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DepressionGoals:
What it ishow its diagnosed
prevention/interventions
Depression
Goals:-What depression is
-How it can be diagnosed-Preventions/interventions
By: Danielle Bange
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IntroductionDepression - a prototypical multifactor disorder that profoundly affects individuals’ emotions, thought and sense of self, behaviors, interpersonal relations, physical functioning, biological processes, work productivity, and overall life satisfaction Most commonly occurring of all major psychiatric
disorders Depression has been recognized to begin in
adolescence Ranked the fourth leading cause of disability and
premature death worldwide
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Diagnostic Criteria/classification issues
Depression can be diagnosed through the same symptoms in childhood, adolescence and adulthood Such as a patients changes in sleep, appetite, and
feelings of worthlessness Tools to access: questionnaires that are valid and brief
The syndrome and predominant symptoms of depression may differ as a function of age and development; given the cognitive, social, emotional, biological changes that transpire over time through childhood and adolescence
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Diagnostic criteria Symptoms that make up depression and
influence its phenomenological manifestation may differ developmentally for many reasons… younger children may not have developed the
requisite cognitive, social, emotional, or biological capacities to experience certain typical depressive symptoms
Young preschoolers tend not to report depressed mood or hopelessness/younger children are more likely to describe somatic symptoms of depression
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Diagnostic Criteria Continued…
Issues of classification Whether the latent structure of depression is
best considered as a category or dimension When viewed as a dimension, it differs
quantitatively by degree When viewed as categorical, depression is said
to differ in kind in a qualitatively distinct way Research shows that the structure of
depression is dimensional from childhood to adulthood
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Stressful negative events in life
Negative life events play a substantial role in the development of depression from childhood through adulthood
Most all individuals who have a depressive disorder have encountered at least one significant negative life event in the month prior to the onset of depression Only 20-50% of individuals who experience
severe, major negative life events develop clinically significant levels of depression
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Genetic Vulnerability One of the strongest predictors of
depression in youth is having a parent with a history of depression It increases the persons risk of depression by
2 or 3 times more (20-30% versus 10% of an average person)
Etiological risk factors of the disorder are moderately heritable
Liability to experience negative events is partially heritable
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Personality/temperament vulnerability
Depression has been linked with personality traits subsumed under negative emotionality/and are considered moderately heritable
Neuroticism, or negative emotionality reflects the extent to which an individual perceives and experiences the world as threatening or distressing
Strongest predictors of a major depressive episode among adults were negative life events, genetic factors, and neuroticism
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Cognitive vulnerability Cognitive theories of depression are concerned
with the relationship between human mental activity and the experience of depression
Four cognitive factors received the most attention: Negative inferential styles about causes,
consequences, and the self Dysfunctional attitudes The tendency to ruminate in response to depressed
mood Self-criticism
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Cognitive Vulnerability Continued…..
Depression emerges only during the transition from late childhood to early adolescence when children acquire the ability to engage in abstract reasoning and formal operational thought
Developmental hypothesis- children lack the cognitive capacities to think abstractly about their self and future
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Interpersonal Vulnerability Adolescent depression is linked to lower levels of family
support and lower levels of social support from friends Adolescents’ perception of low parental support predicted
future depression According the Bowlby’s attachment theory, insecure
attachment patterns have been posited to serves as vulnerability to a diversity of psychological problems including depression
Results from a study that was done showed that children who exhibited high levels of negative attachment patterns reported greater elevations in depressive symptoms following elevations in their parents’ level of depressive symptoms.
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Interventions for depression Depression in adolescents can be
improved through: individual psychotherapies
1.) Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) 2.) Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)
Antidepressants Severe clinical depression in adolescence
can be treated most efficiently by the combination of antidepressants and CBT These are said to reduce suicidality
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Facts Psychological preventions were effective when aimed at
targeted or at-risk youth Universal prevention programs were not effective
Adolescents with epilepsy are more likely to experience depression
Diagnosed clinical levels of depression show that the rates of depression are generally low in children and increase to near-adult prevalence levels in adolescence
Twice as many women are depressed as men (adulthood)
Depression affects 17 million people every year
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Conclusion Depression is a prevalent mental illness with
significant burden and costs that may affect the patient and those related to them socially, educationally, interpersonally, economically, and may also impair future developmental outcomes
Many factors increase the risk of adolescents experiencing depression
There are many treatments that can be used to help those who are clinically depressed and prevention efforts can be applied to those identified as “at-risk”
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Conclusion Continued A patient with mild to moderate
depression, psychotherapy may be all that is needed
Patients with major depression, a combination of medication and psychotherapy may be the most effective
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References Hankin, B. L. (2006). Epilepsy & Behavior.
Adolescent depression: Description, causes, and interventions, 8(1), 102-114. Retrieved from http://http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezaccess.libraries.psu.edu/science/article/pii/S1525505005004002
Understanding Depression. (2013). Retrieved December 1, 2013, from http://kidshealth.org/parent/emotions/feelings/understanding_depression.html
What is depression? What causes depression? - Medical News Today. (2009, April 7). Retrieved December 1, 2013, from http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/8933.php
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Five Multiple Choice questions and answers
1. Which of the following affects an individual with depression? A.) emotions B.) Thoughts and sense of self C.) physical functioning D.) work productivity E.) All of the above
2. Depression affects how many people each year? A.) 14 million B.) 19 billion C.) 17 million D.) 13 billion
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Multiple Choice Questions continued….
3.) Which intervention is said to decrease suicidiality? A.) Antidepressants B.) Cognitive-behavioral therapy C.) Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and
antidepressants D.) Interpersonal psychotherapy
4.) Depression has ranked what number in the leading cause of disability and premature death? A.) First B.) Tenth C.) Ninth D.) Fourth
5.) Which sex is more depressed? A.) Female B. Male
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Short answers questions 1.) Genetics increase a persons risk of
depression by what percentage? 20-30% 2.) How can depression be diagnosed? through a
person sleep changes, appetite changes, and feelings of worthlessness
3.) What percentage of individuals experience severe and major life events? 20-50%
4.)What is one of the strongest predictors of depression? Having a parent with history of it
5.) According to past research, what is the structure of depression from childhood-adulthood? Dimensional