Department of Animal Sciences University of Florida devries@ufl · 2012-09-07 · Albert De Vries...
Transcript of Department of Animal Sciences University of Florida devries@ufl · 2012-09-07 · Albert De Vries...
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Albert De Vries
Department of Animal Sciences University of Florida
Gainesville, Florida, USA [email protected]
Conferencia Invierno “Vida productiva: enfoque economico y factores de crecimiento del rebaño lechero” Puerto Varas, Chile, 30 August 2012
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Temas
• Riesgo de eliminación de vacas • Costos de reemplazo • Extención de la vida producctiva • Decisiones de reemplazo
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¿Vida productiva?
• Vida productiva = Tiempo desde el primer parto al reemplazo (eliminación del rebaño) – Ejemplo: 39 meses ≈ 3 lactancias
• Tasa anual de reemplazo = 1/vida productiva - Ejemplo : 1/39 *12 meses = 31%
• Edad al 1er parto – Ejemplo: 24 meses
• Edad de reemplazo= Edad al 1st parto + Vida productiva
- Ejemplo: 24 + 39 = 63 meses (= 5.25 años)
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Tendencias de vida productiva (base de datos USDA)
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Tasa de reemplazo anual 8864 rebaños Holstein > 100 vacas
la mayoría en USA del este DRMS, Raleigh, NC, USA
Agosto 27 2012)
38%
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Resultados del control lechero ordenados por tasa de reemplazo
(DRMS, Raleigh, North Carolina; Aug. 25, 2012)
2-100 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50
# rebaño 8957 267 1818 3605 2107
Nº de vacas- en lactancia 195 137 156 218 216
Vacas eliminadas-All Lact, % 38 18 27 36 45
Vida productiva, meses. 32 69 45 34 27
Mortalidad -en lactancia, % 5.5 3.8 4.6 5.5 6.2
Prod leche-Pro móvil (kg/yr) 9841 8623 9354 9999 10177
RCS Actual 287 303 300 281 281
Tasa de preñez-pro anual, % 16.1 15.3 16.1 16.4 16.2
Lapso interparto , meses. 13.9 14.2 14.1 13.9 13.8
Natural servicio-AI Bulls, % 19.6 27.5 21.4 17.0 17.5
Tasa anual de reemplazo, %
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Cuando las vacas dejan el rebaño y el riesgo de dejarlo
MN DHIA data, October 1996–October 2001
Fetrow et al. J. Dairy Sci. 89:1896 (2006)
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Riesgo de reemplazo (eliminación) (vacas no preñadas)
Basaso en De Vries et al., J. Dairy Sci. 93:613 (2010)
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La razón específica de reemplazo por paridad
Razón declarada 1 2 3 ≥4 All Patas y piernas 6 7 9 11 8 Baja producción 14 13 11 10 12 Reproducción 20 21 17 14 18 Lesiones/ otras 15 13 14 15 14 Mastitis 10 12 13 13 12 Enfermedades 7 8 8 6 7 Ubre 3 2 3 4 3 Muerte 19 19 21 22 21 Razón no declarada 6 5 5 5 5
100 100 100 100 100 Tasa de reemplazo (viva) 17 23 30 41 25 Mortalidad 4 6 9 12 7
Pinedo et al. J. Dairy Sci. 93:2250 (2010) 2054 herds with >100 cows, Eastern US
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Riesgo de reemplazo por día (x 100,000-1)
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Riesgo de reemplazo por día (x 100,000-1)
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Riesgo de reemplazo por día (x 100,000-1)
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¿Es una baja tasa de reemplazo siempre más rentable?
