Department of Computer Science Institute for System ...ts2/admuc/lecture0910/1. Introduction.pdf ·...

Department of Computer Science Institute for System Architecture, Chair for Computer Networks

Dr. Ing. Thomas SpringerTechnische Universität Dresden

Chair of Computer Networks

Application Development forMobile and Ubiquitous Computing

1. Introduction

Folie 5Dr. Thomas Springer

Overview

1.1 Why Mobile Computing?• Major driving forces• Application scenarios• What is Mobile Computing

1.2 Future Trends?• Further small devices• Sensors and Actuators• Ad hoc and Sensor networks• Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing• Ambient Intelligence and Context awareness

1.3 Challenges1.4 Organization of the lecture


WHY MOBILE COMPUTING ?


Major driving forces for Mobile Computing

WirelessNetworks

Mobile Devices

Globalization,Mobility

Mobile Computing


Globalization

Globalization of markets• distribution of applications, data and users

Globalization of private life• relatives and friends are distributed• Working and living abroad• Traveling is easy and necessary

mobility of users and devices


Why “Mobile Computing ?”Possible Applications

Remote Control (devices, applications)• Local area -> control powerpoint presentation with mobile

device• Wide area -> access to home devices

Remote access to information and services• Internet search and download• Mobile use of internet services• Access of enterprise applications• Location-based services

Wireless information / data exchange• Exchange of vCards between two mobile devices

Local / disconnected work• Disconnect from network and work autonomously (e.g. robot)


Mobile Workers

Hotel

Office

Trip

Device Profile

WAN

GS

M/U

MTS

/C

onne

xion

LAN Device Profile

Device Profile

User Profile

Context of use

Context of use

Context of use

User Profile

User Profile

Application Server

Customer visit

Device Profile

User Profile

Context of use

WLA

N +

WAN


Location-based Services


Intelligent Environments


Supply Chain Management

Mobile Goods based on RFID (Radio frequencyIdentifier)• tagging of objects and goods with RFID technology• position tracking


Multimodalapplication

Support for mobile

workers

Multimodal Applications


Mobile Data Access and Mobile Collaboration

Audio/Video Mixer

Audio / Video

interaction

content

content (adapted)

ContentPowerPoint slidesimages (JPEG)documents (PDF, DOC)Web pagesapplication sharing

interaction

interaction

interaction

Audio / Video

content

content (adapted)

Audio / Video (adaptiert)

Content Delivery Service

Data Broadcast Service

interaction:ChatTelepointerWhiteboardNotes

LAN

UMTS

GPRS

WLAN


What is „Mobile Computing?“

Two Main Aspects of Mobility:• User mobility: Users communicate (wirelessly) “anytime,

anywhere, with anybody, at anycost.”

• Device mobility: Enduser devices may be (wirelessly) connected “anytime and anywhere” to other devices orthe network.

Other Aspects of Mobility:• Data mobility: Data may move “anytime and anywhere”

from one node to another.

• Service / application mobility: Services and applicationsmay move “anytime and anywhere” from one node toanother.

Focus here onwirelesscommunications!


Supportive Trend: Mobile (wireless) Communication

Role of a step maker: Mobile TelephonyWill overtake “fixed” Internet and “fixed” network telephonyWorldwide coverage also by satellite systems

The wish for mobile (data) communications generates the need• For integration of wireless networks and existing fixed

networks, e.g in the local area: IEEE 802.11 (WLAN), DECT and Bluetooth, in the wide area by GSM and UMTS

• Data transmission over GPRS, HSCSD and EDGE, UMTS• In the Internet: Mobile IP-Extensions

Goal: Transmission of voice, data, audio, video ...


Wireless Systems: Mobility, Range and Data Rate


Supportive Trend: Mobile (wireless) Devices

Pager•Only reception•Very small UI•Textmessages

Mobile Phones•Speech, data•Simple text-based UI

Smart Phones / PDA•Graphical UI•Hand writing•Small keyboards

Laptop•Fully functionyl•Standard applications

Smart Phones•Speech, data•Graphical UI•Small keyboards

Capabilities


Summary: Mobile Computing

“Information anytime, anywhere“Anytime any relevant information available worldwideIntegration of wireless networks into existing wired infrastructures Usage of mobile computersLocation-transparent workSimilar work experience with mobile and fixed devicesExploration of new mobile services


FUTURE TRENDSPervasive and Ubiquitous ComputingAmbient IntelligenceContext Awareness


Future Trends

Mobile Computing• Wireless (voice and data) communication• Mobile networks (short, mid, wide range)• Mobile devices, mobile middleware• “Mobile ComputingParadigm”:

o Anyservice, at anyplace, at anytime, (at anycost)

