Parallel Lives Demosthenes 384-322

• “…many similarities in their na- • tural character, as their passion • for distinction, their love of li- • berty in civil life, their want of • courage in dangers and war…” • and at the same time also to • have added many accidental • resemblances.” • Both became great from • small beginnings, contes- • ted with tyrants, lost • their daughters, suffered • exile and returned with • honor, fought for liberty, • and died when liberty • died For their countrymen.

M. Tullius Cicero 106-43

“The Power of persuading and governing the people did, indeed belong equally to both, so that those who had armies and camps at their command stood in need of their assistance.”

Judicial Speeches (81 BC) Pro Quinctio (On behalf of Publius Quinctius) (80 BC) Pro Roscio Amerino (In Defense of Sextus Roscius of Ameria) (77 BC) Pro Q. Roscio Comoedo (In Defense of Quintus Roscius Gallus the Comic actor) (70 BC) Divinatio in Caecilium (Against Quintus Caecilius in the process for selecting a prosecutor of Gaius Verres) (70 BC) In Verrem (Against Gaius Verres, or The Verrines) (71 BC) Pro Tullio (On behalf of Tullius) (69 BC) Pro Fonteio (On behalf of Marcus Fonteius) (69 BC) Pro Caecina (On behalf of Aulus Caecina) (66 BC) Pro Cluentio (On behalf of Aulus Cluentius)

63 BC) Pro Rabirio Perduellionis Reo (On behalf of Gaius Rabirius on a Charge of Treason

63 BC) Pro Murena (In Defense of Lucius Licinius Murena, in the court for electoral bribery) (62 BC) Pro Sulla (In Defense of Publius Cornelius Sulla (62 BC) Pro Archia Poeta (In Defense of Aulus Licinius Archias the poet) (59 BC) Pro Antonio (In Defense of Gaius Antonius) [lost entire, or never written] (59 BC) Pro Flacco (In Defense of Lucius Valerius Flaccus, in the court for extortion) (56 BC) Pro Sestio (In Defense of Publius Sestius) (56 BC) In Vatinium testem (Against the witness Publius Vatinius at the trial of Sestius)

(56 BC) Pro Caelio (In Defense of Marcus Caelius Rufus): English translation

(56 BC) Pro Balbo (In Defense of Lucius Cornelius Balbus)

(54 BC) Pro Plancio (In Defense of Gnaeus Plancius)

(54 BC) Pro Rabirio Postumo (In Defense of Gaius Rabirius Postumus)

Mid career (between exile and Caesarian Civil War)(57 BC) Post Reditum in Quirites (To the Citizens after his recall from exile)

(57 BC) Post Reditum in Senatu (To the Senate after his recall from exile)

(57 BC) De Domo Sua (On his House) (57 BC) De Haruspicum Responsis (On the Responses of the Haruspices) (56 BC) De Provinciis Consularibus (On the Consular Provinces) (55 BC) In Pisonem (Against Piso) (52 BC) Pro Milone (In Defence of Titus Annius Milo) Late career(46 BC) Pro Marcello (On behalf of Marcellus) (46 BC) Pro Ligario (On behalf of Ligarius before Caesar) (46 BC) Pro Rege Deiotaro (On behalf of King Deiotarus before Caesar) (44 BC) Philippicae (consisting of the 14 philippics, Philippica I–XIV, against Marcus Antonius)[6] (The Pro Marcello, Pro Ligario, and Pro Rege Deiotaro are collectively known as "The Caesarian speeches").