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Tasa de reemplazo vs. rentabilidad
(Florida and Georgia dairy farms, 2008)
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Costos de reemplazo • Costos de mantener el rebaño en tamaño y
estructura
• 3er costo en importancia (después del alimento , mano de obra)
• Costo de reemplazo/kg de sólidos de leche= (costo de vaquillas – ingreso por eliminación)/ sólidos de leche
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Alimentación, reemplazo, mano de obra, costos totales en USA y Chile
(CLP/kg leche) Costo
Aliment. Remplazo MO F+R+M % of Otros Total
/kg costo/kg costo/
kg costo/
kg total costo
costo/kg
costo/kg
Arizona 87 18 15 120 70% 51 171
California 83 16 13 113 72% 44 157
Idaho 83 17 14 114 70% 49 163
Midwest 77 24 17 118 65% 63 181
Texas 80 22 16 117 67% 58 175
Washington 77 17 15 109 68% 51 160
Bethard and Nunes. WDMC, Reno, NV, USA (2011)
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Costo de reemplazo en Chile(CLP/kg leche)
Llanquihue Osorno
Tasa anual reemplazo 23.4% 18.4%
Precio promedio elim 380,000 352,000
Ingreso elim/vaca/año 88,973 64,581
Precio de vaquilla 665,430 600,000
Costo vaquilla/vaca/año 155,803 110,081 Costo reemplazo/vaca/
año 66,830 45,500
Prod. leche/vaca/año 9249 7029
Costo de reemplazo/kg 7.23 6.47
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Alimentación, reemplazo, mano de obra, costos totales en USA y Chile
(CLP/kg leche) Costo
Aliment Remplazo MO F+R+M % of Otros Total
/kg costo/kg costo/
kg costo/
kg total costo
costo/kg
costo/kg
Arizona 87 18 15 120 70% 51 171
California 83 16 13 113 72% 44 157
Idaho 83 17 14 114 70% 49 163
Midwest 77 24 17 118 65% 63 181
Texas 80 22 16 117 67% 58 175
Washington 77 17 15 109 68% 51 160
Llanquihue 52 7 27 86 63% 51 138
Osorno 60 6 25 92 63% 55 147
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Bethard and Nunes. WDMC, Reno, NV, USA (2011)
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Bethard and Nunes. WDMC, Reno, NV (2011)
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Costos de reemplazo para 4 rebaños diferentes en US (CLP)
Predio A Prdio B Predio C Predio D 1000 1000 1000 1000 #Tamaño rebaño 850 850 850 850 #Vacas lactancia 32 32 27 39 Leche kg/vaca/día
9,849,206 9,849,206 8,442,177 11,959,751 kg leche/año 35% 35% 25% 45% Tasa reemplazo 5% 10% 5% 5% Muertes
$241,000 $132,550 $241,000 $241,000 Elim, $/cabeza 300 250 200 400 Elim/año para venta
$578,400 $819,400 $530,200 $578,400 Reemplazo, $/cabeza 350 350 250 450 #Reemplazos
$13.21 $25.75 $9.99 $13.70 Costo de reemplazo/kg
Bethard and Nunes. WDMC, Reno, NV (2011)
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¿Pero por qué el rebaño es más rentable?
