DEPLOYING MOBILE WiMAX Max Riegel, Dirk Kroeselberg, Aik Chindapol and Domagoj Premec (contributor)

of Nokia Siemens Networks

®WILEY AJohn Wiley and Sons, Ltd, Publication

Contents

About the Authors ix

Preface xi

Acknowledgements xiii

List of Acronyms xv

1 Introduction 1 1.1 WiMAX in the Telecommunication Markets 1

1.1.1 Integrated Services Digital Networks 1 1.1.2 The Digital Subscriber Line to the Internet 2

1.2 Mobile WiMAX Specifications 3 1.2.1 Specification Areas 4 7.2.2 Development Process for WiMAX Interoperability 5 1.2.3 Documentation Structure of the WiMAX Forum 7

1.3 About This Book 9

2 Network Architecture 11 2.1 Providing Access to the Internet 11

2.7.7 Traditional Operator Networks 11 2.7.2 Internet Access Networks 12 2.7.5 Mobile WiMAX Networking 14

2.2 Mobile WiMAX Network Reference Architecture 16 2.2.7 Reference Points in the Mobile WiMAX Network 17 2.2.2 The Mobile WiMAX Network Reference Model 21 2.2.3 Control Plane Functions 22 2.2.4 Data Path 23 2.2.5 Transport Plane 24 2.2.6 Mobile WiMAX Identifiers 24

2.3 Mobile WiMAX Roaming Architecture 26 2.5.7 Roaming Functions 26 2.3.2 Roaming Models 27 2.3.3 WiMAX Roaming Interface 30

2.4 Ethernet Services Support 31 2.4.7 Ethernet Services 32

Contents

2.4.2 Ethernet Standards 34 2.4.3 Ethernet Services Support in Mobile WiMAX 36 2.4.4 Deployment Options 39

2.5 Mobile WiMAX and 3GPP SAE/LTE 41 2.5.1 Introduction to SAE 42 2.5.2 Architectural Differences 45 2.5.3 Deployment Differences 46

Subscription Handling and Security 49 3.1 The Meaning of a Subscription 49 3.2 A Network Reference Model for Security 51 3.3 Subscription versus Device Authentication 53

3.3.1 Subscription Types and Security Credentials 54 3.3.2 Authenticated Network Access 56 3.3.3 EAP and EAP Methods 59 3.3.4 WiMAX-SIM Cards 69

3.4 Certificates and the WiMAX Public Key Infrastructure 72 3.4.1 A Brief Overview: Digital Certificates and PKI 73 3.4.2 WiMAX PKI Hierarchy 74 3.4.3 WiMAX Certificate Profiles 76 3.4.4 Certificate Revocation 11 3.4.5 Challenges 79 3.4.6 Use Cases 80

3.5 Security Design Considerations in the WiMAX Network Architecture 82 3.5.1 Authenticator Mobility Support 83 3.5.2 Anchor Authenticator and Relocation 85 3.5.3 Identity Hiding 86

3.6 'Bootstrapping' a Subscription OTA 90 3.6.1 Subscription Creation and Device Models 90 3.6.2 OTA Provisioning Model and Protocols 92 3.6.3 Activation and Initial Network Entry 93 3.6.4 Reprovisioning 96

3.7 Identities in Mobile WiMAX 97 3.7.1 Overview of WiMAX Identities 98 3.7.2 Device Identity 98 3.7.3 Subscription Identity 99 3.7.4 Identities within the Network 101

3.8 AAA Protocols and Routing in WiMAX 103 3.8.1 RADIUS and Diameter Overview 104 3.8.2 Making WiMAX Speak AAA 107 3.8.3 Routing of AAA Messages and Roaming 111

Service Provisioning 115 4.1 Enablers for WiMAX-Based Services 115

4.1.1 Motivation and Available Service Enablers 115 4.2 AAA Support for Services and Applications 116

Contents vii

4.2.7 Overview 117 4.2.2 Mobility Support from AAA 118

4.3 Accounting and Charging 122 4.3.1 Architecture and WiMAX-Specific Aspects 123 4.3.2 Offline Accounting and Session Concept 127 4.3.3 Online Accounting 130 4.3.4 Accounting-Related Identifiers 133

4.4 Network QoS Architecture 134 4.4.1 Motivation and Overview 134 4.4.2 The Basic WiMAX QoS Concepts 135 4.4.3 Flow Management and Dynamic QoS Support 138 4.4.4 Identifiers 142 4.4.5 The PCC Framework for WiMAX 144

4.5 Location Support 147 4.5.1 WiMAX Architecture for Location Support 149 4.5.2 Scenarios and Use Cases 150 4.5.3 Communication between Device and Network 152 4.5.4 AAA Integration of Location Support 155

4.6 IMS Support 158 4.6.7 Architecture Overview and WiMAX Impact 159 4.6.2 Service Discovery and Roaming Aspects 160 4.6.5 /MS Identities 163

4.7 Emergency Services in WiMAX 165 4.7.7 Motivating the Problem Space 165 4.7.2 WiMAX Architecture for Emergency

Services Support 166 4.7.3 Design Criteria and Building Blocks 168 4.7.4 Limited Access to Emergency Services 170 4.7.5 Roaming Considerations 173 4.7.6 Further Aspects of Emergency Support 174

5 Mobility 177 5.1 Mobile Networking 177

5.7.7 Mobility Mechanisms in Packet-Based Networks 178 5.7.2 Mobile IP 180 5.7. J Link Layer Mobility 183

5.2 WiMAX Mobility Architecture 184 5.2.7 Mobility Anchors 184 5.2.2 Hierarchy 186

5.3 CSN-Anchored Mobility 187 5.3.1 CMlPv4 189 5.3.2 CMIPv6 192 5.5. J PM7Pv4 196 5.3.4 PMIPv6 203

5.4 ASN-Anchored Mobility 207 5.4.7 R6 Mobility 208

viii Contents

5.4.2 R4 Mobility 211 5.4.3 Unprepared Handover 214

5.5 Simple IP 214 5.5.7 HA-less Architecture 215 5.5.2 Unspecified R3 Data Path 215

5.6 Mobility Restriction 216 5.6.1 Dynamic Limitation of Attachment and Handover 111

6 WiMAX Radio Interface 219 6.1 Physical Layer 219

6.1.1 Overview of OFDM A 219 6.1.2 Frame Structure 220

6.2 MAC Layer 225 6.2.1 Protocol Data Unit 228 6.2.2 Basic Control Signaling 230 6.2.3 Network Entry and Initialization 233 6.2.4 Connection Management and QoS 237

6.3 Mobility Support 244 6.3.1 Handover 245 6.3.2 Sleep Mode 254 6.3.3 Idle Mode 258

7 Radio Evolution beyond System Profile Release 1.0 265 7.1 Mobile WiMAX System Profile Release 1.5 265

7.7.7 Support of Frequency Division Duplexing 265 7.7.2 Persistent Allocation for VoIP 268 7.1.3 Load Balancing and Seamless Handover 270 7.1.4 Location-Based Services 21A 7.1.5 Coexistence with Wi-Fi and Bluetooth 275

8 Outlook 277 8.1 WiMAX Forum Release Planning 277 8.2 Network Architecture Evolution 278 8.3 Support for Femtocell Deployments 281 8.4 IEEE 802.16m and Relay Support 283

References 285

Index 291