Deprem Odaklı Riski Azaltma Eğitimi
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Prof. Dr. Ali Osman Öncel
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The world's first earthquake records were obtained in 1889 in Potsdam. So Seismic recording Of the earthquake in Japan.
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Kaynak: http://www.bgs.ac.uk/schoolseismology/schoolSeismology.cfc?method=viewStations
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Bir Deprem Zonu’nda Kırılma
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Depth
Into the
earth
Surface of the earth
Distance along the fault plane 100 km (60 miles)
START
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1
10
100
1000
5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5Magnitude
Kilo
me
ters
8
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1
10
100
5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8
Magnitude
Seco
nds
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Büyüklük Daha Çok Açığa Çıkan
EnerjiMesafe
Sarsıntı Mesafeyle AzalırYerel Zemin
Sarsıntıyı Büyütür
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Maliyet
Etkilenme
Hasar Görebilirlik
Sismik Tehlike
Deprem Riski $ RİSK = Sismik Tehlike x Hasar Görebilirlik x Etkilenme x $ Maliyet (Unesco)
Deprem Riski $ RİSK = Sismik Tehlike x Hasar Görebilirlik x Etkilenme x $ Maliyet (Unesco)
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Global Deprem Modeli (Kagan,2011) büyük Japonya M9 depreminden önce depremin olacağı yerde deprem olma olasılığının yüksek olduğunu başarıyla gösterdi.
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M5
M7
M6
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Northridge, CA 1994
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Northridge, CA 1994
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KGO-TV News ABC-7Loma Prieta, CA 1989
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Kobe, Japan 1995
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Kobe, Japan 1995
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Landers, CA 1992
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Source: National Geophysical Data Center Niigata, Japan 1964
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Source: National Geophysical Data Center Santa Cruz Mtns, California , 1989
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KGO-TV News ABC-7Loma Prieta, CA 1989
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Photograph Credit: Henry Helbush. Source: National Geophysical Data Center
1957 Aleutian Tsunami
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Riskli (Şiddetli) alan değişiminin nedeni, yerin dayanımının değişik ve göreceli dayanımının farklı olmasıdır. Çünkü riskli alan yerin durumuna göre değişir. Adreslere dayalı olarak bir depremden sonra toplanan veriler Yer veya Yapıya, hem yere hem de yapıya bağlı olarak risk değişimini göstererek RİSKLİ ALAN (GeoCoding) belirlemesinde kullanılabilir.
Toprak
Kaya
Courtesy: Soil amplification maps of Ottawa prepared by GSC & Carleton Univ, John Adams, 2011.
Riskli alanlar veya yapılar şiddeti büyütür!
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MTA - 2012MTA - 2012
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MTA - 2012MTA - 2012
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MTA - 2012MTA - 2012
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2012 MTA- 1:500,002012 MTA- 1:500,00
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1938 – M6.8
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Üniversiteler
Tokyo TohokuKyushuNagoyaHirosaki
Üniversiteler
Tokyo TohokuKyushuNagoyaHirosaki
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Ülkemizde yıllardır çok başlı deprem izleme olayı bitirilmiş ve bütün izlemeler TEK MERKEZDE EŞ ZAMANLI toplanarak KAMU SAVURGANLIĞINA son verilmiştir.
Bunun anlamı bütün üniversiteler İSTERLERSE İZLEME YAPACAK fakat BÜTÜN İZLER TEK MERKEZDE TOPLANACAK.
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İnsan Kaynaklı Depremler
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DYFI
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Atkinson and Wald, 2007
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Zemin Sağlam ZayıfPGA % 3.5329 5.3928
ŞİDDET ıv v
Erzincan- Gümüşhane: ~ 60 km
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Kanada’da en son olan orta büyüklükte bir depremi hissedenlerin potansiyel sayısı 19 milyon.
Depremi Hissettin mi? Gelen web raporu sayısı ve ortaya Quebec bölgesinin doğusu ve batısı arasında alansal risk farkı ortaya çıkmıştır.
Val-des-Bois, Québec Depremi 23 Haziran 2010, Mw= 5.0
55 km, KKB Ottawa
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Kaynak: IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine, 2009
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Kaynak: Seismological Research Letters Volume 80, Number 1 January/February 2009
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Alçak katlı binalar, yüksek katlı binalara göre sarsılma şiddeti farklıdır.
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Yüksek katlı binalarda sismik sarsıntı, kat yüksekliğine ve temel yapı özelliklerine göre değişmektedir.
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Yapı Jeofiziği: Hasarsız Yapı İnceleme Çalışmaları
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Dünya’dan Çeşitli Yapı Standartları Kuruluş ve Kurumları
Kaynak: http://www.slideshare.net/oncel/kentsel-dnmde-yap-jeofizii-standartlar
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Riskli Alan İncelemeleri
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Yapılaşma Jeofiziği: Hasarsız Yer İnceleme Çalışmaları
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Konutlarda şiddete (hasara) yol açacak yöntemler yasaklanmalıdır.
Hasarsız inceleme tekniklerinin – Yapılaşma Jeofiziği- güçlendirmeye karar verilen konutlarda kullanılarak konut incelemeleri sırasında hasar riski sıfırlanmalıdır.
Hasarlı İnceleme Yöntemleri (kolonlardan karot alınması vs…) yapıldığında binanın taşıyıcı sistemlerinde az veya çok hasara neden olunabilmektedir.
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Yapı Jeofiziği -hasarsız yapı inceleme- yöntemleri kullanılmalıdır
Yer ve Yapı incelemeleri Avrupa ve Dünya Yapı İnceleme standartlarına uygun olmalıdır.
Sakıncalı gevşek zeminlerin sismik dalgaları büyütmesi, sağlam zeminlere göre yüksek olmaktadır.
Alçak katlı binalar, yüksek katlı binalara göre sarsılma şiddeti farklıdır.
Yüksek katlı binalarda sismik sarsıntı, kat yüksekliğine ve temel yapı özelliklerine göre değişmektedir.
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Yer ve yapı etkileşimi – Rezonans - potansiyelinin araştırılması gerekir.
Rezonans Riski İncelemeleri (RRİ), zemin ve yapının doğal titreşim periyotlarının ölçülmesiyle incelenebilir.
RRİ yapılmadan yapı sakıncalık çalışmaları sonlandırılmamalıdır.
RRİ Jeofizik Yöntemlerle ve Jeofizik Mühendisleri tarafından yapılır.
Yüksek katlı binalarda sismik enerji ve şiddet farklıdır. Kat yüksekliğine bağlı olarak sismik enerji büyümektedir
1985 Meksika depreminde rezonansa bağlı olarak kentte meydana gelen yıkımlar görülüyor.
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Ülkemizde vatandaşın deprem çalışmalarına katılması noktasında bilinçlendirilmesine başlanmamıştır.
Vatandaşlardan olan depremlerden sonra depremi internet veya telefon üzerinden ihbar etmesi hala talep edilmemektedir.
Ucuz deprem sensörleri dağtılarak deprem risk çalışmalarında vatandaşın bir partner olarak görülmesi sistemine geçilmemiştir.