Predio A Prdio B Predio C Predio D $13.21 $25.75 $9.99 $13.70 Costo reemplazo/kg
$0.44 $0.44 $0.44 $0.44 Precio leche/kg $2,093,567 $2,093,567 $1,794,486 $2,542,189 Ingreso leche/vaca/año
$72,300 $33,138 $48,200 $96,400 Ingreso elim/vaca/año $130,140 $253,653 $84,350 $163,880 Costo vaquilla/vaca/año
21.16 21.16 18.14 25.70 Dmi, kg/vaca/día $3,149 $3,149 $2,699 $3,824 Costo alim/vaca/día
$1,149,409 $1,149,409 $985,208 $1,395,711 Costo alim/vaca/año 55% 55% 55% 55% Alim:precio leche
$886,318 $723,643 $773,128 $1,078,997 leche+elim-repl.-alim /vaca/año
Based on Bethard and Nunes. WDMC, Reno, NV (2011)
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Valor de la extensión de la vida productiva
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Valor de la vida productiva
• ¿Cuánto vale un mes de vida productiva? – Tasa de elim: 30% vida productiva: 40
meses – Costo de vaquillas : $1500 (723,000) – Precio elim: $500 (241,000)
• (1500 – 500) * 30% /12 meses = $25 • (723,000 – 241,000) * 30% / 12 = 12,050
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Costo mensual de reemplazo (CLP)(US$)
Tasa Anual Reemplazo
482,000 964,000 0
43,380
24,100
4,820
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USDA valor neto de Mérito económico (2010)
Lifetime values (≈ 3 years)
Trait Unidades
Valor (CLP/PTA
unit)
Valor ($/PTA unit)
Valor Relativo
(%) Proteína Pounds/305d 1,644 3.41 16 Grasa Pounds/305d 1,393 2.89 19 Leche(volumen) Pounds/305d 0 0.001 0 Vida productiva Months 16,870 35 22 Celulas somáticas Log SCC -87,724 -182 -10 Ubre Composite 15,424 32 7 Patas Y piernas Composite 7,230 15 4 Tamaño corporal Composite -11,086 -23 -6 Tasa de preñez hijas Percent 13,014 27 11 Facilidad de parto Dollars 482 1 6 Mérito neto Dollars 482 1 100
1 US$ = 482 CLP
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Costo de reemplazo /100 kg leche (CLP)(US$)
8500 kg leche/vaca/año
482,000 964,000 0
67
38
10
Tasa Anual Reemplazo
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Decisiones de reemplazo
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¿No ordeñar las vacas no rentables?
• ¿Qué vacas en leche me hacen perder dinero hoy?
• ¿Qué costos desaparecerán si elimino esa vaca? • Si los ingresos son menores a esos costos,
entonces está perdiendo dinero • Vacas de reemplazo que me están haciendo
perder dinero hoy (?)
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Ejemplo con $20/100 lbs leche Ejemplo con 212 CLP/kg leche
• Las vacas que comen menos en el corral (2651) $5.50/vaca/día
• Deepping/químicos (24) $0.05/vaca/día • Interés/Riesgo de uso de antibioticos (72) $0.15/
vaca/día • Costos totales = (2747) $5.70/vaca/día • Costo de equilibrio es $5.70/$0.20 = 29 lbs • Costo de equilibrio es (2747)/(212) = 13 kg = 29 lbs • Eliminación de vacas abiertas si la leche (<13 kg)
<29 lbs/día?
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Ejemplo con $10/100 lbs leche Ejemplo con 106 CLP/kg leche
• Las vacas que comen menos en el corral (2651) $5.50/vaca/día
• Deepping/químicos (24) $0.05/vaca/día • Interés/Riesgo de uso de antibioticos (72) $0.15/
vaca/día • Costos totales = (2747) $5.70/vaca/día • Costo de equilibrio es $5.70/$0.10 = 57 lbs • Costo de equilibrio es (2747)/(106 = 26 kg = 57 lbs • Eliminación de vacas abiertas si la leche (<26 kg)
<57 lbs/día?
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¿Por qué mantener un galpón?
• Beneficio = ingresos – gastos – Si no hay vaca, no hay ingresos
• La mitad (?) De todos los costos son fijos – La depreciación, reparaciones, el
mantenimiento, la tierra, electricidad, la gestión, mano de obra, ...
– Si no hay vaca, los costos fijos aún estñan • Cada vaca marginal suele ser rentable (si no es
a través de la capacidad)
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Adaptado de: Eicker, S., and J. Fetrow. 2003. “New tools for deciding when to replace used dairy cows”
Conservar la vaca actual
Reemplazar hoy con una vaquilla
$ $ $ $ $ $ $
$ $ $ $ $ $ $
Conservar Futuro
Flujo de Caja
Reemplazar Futuro
Flujo de Caja
Tiempo
Vaca actual
1ra vaquilla
2da vaquilla
3ra vaquilla
4ta vaquilla
Última vaquilla
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Futuro flujo de caja: Conservar la vaca hasta el óptimo tiempo de reeplazo, luego reemplazar por una vaquilla Futuro flujo de caja: Reemplazar la vaca hoy, por una vaquilla
Valor de retención= Pago por retención= Futura
rentabilidad
Pago por retención (decisión de reemplazo)
▬
Pago por retención > $0 Conservar vaca
Pago por retención < $0 Reemplazar vaca
Pago por retención + Valor de desecho = valor de mercado
Por cada vaca, calcula 2 flujos de caja:
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Pago por retención: RPO
• El pago por retención es el valor de mantener la vaca en el rebaño, comparado a su inmediato reemplazo (y reemplazo por vaquilla criada)
• RPO = cuanto se puede gastar en tratar una vaca enferma, si – El tratamiento es 100% exitoso – No hay pérdidas adicionales (baja en la producción
de la leche, etc.)
