Denis Raccah, MD, PhD Professor of Medicine University ...
Transcript of Denis Raccah, MD, PhD Professor of Medicine University ...
The basal plus strategy
Denis Raccah, MD, PhDProfessor of Medicine
University Hospital Sainte MargueriteMarseilleFRANCE
7
Check A1C every3 months until <7%. Change treatment if
A1C is ? 7%
Step 3
ADA/EASD guidelines recommend use of basal insulin as early as the second step in type 2 diabetes management
a Sulfonylureas other than glybenclamide or chlorpropamide.b Insufficient clinical safety data; CHF, congestive heart failure
Tier 1: Well-validated core therapies
At diagnosis:
Lifestyle+
Metformin
Lifestyle + Metforminplus
Basal Insulin
Lifestyle + Metforminplus
Sulfonylureaa
Lifestyle + Metforminplus
Intensive Insulin
Step 1 Step 2
Lifestyle + Metforminplus
PioglitazoneNo hypoglycemia
Oedema / CHFBone Loss
Lifestyle + Metforminplus
GLP-1 agonistbNo hypoglycemia
Weight lossNausea / vomiting
Tier 2: Less well-validated therapiesLifestyle + Metformin
plusPioglitazone
plusSulfonylureaa
Lifestyle + Metforminplus
Basal Insulin
ADA/EASD Guidelines. Diabetes Care 2008;31(12):1–11
Postprandial hyperglycemia persists despite treatment of FBG using basal insulin
Yki-Järvinen H, et al. Diabetologia 2006;49:442-51.
Bloo
d gl
ucos
e (m
mol
/l)
4
12
8
16
Baseline
Weeks 25-36
Insulin glargine + metformin
Beforebreakfast
22:00 04:00Afterbreakfast
Beforelunch
Afterlunch
Beforedinner
Afterdinner
Basal insulin therapy reduces the entire 24-hour blood glucose profile, but postprandial hyperglycaemia persists — LANMET study data
Decline of β-cell function determines the progressive nature of T2DM
HOMA=homeostasis model assessment.UKPDS Group. Diabetes 1995;44:1249―58. Adapted from Holman RR Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1998;40(suppl 1):S21 5
β-ce
ll fu
ncti
on (
% o
f no
rmal
by
HO
MA
)
Time (years)
0
20
40
60
80
100
―10 ―8 ―6 ―4 ―2 0 2 4 6
Time of diagnosis
?
Pancreatic function= 50% of normal
Insufficiency of basal insulin + OAD
Definition
– FBG < 100mg/dl,
– with HbA1c > 7% and/or PPG > 140-160 mg/dl,
– Suggesting that OAD (insulin secretagogues) loose their capability to control PPG, and that prandial insulin supplementation must be considered.
Insufficiency of basal insulin + OADdifferent situations
• 30 to 50% of patients treated by basal insulin do not reach theHbA1c target, at initiation, and despite optimisation of the dose (basal insulin is not enough)
Riddle M et al. Treat To Target. Diabetes Care 2005
• Natural history of the pancreatic disease in type 2 diabetes (basal insulin is no longer enough with time)
• Hypoglycemic risk during the titration of basal insulin making difficult to reach the FBG target
• Very high dose of basal insulin without significant effect on FBG, and weight gain ( severe insulin resistance)
Monnier et coll. Diab Metab 2006
23
Lifestyle changes plus metformin (± other agents)
BasalAdd basal insulin and titrate
Basal PlusAdd prandial insulin at main meal
Basal BolusAdd prandial insulin before each meal
Progressive deterioration of β-cell function
Adapted from Raccah D, et al. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2007; 23(4):257? 64
Type 2 diabetes: matching treatment to disease progression using a stepwise approach
Basal Plus: once-daily basal insulin plus once daily* rapid-acting insulin
*As the disease progresses, a second daily injection of prandial insulin may be added
• PPG is correlated to HbA1c
• The PPG is not the same according to the meals of the day, and vary from one patient to another, and from one country to another ( the highest being after breakfast in France, and after dinner in USA)
• The control of the highest PPG could influence the rest of the day.
