Demographics of Pakistan

This article is about the demographic features of thepopulation of Pakistan, including population density,ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, eco-nomic status, religious aliations and other aspects ofthe population. For a general overview of the citizens ofPakistan, see Pakistani people.

Pakistan's estimated population in 2014 is over 199million,[1][4][5] making it the worlds sixth-most-populouscountry, behind Brazil and ahead of Nigeria. During19502011, Pakistans urban population expanded oversevenfold, while the total population increased by overfourfold. In the past, the countrys population had a rela-tively high growth rate that has been changed by moderatebirth rates. In 2014, the population growth rate stands at1.49%.[2]

Dramatic social changes have led to rapid urbanizationand the emergence of megacities. During 19902003,Pakistan sustained its historical lead as the second-mosturbanized nation in South Asia with city dwellers makingup 36% of its population.[6] Furthermore, 50% of Pak-istanis now reside in towns of 5,000 people or more.[7]

Pakistan has a multicultural and multi-ethnic society andhosts one of the largest refugee populations in the worldas well as a young population.The Demographic history of Pakistan from the ancientIndus Valley Civilization to modern era includes the ar-rival and settlement of many cultures and ethnic groupsin modern region of Pakistan from Central Asia, MiddleEast and Europe.

1 Population

Main article: Census in Pakistan

1.1 Geographic distribution

The majority of southern Pakistans population livesalong the Indus River. Karachi is the most populous cityin Pakistan. In the northern half, most of the popula-tion lives about an arc formed by the cities of Faisalabad,Lahore, Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Multan, Gujranwala,Sialkot, Nowshera, Swabi, Mardan, and Peshawar.

Population density in Pakistan

1.2 Population size and growth

Population: 188,646,439 (December 2014 est.)[8]

Growth rate: 1.49% (2014 est.)

According to OECD/World Bank, the population in Pak-istan increased by 23 million from 1990 to 2008, with a54% growth in population compared to 34% growth inIndia and 38% growth in Bangladesh.[9]

1.2.1 Yearly population increase

Pakistans yearly population from 1950 to 2014.[10]

1.3 UN estimates[11]

1.4 Gender ratios

Sex ratio at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female

1564 years: 1.09 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.92 male(s)/female

total population: 1.07 male(s)/female (2011 est.)

1

2 4 NATIONALITY, ETHNICITY, AND LANGUAGE

2 Vital statistics[11]

2.1 Vital statistics[12]

2.2 Fertility by region 2010-2012 (releasedin 2012-13)[13]

2.3 Contraceptives usage (%) 20102012(released in 201213)[13]

2.4 Mortality and life expectancy

Maternal mortality ratio: 320 (2009 est.)[14]

Life expectancy at birth:

total population: 65.5 years (2007 est.)[15]

male: 66.5 years (2009 est.)[14]

female: 67.2 years (2009 est.)[14]

As adultery is a crime punishable by death in Pakistan,just in the main cities 1,210 infants were killed or aban-doned to die (2010), 90% of them girls and most lessthan a week old according to conservative estimates bythe Edhi Foundation, a charity working to reverse this in-creasing trend.[16]

3 Human development

3.1 Human Development Index

Further information: List of Pakistani Districts byHuman Development Index

According to the 2009 Human Development Report ofthe United Nations Development Programme (UNDP),60.3% of Pakistanis live on less than $2 a day.[17]

Sources: Information on Pakistani regions:[4] Informa-tion on other countries:[18] All Estimated at three decimalplaces.Note: Regarding the above two tables, information onPakistan has been taken from the PAKISTAN NATIONALHUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2003 and for thecountries of the world, information has been take fromthe Human Development Report 2006 as it best reectsthe time when data was taken for Pakistan. Pakistan Na-tional Human Development Report gave Pakistan an HDIscore of 0.541 whereas the Human Development Report2006 gave it a score of 0.539.Sources:[19][20]

3.2 Literacy[21]

denition: aged 10 and over and can read and write as of2008-09

Total population: 57% Male: 69% Female: 45%

3.3 Educational institutions by kind[22]

Primary schools: 156,592 Middle schools: 320,611 High schools: 23,964 College of Arts and Sciences: 3,213 Degree colleges: 1,202 Technical and vocational institutions: 3,125 Universities: 153[23]

