Deportation and genocide WW2 had ideological and racial aspect to ot. Jews and Slavs were considered...
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Transcript of Deportation and genocide WW2 had ideological and racial aspect to ot. Jews and Slavs were considered...
Deportation and genocide• WW2 had ideological and racial aspect to ot.• Jews and Slavs were considered inhuman-
existing population in Poland and USSR was destroyed or displaced.
• Russian population to be withered away by- contraception, sterilization and abortion
• Jews to be exterminated• Poles and Russians to be deported to German
factories and mines
Defining the HolocaustHOLOCAUST (Heb.,
sho'ah) which originally meant a sacrifice totally burned by fire
the annihilation of the Jews and other groups of people of Europe under the Nazi regime during World War II
GENOCIDE: the systematic extermination of a nationality or group
European Jewish Population in 1933 was 9,508,340
Methods of killingMasses herded to remote locations and shot-
expensive and time-consuming methodsLater in concentration camps – poison gas or
overwork and starvation
They were shot, starved, gassed and burned…
Estimated Jewish Survivors of Holocaust: 3,546,211
The Stages of IsolationThe Holocaust was a
progression of actions
leading to the annihilation of millions by:
1: Stripping of Rights
2: Segregation
3: Concentration
4: Extermination
Stage 1: Stripping of Rights1935: Nuremberg Laws stated that all
JEWS were :
stripped of German citizenship fired from jobs & businesses
boycotted banned from German schools and
universities Marriages between Jews and Aryans
forbidden Forced to carry ID cards Passports stamped with a “J” forced to wear the arm band of the
Yellow “Star of David” Jewish synagogues destroyed forced to pay reparations and a
special income tax
Stage 2: Segregation GHETTOSJews were forced to live in
designated areas called “ghettos” to isolate them from the rest of society
Nazis established 356 ghettos in Poland, the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Hungary during WWII
Ghettos were filthy, with poor sanitation and extreme overcrowding
Disease was rampant and food was in such short supply that many slowly starved to death
Warsaw, the largest ghetto, held 500,000 people and was 3.5 square miles in size
Stage 3: Concentration Camps
essential to Nazi’s systematic oppression and eventual mass murder of enemies of Nazi Germany (Jews, Communists, homosexuals, opponents)
Slave labor “annihilation by work”Prisoners faced undernourishment and starvation Prisoners transported in cattle freight cars Camps were built on railroad lines for efficient
transportation
Life in the Campspossessions were
confiscatedheads were shavedarms tattooedPrison uniformsMen, women and
children were separated
Survival based on trade skills / physical strength
Unsanitary, disease ridden and lice infested barracks
inhumane medical experiments
Stage 4: ExterminationEinsatzgruppen (mobile
killing units) had began killing operations aimed at entire Jewish communities in the 1930s
DEATH FACTORIES: Nazi extermination camps fulfilled the singular function of mass murder
Euthanasia program: Nazi policy to eliminate “life unworthy of life” (mentally or physically challenged) to promote Aryan “racial integrity”
“FINAL SOLUTION” Wannsee
Conference (Berlin -1942 ) established the “complete solution of the Jewish question”
called for the complete and mass annihilation and extermination of the Jews as well as other groups
Zyklon B gas became the agent in the mass extermination
Gas Chambers & CrematoriumsPrisoners were sent to gas
chambers disguised as showers
Zyklon B gas used to gas people in 3 – 15 minutes
Up to 8000 people were gassed per day at Auschwitz-Birkenau, the largest death camp with 4 operating gas chambers
Gold fillings from victims teeth were melted down to make gold bards
Prisoners moved dead bodies to massive crematoriums
Holocaust Art
AftermathYom ha-Shoah: Holocaust Remembrance Day established in 1951
Nuremberg Trials: 1945-1949 were trials for war crimes of Nazi officials (24 Nazi leaders tried)
Displaced PersonsAnti-Semitism in the
world today
Russian govt deported minorities in the west as it assumed they were disloyal- Germans on the Volga, Tartars in Crimea, Estonians, Lithuanians and Poles dispersed to Siberia
Japanese considered the Chinese as ‘bacterias infesting world civilizations’ and adopted ‘purification by elimination’ tactics- Rape of Nanjing
Civilians as part of the war effortBritain1. military conscription- carefully controlled
so that key workers were left in important industries- coal mining
2. Industrial conscription- for womenWomen played a bigger role in british
industry, agriculture and administration
• Germany• Regional and police authorities did not accept
Albert Speer’s national schemes in their regions
• Hitler was against women working as he believed they should focus on Children, Church and kitchen-Kinder, kirche, kuche
• Hitler insisted that consumer goods production remain a priority so workers in non-essential industries could not be transferred.
Soviet UnionCentralised nature of state helped to mobilise
civilians effectivelyWorkers forced to move to regions where
they were most needed, hours of work increased, crash training programmes, slackening or absentism could be punished by labour camps or death
Also worked in civil defence and fire-watching operations
Worked under long hours, poor nutrition and political scrutiniy
AmericaWomen played a key role in war industries
doing semi-skilled jobs such as crane operators, tool makers, shell loaders, aircraft makers and lumberjacks
3,50,000 women joined in Women’s army Auxillary corps, Marine Corps Women’s Reserve and the navy Nurse Corps
Japan
Japanese Govt was reluctant to use women in the workforce
Conscripted students
The growth of Government Power
BritainChurchill formed a
coalition government and exercised supreme military and political power.
