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AWWA RESEARCH FOUNDATION6666 West Quincy Avenue Denver, Colorado 80235
HANDBOOKSUBJECT AREA: Water Treatment and Operations
Water Treatment Plant Waste Management
HANDBOOK OF PRACTICE
WATER TREATMENT PLANT WASTE MANAGEMENT
by
David A. Cornwell Mark M. Bishop Randy G. Gould
Carel VandermeydenEnvironmental Engineering & Technology, Inc,
Newport News, Virginia
Prepared for:
AWWA Research Foundation 6666 W. Quincy Avenue
Denver, CO 80235
June 1987
Published by the American Water Works Association
DISCLAIMER
This study was funded by the American Water Works Association Research Foundation (AWWARF). AWWARF assumes no responsibil ity for the content of the research study reported in this publication, or for the opinions or statements of fact expressed in the report. The mention of tradenames for commercial products does not represent or imply the approval or endorsement of AWWARF. This report is presented solely for informational purposes.
Although the research described in this document has been funded in part by the United States Environmental Protection Agency through a Cooperative Agreement, CR-811335-01, to AWWARF, it has not been subjected to Agency review and therefore does not necessarily reflect the views of the Agency and no official endorsement should be inferred.
Copyright 1987by
American Water Works Association Research Foundation American Water Works Association
Printed in U.S. ISBN 0-89867-404-2
AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION RESEARCH FOUNDATION
HANDBOOK OF PRACTICE WATER TREATMENT PLANT WASTE MANAGEMENT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
List of Tables ......................................... vil
List of Figures
Acknowledgements .......................................
Chapter
1 . Introduction ................................. 1
1.1. Overview ................................ 1
1.2. Water Treatment ......................... 2
1.2.1. Coagulation Waste Streams ....... 31.2.2. Softening Waste Streams ......... 61.2.3. Wastes from Inorganic Removal
Plants ........................ 9
1.3. Use of This Handbook .................... 10
2 . Waste Disposal ............................... 14
2.1. Regulations ............................. 14
2.1.1. Direct Discharge Regulations .... 172.1.2. Land Disposal Regulations ....... 22
2.2. Direct Discharge to Receiving Streams ... 28
2.2.1. Determining Mass Changes ........ 302.2.2. Benthic Impacts ................. 342.2.3. Aluminum Toxicity ............... 372.2.4. Toxicity of Non-Aluminum
Compounds ..................... 47
2.3. Discharge to the Wastewater Plant ....... 47
2.3.1. Equalization .................... 482.3.2. Effects on Biological Processes . 502.3.3. Sludge Handling Considerations .. 61
TABLE OP CONTENTS (con't)
Page
2.4. Landfill ................................ 63
2.5. Land Application ........................ 73
3. Characteristics of Water TreatmentPlant Wastes ............................... 83
3.1. Types of Wastes Generated ............... 84
3.2. Quantity of Wastes Generated ............ 86
3.2.1. Solid/jLiquid Wastes ............. 863.2.2. Liquid Phase Wastes ............. 1023.2.3. Gas Phase Wastes ................ 107
3.3. Physical Characteristics ................ 107
3.3.1. Specific Resistance Test ......... 1083.3.2. Filter Leaf Test ................. 1153.3.3. Capillary Suction Time ........... 120
3.4. Chemical Characteristics ................ 124
3.4.1. Solid/Liquid Wastes .............. 1243.4.2. Liquid Phase Wastes .............. 144
4. Solid/Liquid Waste Treatment ................. 161
4.1. Overview of Processes and Applications .. 161
4.2. Overview of Pilot Studies ............... 164
4.3. Sludge Thickening ....................... 170
4.3.1. Description ..................... 1704.3.2. Design Considerations ........... 1744.3.3. Capital and Operating Costs ..... 182
4.4. Sludge Conditioning ..................... 182
4.4.1. Description ..................... 1824.4.2. Capital and Operating Costs ..... 189
4.5. Sludge Pumping .......................... 194
4.5.1. Description ..................... 1944.5.2. Capital and Operating Costs ..... 194
IV
TABLE OP CONTENTS (con't)
Page
4.6. Centrifuges .............................. ^196
4.6.1. Description ..................... 1964.6.2. Design Considerations ........... 2064.6.3. Capital and Operating Costs ..... 2084.6.4. Operating Considerations ........ 2134.6.5. Past Performance ................ 2144.6.6. Example Facility ................ 219
4.7. Pressure Filter Press ................... 229
