Psycho-Surgery

Electro Convulsive Therapy

Drug Therapy

Cognitive Perspective:

Functional Mental Disorders: abnormal patterns without clear links to physical disorders in the brain.

Lobotomy

•Mostly used from 1935-1955

• When certain pieces of nerve fibers are destroyed,

•It was also used on schizophrenia

• Now a days it’s used but in extreme cases such as severe depression or Obsessive Compulsive Disorder.

• Extreme change in personality, and motivation.A

•1-4% chance of death

Biological Perspective

• There are two types: Unilateral ECT or Bilateral ECT

• Electric shocks of about 100 volts which induce a seizure and muscle relaxation.

• Its done at least 6 times in a period of 3-4 weeks

• Now a days only used for severe depression, and only if the drugs weren’t effective.

•It’s effective for it normally works 60- 80% relieving cases of depression.

• Shocks destroy neurons that are responsible for emotions.

What it does?

• They affect the balance of neurotransmitters involved in emotions

• It works as a punishment

• It produces memory loss and restructuring of thoughts

Side Effects;

•Memory loss

•3/1000 people die

Biological Perspective

Anti-Depressants

• It increases the serotonin levels .

Example: Prozac

• It relieves about 75%.

• Dryness of mouth

• Drowsiness

• Weight gain or loss

• Dangerous blood conditions

• Psychological and physical addiction.

Side Effects:

• Controls symptoms but not the cause.

Biological Perspective

• With new techniques we are now available to research into biological causes quicker, which allows us to have more information in a shorter amount of time.

• New medications have been discovered, helping many people overcome there problems.

• It reminds us that psychological processes have a biological base.

Biological Perspective

• It reduces everything to the biological perspective. It is the basis of our behavior but there is a lot more that comes with it.

• Many experiments aren’t conclusive. They are done in animals.

• The treatments used such as drugs have many side-effects.

• The treatments can be addictive and some of them are unethical (ECT).

• Rational Emotive Therapy (Ellis)

• Beck’s Cognitive Reconstructing Therapy

Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis

• Strengths & Weaknesses

When people display abnormal patterns of functioning, the assume cognitive problems are to blame.

The End

• Direct, persuasive and active therapy

• He points out what might be wrong. Very confrontational and in some cases humorous.

Example:

“So what if you got a crap grade on your essay? It was only one essay it doesn’t mean your useless.”

• Homework assignments are given so that they can observe their assumptions, so they can think of ways to test the rationality of these assumptions.

• Therapist is the teacher, and there should not be a warm relationship

• RET uses different methods depending on the personality of the client.

Cognitive Perspective

Basic irrational assumptions: there interactions are affected by there assumptions.

• Help clients to recognize the negative thoughts and errors in logic.

• Therapists guide clients to question and challenge their bad thoughts.

What they do?

• Try out new interpretations.

• To use different ways of thinking in their daily lives.

• This therapy believes the quality of the therapeutic relationship.

• This therapy isn't so direct, it allows the client to discover the misconceptions themselves.

• Beck’s cognitive therapy uses a method depending on the particular disorder.

Cognitive Perspective

Illogical thinking process: selective attention, magnification, overgeneralization. (Automatic thoughts)

• It focuses on human thought.

• Cognitive theories can be put to test. When a person is manipulated into accepting unpleasant assumptions or thoughts they become a certain way.

• These therapies we have come to realize symptoms of these malfunction (bad assumptions and thoughts).

• It is very reductionist. Thinking is just one part of the human functioning. There is more that needs to be addressed.

• The RET approach is very direct sometimes causing patients to change forcefully.

Cognitive Perspective

•Prolonged sadness or unexplained crying spells •Significant changes in appetite and sleep patterns •Irritability, anger, worry, agitation, anxiety •Pessimism, indifference •Loss of energy, persistent lethargy •Feelings of guilt, worthlessness •Inability to concentrate, indecisiveness •Inability to take pleasure in former interests, social withdrawal •Unexplained aches and pains •Recurring thoughts of death or suicide

Talk therapyPsychotherapy, or "talk therapy" is an important part

of treatment of depression for many people. It can sometimes work alone in cases of mild to moderate depression or it can be used in conjunction with other treatments. People who are severely depressed may not be able to benefit from psychotherapy until their symptoms have been lifted through another means of treatment.

A good therapist can help you modify behavioral or emotional patterns that contribute to your depression. There are several types of psychotherapy: interpersonal, cognitive-behavioral, group, marriage and family, to name a few. Research the different types and find one that is right for you. Psychotherapists, while highly-educated professionals, are not medical doctors and therefore cannot prescribe medication. If you or your therapist think you could benefit from medication, you need to see a general practitioner or a psychiatrist.

•Understand your illness •Define and reach wellness goals •Overcome fears or insecurities •Cope with stress •Make sense of past traumatic experiences Separate your true personality from the mood swings caused by your illness •Identify triggers that may worsen your symptoms •Improve relationships with family and friends •Plan for the future •Understand your needs •Establish a stable, dependable routine •Develop a plan for coping with crises •Understand why things bother you and what you can do about them •Eliminate destructive habits such as drinking, using drugs, overspending, unhealthysex, etc.•Understand and stick with treatment

Some of the more common factors involved in depression are:Family history. Genetics play an important part in depression. It can run in families for generations.Trauma and stress. Things like financial problems, the breakup of a relationship, or the death of a loved one can bring on depression. You can become depressed after changes in your life, like starting a new job, graduating from school, or getting married.Pessimistic personality. People who have low self-esteem and a negative outlook are at higher risk of becoming depressed. These traits may actually be caused by low-level depression (called dysthymia).Physical conditions. Serious medical conditions like heart disease, cancer, and HIV can contribute to depression, partly because of the physical weakness and stress they bring on. Depression can make medical conditions worse, since it weakens the immune system and can make pain harder to bear. In some cases, depression can be caused by medications used to treat medical conditions.Other psychological disorders. Anxiety disorders, eating disorders, schizophrenia, and (especially) substance abuse often appear along with depression.