Rhetoric and politics[edit] (84 BC) De Inventione (About the composition of arguments) (55 BC) De Oratore ad Quintum fratrem libri tres (On the Orator, three books for his brother Quintus) (54 BC) De Partitionibus Oratoriae (About the subdivisions of oratory) (52 BC) De Optimo Genere Oratorum (About the Best Kind of Orators) (51 BC) De Re Publica (On the Republic) (46 BC) Brutus (For Brutus, a short history of Roman rhetoric and orators dedicated to Marcus Junius Brutus) (46 BC) Orator ad M. Brutum (About the Orator, also dedicated to Brutus)

44 BC) Topica (Topics of argumentation) (?? BC) De Legibus (On the Laws) (?? BC) De Consulatu Suo (On his ((Cicero's)) consulship – epic poem, only parts survive) (?? BC) De temporibus suis (His Life and Times- epic poem, entirely lost) Speeches for Pompey: 67 In Support of the Lex Gabinia , To get Pompey the Campaign against the pirates 66 In Support of the Manilian Law:To get Pompey the command against Mithridates 66 BC ? Lost speech getting Pompey control of the grain supply

Philosophy (46 BC) Paradoxa Stoicorum (Stoic Paradoxes) (45 BC) Hortensius (45 BC) Lucullus or Academica Priora – Liber Secundus (Second Book of the Prior Academics) (45 BC) Varro or Academica Posteriora (Posterior Academics) (45 BC) Consolatio (Consolation) How to console oneself at the death of a loved person (see Consolatio) (45 BC) De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum (About the Ends of Goods and Evils) – a book on ethics[8] (45 BC) Tusculanae Quaestiones (Questions debated at Tusculum) (45 BC) De Natura Deorum (On the Nature of the Gods) (45 BC) De Divinatione (On Divination) (45 BC) De Fato (On Fate) (44 BC) Cato Maior de Senectute (Cato the Elder on Old Age) (44 BC) Laelius de Amicitia (Laelius on Friendship) (44 BC) De Officiis (On Duties)

Epistolae (letters) Epistulae ad Atticum (Letters to Atticus; 68–43 BC) Epistulae ad Brutum (Letters to Brutus; 43 BC) Epistulae ad Familiares (Letters to friends; 62–43 BC) Epistulae ad Quintum Fratrem (Letters to his brother Quintus; 60/59–54 BC)

“A room without books is like a body without a soul” ]

Early Life Novus Homo: A ’New Man’

Education 2

• Graduate School in Rome

Early Speech attack on Sulla’s freedman 80 BCE He wins but flees dictator’s wrath 3-4, p. 315*

Return to Rome 5*,p. 315-16

• Guide should be his own nature, not popular opinion

Politics Beckons Questor in Sicily, 75

Advocate in Rome 6-7, P.317

• Gets to know the citizens

• Takes no fees or gifts

• Prosecutes an ex-

• Governor of Sicily, Verres, for extortion and wins despite dirty tricks and bribes, 70 BCE .

Upward on the Cursus Honorum Aedile, 69 BCE

Praetor, 66 BCE; Policy: Concord of the Orders (Knights and Senatorial classes)

Consul,63 BCE , 10-23 • Election

• Catiline Conspiracy: O tempora! O mores!

Death Penalty or Not?

• Fame or Infamy?

• “O fortunatam natam me

• Consule Romam”

Cicero’s Wit 24-28, 27* p. 337

Exile and Return,58-57 BCE, 25-33

32*,pp.343 -4

Back to Law and Politics, 35-36

Trial in Defense of Milo, 35

• Augur 53 BCE

• Governor of Cilicia 51 • BCE

Plutarch’s • Assessment,36,pp.347-8

The Die is Cast, 37*-39

Pompey?

• Mediation fails

• Or Caesar?

Retirement and Private Life, 40-41 Writer, Teacher, Philosopher

Confusion and Second Triumvirate

Antony?,42-43 Flight?

• Fear

• But

• Leads

• Senate leaves Rome

Returns

Switches sides

Octavian?, 44-46 Asked by Octavian’s mother and sister to support him with his ora-

tory.

14 Phillipics Against

Antony, 44 BCE

Reasons 45* p.356

Power and Glory

Betrayal

Proscription, Flight? and Death 43 BCE

Hard choices for Big3, 47

• Sad hard trip for Cicero and Quintus with changes of plan

Death of Cicero,48

• Disgrace of Antony, 49

Cicero Gets His Revenge and His Glory

• As all the ages of the world have not produced a greater statesman and philosopher united in the same character, his authority should have great weight.

• John Adams, A Defence of the Constitutions of Government (1787), Preface

http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/m/marcus_tullius_cicero.html