• RPO es mejor manera de rankear vacas que el ingreso menos los costos variables (margen)
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62
RPO$ = Pago por retención Vaca: 1 lactancia, producción de leche promedio, preñez al día 61
482,000
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RPO = Pago por retención Vaca de baja producción: 4 lactancias, periodo de días abiertos 5
meses
Conservar Reemplazar
482,000
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Disponibilidad de vaquillas de reemplazo
Available
Not available 482,000
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Valores de retención(no preñada)
Lacta.on, milk yld
Keep
Cull
482,000
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Leche, Consumo de Materia Seca, y Ingreso sobre los costos de
alimentación
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Parity 1, milk price $0.35/kg
482,000 4820
169
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Parity 3, milk price $0.35/kg 169
4820 482,000
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Parity 1, milk price $0.25/kg 121
4820 482,000
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Precio de la leche $0.19/lbs
Vaquilla disponible Vaquilla no disponible
Si
No
$202/kg
482,000 4820
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Precio de la leche $0.13/lbs
Vaquilla disponible Vaquilla no disponible
Si
No
$138/kg
482,000 4820
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Mejoramiento genético de vaquillas de reemplazo, debiera afectar fuertemente las
decisiones de reemplazo
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Edad al primer parto
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Aumento de producción de leche cuando las vaquillas de primer
parto son mayores a 900 lb (1 lb= 0,45 kg) (Keown, 1986)
550 lb
Diapositiva: Dr. Charlie Staples
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550 Lbs = 249 kg
CLP US$ 193 0.40 Precio leche/kg
40% Costo alimentació (% precio leche)
868 1.80 Costo de crianza/día
48,091 100 Extra ingreso leche 19,236 40 Extra costo alimemntación 28,854 60 Extra ganancia
33 Días para ganar extra peso
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Calculadores
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Calculadores disponibles
• v.dairyvip and v.calculator • Evalúa manejos y consecuencias del precio en la
rentabilidad (reemplazo, reproducción, alimentación, etc.)
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Efecto del precio de reemplazo en una óptima tasa de reemplazo (Simulación en DairyVIP)
Precio de carne (CLP/kg peso vivo) $319 $531 $744 $957
Tasa anual de reemplazo (%) 30% 34% 41% 57%
Precio de reemplazo (1000 CLP/vaca reemplazada) $172 $290 $413 $537
Costo neto de rebaño reemplazado (1000 CLP/vaca/año) $181 $163 $146 $133
Precio de venta de vaca reemplazada(1000 CLP/vaca/año) $52 $98 $168 $305
Rentabilidad (1000 CLP/vaca/año) $80 $118 $161 $218
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Efecto de +10% de detección de calor Producción de leche de Invierno es el 80% de la
producción de verano (Llanquihue)
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Flujo de caja acumulativo por mes de primer parto
Producción de leche de Invierno es el 80% de la producción de verano (Llanquihue)
Mes de primer parto
3 meses
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Conclusiones
• El costo de reemplazo por kg. de leche producido, es una medida aceptable en cuanto a eficiencia de reemplazo. – Una tasa de reemplazo más baja, no es
necesariamente un costo de reemplazo más bajo.
• Reemplazo, es una decisión económica; una óptima política de reemplazo maximiza la rentabilidad.
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Gracias