Ubiquitous Computing (on the way to AmbientIntelligence)• Smart sensors / actuators, embedded devices• Ad hoc networks, sensor networks, body area networks• Smart applications: context / location awareness• “UbiquitousComputing Paradigm”:

o The right service, at the right place, at the right time, (atthe right cost)


…special as well as embedded devices


…or even smaller sensors


…down to Smart Dust


Supportive Development – Smart Devices


Supportive Development – Material Science

Light-emitting Polymers: Displays made of thin and highly flexible plastic foils

Laser projection via glasses directly to the retina

E-Ink and Smart Paper: Paper and Pencil are getting to be a real, highly mobile input and output media (e.g. electronic road map for the pocket)


Pervasive Computing

“A billion people interacting with a million e-businesses through a trillion interconnected intelligentdevices...” [Lou Gerstner, IBM Chairman]

Integration of computing technology into businessprocesses (i.e. mobile devices, RFID)New application areas (mCommerce)Mobile business


The Coming Age of Calm Technology

“What matters is not technology itself, but its relationship to us.” [Mark Weiser, 1996]

The Major Trends in Computing:1. Mainframe Era - many people share a computer2. Personal Computer Era - one computer, one person2.5 Internet - Widespread Distributed Computing . . .

transition to . . .3. Ubiquitous Computing Era - many computers share

each of us


Ubiquitous Computing - Devices

“... only when things disappear in this way are we freed to use them without thinking and so to focus beyond them on new goals.” [Mark Weiser, 1991]

Small, sensor equipped devicesEmbedded into things of daily liveSense and react on the environmentThings become “smart”

Technology moves into background of users attentionFocus on the task not the technology


Ubiquitous Computing - Interconnection

“The real power of the concept comes not from any one of these devices; it emerges from the interaction of all of them” [Mark Weiser]

Interconnection of everythingEach computing device is able to communicateInformation exchange between devices


Ambient Intelligence (AmI)

“A vision of the future where we are surrounded by electronic environments, sensitive and responsive to people”

Defined by the Advisory Group of the 6th Framework of the EURelated to ubiquitous and pervasive computingGoal is the “intelligent” interaction of the environmentwith the user


Ambient Intelligence (AmI)

3 Main areas:• Ambient Technology: basic technologies (materials,

sensors, power supply, multi-modal i/o systems, adaptive software systems)

• Intelligence: intelligent processing of context and multi media data, natural interaction, emotional computing, privacy and trust

• Platforms: design, development and integration of service oriented architectures

Research is:• prototype-driven• based on innovative concepts of software engineering

like aspect and service orientation


Supportive Development: Context Awareness

Definition of Context:• “Any information that can be used to characterize the

situation of an entity. An Entity is a person, place or object that is considered relevant [..] [concerning service usage.]” (A.K.Dey:“Understanding and using context”)

Definition of Context Awareness:• “A system is context-aware if it uses context to provide

relevant information and/or services to the user, where relevancy depends on the user’s task.” (A.K.Dey: “Understanding and using context”)

Location Awareness is specialization of Context Awareness.


Ubiquitous Computing Value Chain

Ref: M. Satyanarayanan: Pervasive Computing: Vision and Challenges. IEEE Personal Communications, Volume: 8, Issue: 4, 2001


Terminology


The Way towards Ambient Intelligence

Late 80ies

2015

Pervasive ComputingSurroundingMobile Computing

Wireless access

Ubiquitous ComputingDisappearing

Ambient IntelligenceConvenient, unobtrusive,

situation adaptive

DistributedMiddleware

Information-analysis &

-description

Intuitive, appealinguser interfaces

Selt-configuration andSelf-management

Intelligent,pro-activebehavior

Context perceptionand processing

Distributedsensors + actors

Wireless / mobilecommunication-

infrastructure

Sec

urity

, ope

n st

anda

rds

Architectures, methods, tools and processes


CHALLENGES


Challenges for Realizing Mobile andUbiquitous Computing Systems

Technological challenges:• Heterogeneity / interoperability of communications• Heterogeneity / interoperability of programming

platforms• Restricted mobile devices capabilities: power

consumption, memory, disk, limited interaction and UI capabilities, bandwidth restrictions

• Data management, disconnected work / synchronization• Functions for rigth time and rigth place• Mobile payment

Customer satisfaction• Usability• Data security and safety, control• Environmental facts: e.g. electro smog


Challenges - Devices

Heterogeneity and limitation of resources• Energy, memory, processor speed• Available peripheral devices

Heterogeneity of input and output devices:• Input: keyboard, numeric keyboard, pen, speech, …• Output: display size, color depth, resolution, built-in UI, …

Heterogeneity of software:• Operating system• Browser type and supported multimedia formats

Heterogeneity of network connectivity:• Supported bearer types• Migration between different wireless networks


