DESIGING QUALITATIVERESEARCH

Group 19310002A Joshua 9310004A Emily9310012A Daniel 9310020A Zoe9310038A Lydia

Instructor: Professor Mavis

IDEA AND THEORY

1. Idea starts every research

2. Where does “idea” come from? Answer a: from particular problems or situation we

experience (Experience) b: from information we may not experience

ourselves (Inexperience )

Keep arising the problem

Explore and find answer

Start doing research

Theory

A system of logical statement explaining the relationship between two objective, concept, phenomena, or characteristic of human (Babbaie, 1992; Denzin, 1978; Polit & Hungler, 1993).

TheoryTo: 1. Develop explanations about reality or the way of classify and organize event

2. Describe events

3. Predict the event in the future

Argue Theory-before-research model begin with idea and disprove them

through tests of empirical research Research-before-theory model research should be occur before

developing theory

Linear progression

Theory-before-research modelIdea→Theory→Design→Data Collection→Analysis→Finding

Research-before-theory modelIdea→Design→Data Collection→Theory→Analysis→Finding

Spiraling progression

Idea→ LR→ Design→ Data Collection→ Analysis→ Dissemination and and Organization Finding

Literature Review

Four steps

1. to formulate a rough question for research

2. to visit the library to start on literature review

3. to ask the librarian

4. to Make a list

An important thing

★ to develop many different subject areas to

research

→ to get more useful information

Index

Two versions

1. Paperbound version

2. Computer-based version

★ don’t restrictive in your topics when

searching for reference materials in indexes

☆ to find the relevant reference indexes for

your research ideas

Literature searching

★ don’t forget to keep records on any notes

Two-card Method

1. Author card

2. Topic card

Author card

[Author’ Name] Berg, Bruce L.,

[Date] [Title of document and publication information] 1992 Law Enforcement: An Introduction to Police in Society. Boston, Mass. : Allyn and Bacon

[Library Call #]

FIGURE 2-1 Author Card

Topic card [Topic Label] Police Detective

[Author’s Name]

Berg, Bruce (1992: p83)

[Verbatim Quote]

Detective, as a noun, makes its first appearance in lay parlance

in the 1840s in order to identify the police organizational

position of an investigator (Klockars, 1985, Kuykendal, 1986,

175). The central function of early detective work in police

organizations was

FIGURE 2-2 Topic card

Topic Card

In the Topic Card, it includes :

• The author’s name•The date of the publication •A brief topical label •A short verbatim excerpt

The advantages of topic card1. Topic card reduces the physical amount of

material.

2. You can very quickly sort the topic cards into their categories.

3. Topic cards allow you to assess whether multiple authors actually have made similar statements about issues or situations.

4. Topic card is very portable.

Q: How much should annotate on the topic cards?

A : only about two or four paragraphs.

• The purpose of these cards is to reduce the

amount of material ultimately necessary for the

writer-investigator.

Framing Research Problems• It is important to frame or formulate a clear

research problem statement.

• Q: How to frame the research problem? A: 1. Thinking about what issues were important and how those issues might be measured. 2. Researcher should consider various concept and definitions.

Operationalization & conceptualization

• Different people have different definitions.

Example: That kid’s a delinquent.• Define everything directly in the

beginning of the research.

• Quantitative research : Create some index, scale or similar

measurement indicator to calculate how much of or what degree the concept exists.

• Qualitative investigators : Realize what a concept means in a

given research and how that concept is to be identified and examined.

Not every concept is easy to define or to measure

Nursing research is not easy tooperationalize.

Examples:1. physiological 2. social 3. psychological

• Do not forget to reread your literature review.

• You can seek ways others have previously examined.

• As a researcher, you have to make clear what your concepts mean. Otherwise, your research is easy to failure.

DESIGNING PROJECTS

Can you afford it?

DATA COLLECTION & ORGANIZATION

Imagine what the situation will be

TRYING IT OUT

• Suggestion 1Write a single synthesized definition.

• Suggestion 2Find 10 resources of reference material.

• Suggestion 3Find 6 concepts and operationally define each.