4 Nationality, ethnicity, and lan-guage

4.1 Ethnic groups

Main article: Ethnic groups in Pakistan

Pakistans diversity is more visible along cultural dier-ences and less along linguistic, religious or genetic lines.Almost all Pakistanis belong to the Indo-Iranian linguisticgroup of the Indo-European branch. Pakistans rough es-timates vary, but the consensus is that the Punjabis are thelargest ethnic group. Pashtuns (Pakhtuns) make up thesecond largest group and Sindhi are the third-largest eth-nic group.[24][25] Saraikis (a transitional group betweenPunjabis and Sindhis) make up 10.53% of the total pop-ulation. The remaining large groups include the Muhajirsand the Baloch people, which make up 7.57% and 3.57%of the total population, respectively. Hindkowans and theBrahui, and the various peoples of the GilgitBaltistan,constitute roughly 4.66% of the total population. ThePakhtun and Baloch represent two of the major popu-lations that are linguistically Iranian, while the majorityPunjabis, Hindkowans, Sindhis and Saraikis are the ma-jor linguistically Indo-Aryan groups.Descendents of Black Africans that were brought asslaves in the 15th to the 19th century are known asSheedis. The Sheedis are Muslims and speak Balochi,Sindhi and Urdu.

4.3 Languages 3

In 1850, the British started developing Karachi as a majorport for trade and commerce, resulting in the arrival ofa large number immigrants from Rajasthan, Gujarat andGoa. The Goan Catholics constitute the majority of theChristians in the city.[26]

After the PakistanIndia war in 1971, thousands ofBiharis and Bengalis from Bangladesh arrived in theKarachi, followed by Muslim Rohingya refugees[27] fromBurma, and Asians from Uganda. According to theUnited Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UN-HCR), approximately 1.7 million Afghan refugees re-main in Pakistan as of 2009.[28] Many of them were bornand raised in Pakistan in the last 30 years but are stillcounted as citizens of Afghanistan.[29] The majority ofAfghans in Pakistan are ethnic Pakhtuns from southeast-ern Afghanistan, who have settled in Pakistan due to civilstrife in their home country.[30]

All major ethnic groups in Pakistan, while categorizedas separate entities, have thousands of years of sharedhistory and inter-mingling. In addition, inter-marriagesbetween ethnic groups within the country are not uncom-mon.

4.2 Foreign-born population in PakistanMain article: Immigration to Pakistan

After the independence of Pakistan in 1947, many Mus-lims from India migrated to Pakistan and they are thelargest group of foreign-born residents. This group isdwindling because of its age. The second-largest group offoreign-born residents consists of Muslim refugees fromAfghanistan, who have settled in Pakistan due to civil warin their home country. There are also smaller groupsof Muslim immigrants from Burma, Bangladesh, Iraq,Somalia, Iran, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan, among others.

Mostly those born before 1947

Source: [31]

4.3 LanguagesMain article: Languages of Pakistan

{* Saraiki was included with Punjabi in the 1951 and1961 censuses.}Following are the major languages spoken in Pakistan.The percentage of Pakistanis who are native speakers ofthat language is also given.There are around 75 to 80 known Pakistani languagesalthough, in practice, there are primarily six major lan-guages in Pakistan spoken by 95% of the population:Punjabi, Pashto, Sindhi, Saraiki, Urdu, and Balochi. Theocial language is English and the national language isUrdu, the census indicates that around 8% of the popu-lation speak Urdu as their rst language. However, dueto rapid urbanization and modernization, the use of Urduas a primary language is increasing, especially amongstthe growing urbanized middle class of Pakistan. Around44% speak Punjabi, 37.2% speak Pashto, 15.5% speakSindhi, 10.5% Saraiki, 7.5% Urdu, 3.5% Balochi, and3.5% other languages (Hindko, Brahui etc.) as their rstlanguage. Most Pakistanis, however, speak or understandat least two to three languages and almost all Pakistanisspeak or understand the national language, Urdu.The most prevalent native languages appear in bold be-low, with the percentage of the population speaking themas their rst language rounded to the nearest percentagepoint:

4.3.1 English

English is the ocial language, being widely used withinthe government, by the civil service and the ocer ranksof the military. Pakistans Constitution and laws arewritten in English. Nearly all schools, colleges anduniversities use English as the medium of instruction.Amongst the more educated social circles of Pakistan,English is seen as the language of upward mobility andits use is becoming more prevalent in upper social cir-cles, often spoken alongside native Pakistani languages.Among countries that use English as an ocial language,Pakistan is the third-most populous in the world.

