QBM117 Business Statistics Descriptive Statistics Numerical Descriptive Measures.
Descriptive Statistics - Chemistry › uploads › 5 › 4 › 7 › ... · 3 Levels of Descriptive...
Transcript of Descriptive Statistics - Chemistry › uploads › 5 › 4 › 7 › ... · 3 Levels of Descriptive...
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Descriptive StatisticsEducating students on when to
use descriptive statistics
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Descriptive Statistics
Link: http://www.wolframalpha.com/
examples/Statistics.html
The Goal: “Describe or summarize your research data. This allows you to make sense of your set of data and make the key characteristics easily understandable to others.”
(Research Methods, 374)
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Note: Statistics are numerical processes that add depth to quantitative data sets.
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Note: Qualitative sets provide value through rich description, but can be coded numerically to then use statistical methods.
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We will use Star Wars to learn about Descriptive Statistics.
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3 Levels of Descriptive Statistics
1. Padawan: Central Tendency
2. Jedi Knight: Variability and Frequency Distribution
3. Jedi Master: Relations among Variables Don’t give into the hate of statistics.
Don’t give in to the Dark Side.
Use the force. Make your data depthful, you will.
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Padawan Level: Central TendencyMean, Median, and Mode
Measure of Variability: “The single numerical value that is considered the most typical of the values of a quantitative variable.”
(Research Methods, 383)
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Mean● In a set of data, the average
of all numbers is the “mean” of the data set.
● This can be used to discuss very general results.
● Moving forward with Mean:○ Variance○ Standard Deviation
How could this be used in your research?
What type of analysis could this create?
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Median● In a set of data, the middle of
all numbers is the “median” of the data set.
● This can be used to discuss very general results.
● Moving forward with Median:○ Range
How could this be used in your research?
What type of analysis could this create?
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Mode● In a set of data, the most
frequent number is the “mode” of the data set.
● This can be used to compare other numbers to the mode.
● Moving forward with Mode: ○ Frequency Distribution
How could this be used in your research?
What type of analysis could this create?
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Moving to Level 2...
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Jedi Knight Level: Frequency and VariabilityFrequency Distribution, Range, Variance, and
Standard Deviation
Frequency Distribution: Systematic arrangement of data values in which the unique data values are rank ordered and the frequencies are provided for each of these values.” (Research Methods, 377)
Measure of Variability: “A numerical index that provides information about how spread out or how much variation is present in a variable.” (Research Methods, 385)
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Frequency Distribution● Arrangement of data to
expose the repetitive nature of a variable within the data set
● This pattern can be converted into percentages to expose basic groupings.
How could this be used in your research?
What type of analysis could this create?
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Range● Distance between highest
and lowest number in a data set.
● Range= H-L● Super basic and should only
be used to introduce other measures of variability
How could this be used in your research?
What type of analysis could this create?
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Variance● Average deviation of the
data values from their mean in squared units.
● Formula:
Variance= Σ(X-A)2
n● Variance is used to build
standard deviation
How could this be used in your research?
What type of analysis could this create?
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Standard Deviation● Square root of the variance
SD: √Variance● Approximation of how far
each number in a data set is from the mean.
● Larger the value: Data spread is wide
● Smaller the value: Data spread is small
How could this be used in your research?
What type of analysis could this create?
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Normal Curve:● Normal distribution is bell
shaped● If data is “normally”
distributed, this shape would appear…
● When this shape is not present, your data is “skewed” (limitation)
● Further Study: Z Scores
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Moving to Level 3...
Nice work, everyone!
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Jedi Master Level: Relationship among VariablesDifference between Means, Correlation Coefficient,
Regression Analysis, Contingency Tables
Relationship among Variables: Measurement of how different variables -dependent and independent- are related.
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Difference between Means● Method to standardize data
to measure difference in variable data sets
● Cohen’s d formula● Useful for:
○ Pre-test/Post-Test○ Use of Control Group
How could this be used in your research?
What type of analysis could this create?
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Correlation Coefficient● Measurement regarding the strength and linear direction of
two variables● Negative Correlation
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Correlation Coefficient● Correlation: Association or Connection of Variables● Positive Correlation: Variables move in same direction● Negative Correlation: Variables move in opposite directions
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Regression Analysis● Set of procedures used to
explain or predict the values of a dependent variable based on values of one or more independent variable
● Creates a Regression Line that exposes analysis pattern in a data set
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Contingency Tables● Table built to analyze
relationship amongst categories of data sets○ Gender to Variable○ Age to Variable○ Education Level to
Variable○ Other demographic
How could this be used in your research?
What type of analysis could this create?
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