technical Characteristics and Selection Criteria

[5] Shoot Feeding and Sericultural Trends by T.V.Sathe and S.H. Thite

[6] Management of Climatic Factors for Successful Silkworm

[7] Y. Sujatha Reddy, Dr. K. Prahlada Rao, Implementation of 6S Practices in the Silk Multi-End Reeling Industries in Andhra Pradesh. International Journal of Industrial Engineering Research and Development (IJIERD),5(2), 2014, pp. 36–48

[8] M. Asokan and Dr. P. Arul. Load Testing for J-query Based Mobile Websites Using Borland Silk Performer™. International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology, 6 (9), 2015, pp. 12-20.

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