Ernest Bevin –Minister of Labor and national Service
BritainMines, shipping and railways came under
state controlRationing was introducedConscription for both men and womenImproving health care, setting up nurseries
to look after children of working mothersAll factories employing more than 250
workers must have a canteen and a welfare officer
Making food rations and vitamin supplements available to young children and mothers
Public transport was under the public sector
Germany
A single-party state and decentralizedGermany focused on high quality and
technical sophistication rather than mass production thus failed to produce weapons on a large scale
Soviet UnionCentralised all-powerful stateCareful planning and mass productionWar production was given priorityA single national war plan was drawn up in
1943Planners given freedom and powers to
accomplish their objectivesLarge numbers of weapons to be produced as
simply and quickly as possible.
USAGovernment took control of industrial
productionWar production Board was establishedProduction priorities were changed as per
military requirements-car factories produced tanks and planes-workers were recruited where they were
needed most
-new industries createdUSA granted contracts to the big industries
to produce what was needed
JapanMilitary governmentMain political parties went into voluntary
dissolutionMonolithic party set up- the imperial rule
assistance AssociationTrade unions were closed downDifficult for the government to maintain tight
control of war production to the independent positions of the Zaibatsu and the rivalries between the army and the navy
Propagandan : information that is spread for the
purpose of promoting some cause
In WWII, propaganda was used more than any other time this world has seen. With new technological inventions such as photography, radio and film, manipulative messages bombarded every day life in an attempt to persuade a person to believe in a specific cause.
Propaganda in FiguresSince the beginning of the War, the
Reichspropagandaleitung has produced:more than 2 million brochures more than 7 million posters more than 60 million newspapers, wall
posters, leaflets, etc. It carried out:about 30,000 slide shows about 45,000 film evenings every month about 200,000 meetings and public or
factory mass meetings
Mein Kampf
- This poster promotes Hitler's book Mein Kampf, announcing that four million copies have been sold.
This book is what really put Hitler on the map. After this, more political opportunities presented themselves.
Treaty of Versailles (Germany alone against the world) - This visual from the mid-1930's shows Germany in white, with the 100,000-man army permitted by the Treaty of Versailles, surrounded by heavily armed neighbors.
PropagandaPropaganda remained a key weapon of all
governmentsGermany and USSR convinced their
poulations of the justification of their actionsGoebbels stoked the German fear of
communism in the EastStalin dubbed the war as the ‘Great Patriotic
War’ where the defence of the ‘motherland’ was a driving force
The change in the public opinion in the western democracies like Britain and USA was due to the actions of the Axis Powers.
1. Britain- after a war scare in 1938 they were ready to fight in 1939
2. USA- attack on Pearl harbor
Churchill established the Political Warfare executive
USA- The Office of War Information was set-up
Propaganda and censorship was used to-1. encourage civilians2. get women to work3. stress the evil nature of the enemy regime4. to fight against the NazisRadio was the most important weapon- BBC
news broadcast was seen as reliable
The Technical Team "Germany" assisted in about 50 major events and drove over 360,000 kilometers (nine times around the earth).
Radio Propaganda - The text translates: "All Germany hears the Führer on the People's Receiver." The Nazis, eager to encourage radio listening, developed an inexpensive radio receiver to make it possible for many people to hear Nazi propaganda.
RecruitmentBeginning early on in the war and continuing
until its end, countries used propaganda to persuade young men to join the military. The various forms of propaganda glorified the war effort and used short catchy phrases that were easy to understand and hard to forget. Why?
United States – Uncle Sam: I Want You! Russia – Look familiar?
Britain – Join your country’s army…God save the King.
Norway - ALARM! The slogan at that time was: "Finland's fight is our fight." Whoever fights for Finland also fights for his own country"...Norway.
Germany - This looks to be a late-war recruiting poster for the SS, a time at which the Nazis were recruiting younger and younger soldiers. The caption doesn't translate directly, but means: "Enlist now!"
Germany - This is an SS recruiting poster. I'm not sure of the date. It says one can join at 18, and sign up for shorter or longer periods of service. It gives the address of the recruiting office in Munich.
Unification
It is important for any government in war that all the people be united in the war effort. Even black people and women were targeted by propaganda in the United States. How might this create lasting effects after the war?
More Homefront Propaganda
War Bonds weren’t the only way a person could help in the effort. As men left to fight, women took over the jobs in the factories. Rosie Riveter is one of the most popular posters ever created in the United States.
Think about what the arm symbolizes. What about her facial appearance/expression?
United States Propaganda
U.S. Homefront Propaganda
When the United States finally entered the war, it was Total War. Everyone was affected and as many resources possible went to the war effort.
Buy War Bonds!What is being symbolized here?
Think about how fear can be used in propaganda.
Notice the two unknowing kids and the oldest who seems to be looking at something up in the sky.
Saving Gas
Nazi Propaganda
Women’s Roles in Germany-The Germans worked to gather as much old material for the war effort as possible. This poster is for a 1943 clothing drive. The text translates as: "Get rid of old cloth and shoes!”
Any similarities between German and American propaganda?
What does her appearance suggest about what Germans value?
Women
- Late in the war. The text translates as: "Mothers! Fight for your children!" Note that the mother portrayed has four children, consistent with the Nazi goal of encouraging as many births as possible.
More Desperate Propaganda
Interesting how every side says God is on our side. In Germany, Hitler is shown ordained by God, but in America, the portrayal is quite different. Who is right?
Research 1. Compare Art during WWI and WWII (PPT)2. Jiang Jieshi3. Mao Zedong4. The Nuremberg Tribunal