4.7.1. Description ..................... 2294.7.2. Design Considerations ........... 2314.7.3. Capital and Operating Costs ..... 2354.7.4. Operating Considerations ........ 2394.7.5. Past Performance ................ 2434.7.6. Example Facility ................ 252
4.8. Vacuum Filter ........................... 261
4.8.1. Description ..................... 2614.8.2. Design Considerations ........... 2664.8.3. Capital and Operating Costs ..... 2734.8.4. Operating Considerations ........ 2734.8.5. Past Performance ................ 276
4.9. Belt Filter Press ....................... 281
4.9.1. Description ..................... 2814.9.2. Design Considerations ........... 2834.9.3. Capital and Operating Costs ..... 2854.9.4. Operating Considerations ........ 2884.9.5. Past Performance ................ 2904.9.6. Example Facility ................ 291
4.10. Sand Drying Beds ........................ 295
4.10.1. Description ..................... 2954.10.2. Design Considerations ........... 2994.10.3. Capital and Operating Costs ..... 3124.10.4. Operating Considerations ........ 3144.10.5. Example Facility ................ 317
4.11. Dewatering Lagoons ...................... 321
4.11.1. Description ..................... 3214.11.2. Design Considerations ........... 3234.11.3. Capital and Operating Costs ..... 3244.11.4. Freeze-Thaw Considerations ...... 324
TABLE OF CONTENTS (COtl't)
Page
4 . 12 . Chemical Recovery ....................... 330
4.12.1. Lime Recovery ................... 3314.12.2. Coagulant Recovery .............. 338
4.13. Design Examples ........................ 374
5. System Optimization For Solid/Liquid WasteManagement ................................. 389
5.1. The Sludge Management Model ............. 391
5.1.1. Start Up Program ................ 3915.1.2. Main Program .................... 3915.1.3. Output Program .................. 3935.1.4. Data Files ...................... 3945.1.5. Cost Updating ................... 395
5.2. Program Items ........................... 396
5.2.1. Water Treatment Process ......... 3965.2.2. Sludge Removal .................. 3995.2.3.. Unthickened Sludge Pumping
Station ....................... 4005.2.4. Gravity Thickener ............... 4015.2.5. Thickened Sludge Pump Station ... 4025.2.6. Sludge Dewatering ............... 4025.2.7. Sludge Conditioning .............. 4055.2.8. Final Disposal .................. 406
5.3. Examples ................................ 407
References ............................................. 424
Appendices
Development of Cost Curves ........................ 431
VI
LIST OF TABLES
Number Page
1- 1 Guide to Locating Information on Wastes Withinthis Handbook .............................. 13
2- 1 Regulatory Acts Governing Watar Plant WasteDisposal ................................... 15
2- 2 Example In-Stream Water Quality Guidelines andStandards .................................. 20
2-3 Maximum Concentration of Contaminants ForCharacteristic of EP Toxicity .............. 25
2-4 Maximum Amount of Metal (lb/a^re) Suggested ForAgricultural Soils with Sewage Sludge ...... 29
2- 5 Plankton Productivity, Chlorophyll Concentra tion and Assimilation Ratio in the Poquoson and Warwick Rivers During March and June, 1985 ....................................... 38
2- 6 Estimated 50% Survival Times of Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis, Mitchill) in Synthetic Soft Water Solutions Containing Aluminum and Aluminum Complexing Ligands ... 42
2- 7 Chronic Aluminum Intoxication and Recovery ForTrout ...................................... 45
2- 8 Threshold Concentration For Various Metals inthe Air Activated Sludge Process ........... 52
2- 9 Stimulatory and Inhibitory Concentrations ofAlkali and Alkaline - Earth Cations ........ 55
2-10 Nutrient Content of Alum Sludge .............. 75
2-11 Physical Properties and Plant Growth in PottingMedia Amended with Alum Sludge ............. 77
2-12 Analysis of Forrest Solids One Year AfterApplication of Alum Sludge ................. 80
3- 1 Major Water Treatment Plant Wastes ........... 85
3- 2 Quantity of. Backwash Water F^om Iron andManganese Removal Plants ................... 98
Vll
LIST OF TABLES (con't)
Number Page
3-3 Regeneration of Cation Exchange Resins ....... 106
3-4 Specific Resistance For Various ChemicalSludges .................................... 114
3-5 Reported Alum Sludge Characteristics ......... 127
3-6 Elemental Analysis of Alum Sludge From OakRidge, Tennessee ........................... 128
3- 7 Metal Concentrations in Durham, N.C. AlumSludge and Their Source .................... 130
3-8 Metal Concentration in Tampa, Florida, AlumSludge ..................................... 131
3-9 EP Toxicity Test Results For Alum Sl