Challenges - Connectivity

Heterogeneity of networktechnologies• Highly variable quality

o Available bandwidtho Delay, jittero Error rateo Cost

• Availabilityo Unstable connectionso Limited coverageo -> Short and long term

disconnections

IP Backbone

WPAN

WLAN

WMAN/UMTS/GPRS


Energy Consumption

Communication consumes energyComputation consumes energyUnplugged energy sources are an enabler for mobilityLimited energyBetter energy source:• energy aware communication• energy aware computation


Challenges – Customer Satisfaction

Usability• Highly dynamic environment

o mobility of users and devices (applications)o changes of devices and connection technology at runtimeo sequential and parallel usage of different input and output

devices• Heterogeneity in user requirements

o personalizationo individualization

• Heterogeneous usage scenarioso different user tasks and roles o varying location

• Variability of input and output modalities• New forms of interaction


Challenges – Security and Privacy

Portable computers are more vulnerable to loss, damage or theftChanging domains of trust due to mobilityLimitations for standard security concepts due to limited resourcesWireless communication technologies are easier to attack


OVERVIEW OF THE LECTURE


Goals of this Lecture

Understand the notion, challenges and solutions for Mobile Computing, Pervasive Computing, Ubiquitous Computing and Ambient Intelligence

Get a broad overview about technologies and research activities in these technologies

Understand general scope of these applications

Get in contact with research and industrial applications projects

Build your own (first) mobile application!


Enabling technologies

and middleware

concepts

Systems engineering

and tools

Support mechanisms

formobile andubiquitouscomputing

Aadaptive services and

platforms

Topic Overview


Table of Contents

1. Introduction2. Enabling Technologies 3. Mobile Internet4. Communication Mechanisms5. Adaptation Concepts: Connected & Disconnected

Operations6. Adaptation Concepts: Further Adaptation Mechanisms7. Context Awareness8. Location Based services9. Service Discovery10.Platforms11.Mobile Databases12.Peer to Peer13.Outlook and Examination Preparation• Lectures will be slightly adjusted during the term


Network technologies (GSM, GPRS, UMTS, Bluetooth, ZigBee, Wireless LAN, WiMAX) Devices (Laptop, PDA, Smart Phones)


DHCP, Mobile IP


Mobile TCP


Mobile RPC, Mobile Code, Disconnected Operations, Weakly Connected Operations, Synchronization, Adaptation, …


Architectural Concepts

Server(Cluster)

Client

Client

Client

Client

Client

Client

Client

Peer

Peer

Peer

Peer

Peer

Peer

Peer


Related Lectures offered by Chair for Computer Networks

Distributed Systems (Prof. Schill)

Mobile Communication and Mobile Computing (Prof. Schill)

Wireless Sensor Networks (Dr. Dargie)

Practical Exercises: Development of mobile anddistributed Systems (Dr. Springer)


Organizational Details

Lecture• Winter 2009/2010, lecture 2/2/0 - 6 credits• Integration into

o CE Modul: Ubiquitous Information Systemso Informatik: Architektur verteilter Systemeo Medieninformatik: Systemarchitektur und -techniken

Form of certification:• examination: (Teilfachprüfung)• certificate (Leistungsnachweis)

Homepage• http://www.inf.tu-dresden.de/

index.php?node_id=1381&ln=en&vnummer=11%2006%2044

Slides will be available before the lecture at HomepageAny suggestions are always welcomed• [email protected]


Literature

Jochen Schiller – Mobile Communications / MobilkommunikationIvan Stojmeniovic – Handbook of Wireless Networks andMobile ComputingUwe Hansmann – Pervasive Computing Handbook. The Mobile World.Andrew Tanenbaum – Computer Networks, and other booksJames D. Solomon – Mobile IP, the Internet unpluggedCharles E. Perkins – Ad-hoc networkingMühl, Fiege, Pietzuch - Distributed Event-Based SystemsFinkenzeller – RFID HandbookSchill, Springer - Verteilte Systeme: Grundlagen und Basistechnologien

And tons of other books on specialized topicsPapers, papers, papers, …


References

George H. Forman, John Zahorjan: The Challenges of Mobile Computing. IEEE Computer, Volume 27, Issue 4, April 1994

M. Satyanarayanan: Pervasive Computing: Vision andChallenges. IEEE Personal Communications, Volume: 8, Issue: 4, 2001

Weiser, M., Brown, J. S.: The Coming Age of Calm Technology. Revised version of: Weiser & Brown. "Designing Calm Technology", PowerGrid Journal, v 1.01, http://powergrid.electriciti.com/1.01 (July 1996)

Friedemann Mattern: State of the Art and Future Trends in Distributed Systems and Ubiquitous Computing.http://www.vs.inf.ethz.ch/publ/papers/DisSysUbiCompReport.html

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