Rationale for the « basal plus » strategy
Glycemic profile according to the country
1] Monnier J et coll. Diabetes Care 2002;25:737-41[2]Rosenstock J et coll. Chapter 9. In:CADRE Handbook of diabetes management.New York:Medical information press;2004:pp145-68
Raccah D et al. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2007
« Basal Plus »
Basal insulin + prandial insulin at the main meal
Basal Plus: general considerations for treatment with once-daily basal insulin plus once daily rapid
prandial insulin
• Fix fasting first• Titrate basal insulin to control fasting BG
• For some patient candidates, basal will not be enough• Intensify treatment
• Add prandial insulin to control postprandial BG for efficacy and safety in patient candidates with: • HbA1c >7% to <9% despite optimal titration of basal insulin1
• And FBG control close to or at target2
Raccah D, et al. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2007;23:257−64
POC: comparing Basal Plus therapy with insulin glargine alone
Patients:• Previously received basal insulin for ≥3 months• Previously received metformin, and continued to receive OHAs during the study
Design:
Randomization (patients with HbA1c
≥7.0%)
Patients with type 2 diabetes and HbA1c 7.5-9.5% receiving basal insulin and metformin for ≥3 months
3 months
Insulin glargine
3 months
Insulin glargine + OHAs (n=57)
Insulin glargine + once-daily insulin glulisine + OHAs (n=49)
Mean baseline values:• HbA1c (%): 8.5
• BMI (kg/m2): 33.1
• Duration of diabetes (years): 11.5
Open-label, multinational trial
POC: adding glulisine to glargine increases efficacy and improves glycemic control
Glargine Glargine + glulisine6.06.57.07.58.08.59.09.5
10.0Randomisation
Endpoint
HbA
1c (%
)
Glargine Glargine + glulisine0
10
20
30
40
Patie
nts
achi
evin
g H
bA1c
<7
(%)
7.8
24.4
p=0.025
8.07.87.8
7.4
p=0.024
POC: the Basal Plus approach is safe and associated with only minor weight gain and hypoglycemic risk
Insulin glargine (n=57) Insulin glargine + insulin glulisine (n=49)
BW change from baseline (kg) +0.2 ± 1.8 +0.5 ± 2.5
Symptomatic hypoglycemia (event/pt.yr)
7.68 ± 14.00 8.19 ± 14.60
Severe symptomatic hypoglycemia (event/pt.yr)
0.20 ± 0.10 0
OPAL study: assessment of Basal Plus efficacy comparing glulisine added at breakfast or main meal
Subjects:• 316 insulin treated with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes
(HbA1c >6.5–9.0%) • Previously received basal insulin glargine for ≥3 months
(OHAs continued during the study)
Mean baseline values:• HbA1c (%): 7.3• BMI (kg/m2): 31.3• Diabetes duration (years): 10.5
24 weeksRandomization
Insulin glulisine once daily at breakfast + basal insulin glargine (n=162)
Lankisch M, et al. Diabetes Obes Metab 2008;10:1178–85
OPAL study: glargine + glulisine improves glycemic control irrespective of whether glulisine is given with
breakfast or the main meal
2.2 OPAL study
BaselineEndpoint
Breakfastgroup
Main mealgroup
0
20
40
60
% a
chie
ving
HbA
1c<7
.0
36.5
52.2
p=0.028 p=NS
p<0.0001
HbA
1c (%
)6
7
8
9
7.357.03
7.296.94
Breakfastgroup
Main mealgroup
p<0.0001
The main meal group also included subjects whose main meal was breakfast
Lankisch M, et al. Diabetes Obes Metab 2008;10:1178–85
OPAL study: the timing of glulisine addition to glargine does not affect safety or weight gain
2.2 OPAL study
p=NS
Breakfastgroup
Mainmeal
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
Mea
n bo
dy w
eigh
t cha
nge
from
bas
elin
e (k
g)
1.00.9
0
1
2
3
4
2.72
3.69
Con
firm
ed h
ypo
(eve
nt/p
atie
nt-y
ear)
Breakfastgroup
Mainmeal
p=NS
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
Breakfastgroup
Mainmeal
Seve
re h
ypo
(eve
nt/p
atie
nt-y
ear)
0.01
0.04
p=NS
Lankisch M, et al. Diabetes Obes Metab 2008;10:1178–85
Results: 8-point blood glucose profile injection at breakfast
Calculated for the per-protocol analysis set (N=316); data are mean; *p<0.05; †p<0.0001
2h-postbreakfast
2h-postlunch
2h-postdinner
3:00 a.m. Fasting Pre-lunch Pre-dinner Bedtime
100
120
140
160
180
Blo
od g
luco
se (m
g/dL
)
5.6
6.7
7.8
8.9
10.0
11.1
Blood glucose (m
mol/L)
BaselineEndpoint
time of injection
†
*†
†
†*
Results: 8-point blood glucose profile injection at lunch
Calculated for the per-protocol analysis set (N=316); data are mean; *p<0.05; †p<0.0001
2h-postbreakfast
2h-postlunch
2h-postdinner
3:00 a.m. Fasting Pre-lunch Pre-dinner Bedtime
100
120
140
160
180
Blo
od g
luco
se (m
g/dL
)
5.6
6.7
7.8
8.9
10.0
11.1
Blood glucose (m
mol/L)
BaselineEndpoint
time of injection
†
*
*
Results: 8-point blood glucose profile injection at dinner
Calculated for the per-protocol analysis set (N=316); data are mean; *p<0.05; †p<0.0001
2h-postbreakfast
2h-postlunch
2h-postdinner
3:00 a.m. Fasting Pre-lunch Pre-dinner Bedtime
100
120
140
160
180
Blo
od g
luco
se (m
g/dL
)
5.6
6.7
7.8
8.9
10.0
11.1
Blood glucose (m
mol/L)
BaselineEndpoint
time of injection
†
*
*†
ELEONOR: evaluating glycemic control with Basal Plus using two dose adjustment methods
Subjects:• 200 insulin naïve with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes • Receiving ≥1 OHA (metformin continued, other OHAs stopped)
Randomization to self-monitoring of BG or Telecare program
Glargine + once-daily glulisine
8–16 weeks
Insulin glargine
Standard-monitoring of BG (n=109)
Telecare program (n=91)
Run in
2.3 ELEONOR study
Del Prato S, et al. Diabetologia 2008;51 Suppl. 1:S452
Mean baseline values:• HbA1c (%): 8.9• BMI (kg/m2): 29.9• Diabetes duration (years): 10.9
24 weeks
ELEONOR: efficacy of Basal Plus approach is unaffected by the method of dose adjustment used
2.3 ELEONOR study
SMBG = self monitoring of blood glucoseDel Prato S, et al. Diabetologia 2008;51 Suppl. 1:S452
20
40
60
80
100
51 55
0% a
chie
ving
HbA
1c<7
.0
Telecare SMBG
p=NS
Baseline Start glulisine Endpoint
8.9
8.8
7.17.0
Basal
Basal plus
TelecareSMBG
6
7
8
9
10
11
HbA
1c (%
)
ELEONOR: the Basal Plus approach is associated with only minor weight gain and few hypoglycemic events
2.3 ELEONOR study
SMBG = self monitoring of blood glucoseDel Prato S, et al. Diabetologia 2008;51 Suppl. 1:S452
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Mea
n bo
dy w
eigh
t cha
nge
from
bas
elin
e (k
g)
0.4
0.1
Telecare SMBG
p=NS
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
Rat
es o
f sev
ere
hypo
eve
nts
per p
atie
nt-y
ear 0.05
0.03
Telecare SMBG
p=NS
1.2.3 study: insulin glargine with addition of one, two or three daily doses of glulisine
Subjects:• Insulin naïve (785 entered study, 343 randomized) with type 2 diabetes
(HbA1c ≥8.0%)• Receiving 2 or 3 OHAs for ≥3 months (OHAs continued except sulfonylurea)
Randomization (subjects with HbA1c >7.0%, n=343)
24 weeks
Insulin glargine(n=785)
14 weeks
Additional insulin glulisine once daily (n=115)
Additional insulin glulisine twice daily (n=113)
Additional insulin glulisine three times daily (n=115)
2.4 1.2.3 study
Sanofi-aventis data on file (1.2.3 study)
Mean study entry values:• HbA1c (%): 10.1• BMI (kg/m2): 35.0
1.2.3 study: intensification of Basal insulinwith mealtime glulisine injections
improves glycemic control
2.4 1.2.3 study
Sanofi-aventis data on file (1.2.3 study)
Run in Randomization Wk 8 Wk 16 Wk 24
7.40
7.0
HbA
1c (%
)
10.1910.19
10.16
7.44
7.29
8.0
9.0
10.0Glulisine 1xGlulisine 2xGlulisine 3x
Responders in the whole population (n=785)
Evolution of HbA1c in the randomized population (n=343)
0
20
40
60
80
Subjects who achieved HbA1c<7.0% with glargine during run in
Additional subjects who achievedHbA1c <7.0%with glulisine added toglargine
All subjects(n=785)
% a
chie
ving
HbA
1c<7
.0
23%
37%
Glargine(alone)
Glargine plus glulisine(patients with HbA1c >7%)
1.2.3 study: The Basal Plus strategy is associated with a reduced level of hypoglycaemia
p=NS for all other pairwise comparisons
2.4 1.2.3 study
Sanofi-aventis data on file (1.2.3 study)
x1 x2 x30
1
2
3
4
5
Mea
n bo
dy w
eigh
t cha
nge
from
bas
elin
e (k
g)
3.7 3.8 3.9
Glulisine
0
5
10
15
20
x1 x2 x3Glulisine
Con
firm
ed s
ympt
omat
ic h
ypo
(eve
nt/p
atie
nt-y
ear)
12.2 12.9
17.1
p=0.043
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
Seve
re o
r ser
ious
hyp
o(e
vent
/pat
ient
-yea
r)
x1 x2 x3Glulisine
0.10
0.300.26
« Basal Plus » in clinical practice
Initiation • 6 point glycemic profile during 3 consecutive days• Identification of the main meal ( highest PPG, greatest glycemic delta)• Add one injection of rapid-acting insulin analog at this main meal: initial dose:0,05 U / Kg
Titration
What’s about the OAD?• Some patients may stop or decrease the insulin-secretagogues (based on glycemic profile)• Continuation of metforminWhat’s about the basal insulin dose?• No change
Mean PPG> 140 mg/dl Increase 2 U
Mean PPG between 100 and 140 mg/dl No changeMean value of PPG at this meal for the two previous days
Mean PPG < 100 mg/dl Decrease 2 U
2. La stratégie "basale plus" : résumé
1Del Prato S et coll. Diabetologia 2008 ; 51 Suppl. 1 : S452, et Sanofi-aventis, données internes ; 2Nathan DM et coll. Diabetes Care 2008 ; 31 : 1–11 ; 3Raccah D et coll. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2007 ; 23 : 257–64 ; 4Halbron M et coll. Diabetes Metab 2007 ; 33 : 316–20
Basal Plus – Conclusion 1
• Basal Plus is once-daily basal insulin plus once-daily rapid-acting insulin (before the main meal)
• Adding once-daily rapid insulin to basal insulin gives a significant improvement in HbA1c
• Further reductions in HbA1c concentrations• Additional patients able to achieve HbA1c <7.0% goal
(between 30 and 50 % according to the studies)
• When added to once-daily basal insulin, giving prandial insulin before breakfast is as effective as giving it before the main meal
• Basal Plus is the first intensification step to consider after optimization of the basal insulin dose
• Basal plus strategy is safe in terms of hypoglycemic risk
Basal Plus – Conclusion 2
When basal insulin is no longer enough
• Basal Plus will be compared to premix insulin ( ALL TO TARGET study)
• Stepwise addition of rapid acting insulin will be compared to full basal-bolus regimen (OSIRIS study)