4.3.2 Urdu

Urdu is the national language of Pakistan, the linguafranca chosen to facilitate inter-provincial communica-tion between the countrys diverse linguistic populations.Although only about 7.5% of Pakistanis speak it as theirrst language, it is spoken as a second and often thirdlanguage by nearly all Pakistanis. Its introduction as thelingua franca was encouraged by the British Raj upon thecapitulation and annexation of Sindh (1843) and Punjab(1849) with the subsequent ban on the use of Persian,the lingua franca of the region for many centuries, due toadmiration of local rulers for the foreign language. Thedecision to make the language change was to institutea universal language throughout the then British Raj inSouth Asia as well as minimize the inuence of Persia,

4 4 NATIONALITY, ETHNICITY, AND LANGUAGE

the Ottoman Empire, and Afghanistan had on this transi-tional region. Urdu is a relatively new language in the con-temporary sense but has undergone considerable modi-cations and development borrowing heavily on the tradi-tions of older languages such as Persian, Arabic, Turkishand local South Asian languages, all of which can befound in its vocabulary. It began as a standardized reg-ister of Hindi and in its spoken form. It is widely used,both formally and informally, for personal letters as wellas public literature, in the literary sphere and in the pop-ular media. It is a required subject of study in all pri-mary and secondary schools. It is the rst language ofmost Muhajirs (Muslim refugees that arrived from dier-ent parts of India after the independence of Pakistan in1947), that form nearly 8% of Pakistans population andis an acquired language. But nearly all of Pakistans nativeethnic groups representing almost 92% of the populationmaking Pakistan a unique country in the choice of na-tional languages. As Pakistans national language, Urduhas been promoted as a token of national unity. In recentyears, the Urdu spoken in Pakistan has undergone furtherevolution and acquired a particularly Pakistani avour toit often absorbing local native terminology and adopting astrong Punjabi, Sindhi and Pashto leaning in terms of in-tonations and vocabulary. It is a modern language whichis constantly evolving from its original form. It is writtenin a modied form of the Perso-Arabic script, Nastaliq,and its basic Hindi-based vocabulary has been enrichedby words from Persian, Arabic, Turkic languages and En-glish. Urdu has drawn inspiration from Persian litera-ture and has now an enormous stock of words from thatlanguage. In recent years, the Urdu spoken in Pakistanhas gradually incorporated words from many of the na-tive languages found there including Pashto, Punjabi andSindhi to name a few. As such, the language is con-stantly developing and has acquired a particularly 'Pak-istani' avour to it distinguishing itself from that spokenin ancient times and in India. The rst poetry in Urdu wasby the poet Amir Khusro (12531325) and the rst Urdubook Woh Majlis was written in 1728 and the rst timethe word Urdu was used by Sirajuddin Ali Khan Arzooin 1741.[32] The Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb Alamgir(16581707) spoke Urdu (or Hindustani) uently as didhis descendents while his ancestors mostly spoke Persianand Turkish.[33]

4.3.3 Punjabi

Punjabi is a provincial language spoken as a rst languageby more than 50% of Pakistanis, mostly in Punjab, aswell as by a large number of people in Karachi. It isan important language since Punjabi dialects are spokenby more than half of Pakistanis. However, Punjabi doesnot have any ocial status in Pakistan. The exact num-ber of Punjabi speakers in Pakistan is hard to determinesince there are many dialects such as Saraiki, which mostregard as part of Punjabi and others regard as separatelanguage. When taking into account Hindko, Potwari,

Pahari, Saraiki, Punjabi dialects are thus spoken by al-most 60% of the population in Pakistan. The standardPunjabi dialect is from Lahore, Sialkot, Gujranwala andSheikhupura districts of the Pakistani Punjab which wasused by Waris Shah (17221798) in his book Heer Ran-jha and is also nowadays the language of Punjabi litera-ture, lm and music, such as Lollywood. Other dialectsare Multani or Saraiki in the West and South, Pothowariand Hindko in the North, Dogri in the mountain areas andShahpuri in the Sargodha district.Punjabi is descended from Prakrit in the Vedic period(1700 BC), Pali, and Apabhramsha in the Ashoka period(273 BC 232 BC) and Hindvi, Lahori and Multani in theMuslim period (711 AD 1857 AD). Punjabi literaturewas principally spiritual in nature and has had a very richoral tradition. The great poetry written by Su saints hasbeen the folklore of the Punjab and is still sung with greatlove in any part of the region.

4.3.4 Sindhi

Sindhi is a provincial language spoken as a second lan-guage by 15.5% of Pakistanis, mostly in Sindh. It hasa rich literature and is used in schools. It is an Indo-Aryan (Indo-European) language, derived from Sanskrit.The Arabs ruled Sindh for more than 150 years afterMuhammad bin Qasim conquered it in 712 AD, remain-ing there for three years to set up Arab rule. Con-sequently, the social fabric of Sindh contains elementsof Arabic society. Sindhi is spoken by over 36 mil-lion people in Pakistan, and is the ocial language ofSindh province. It is widely spoken in the Lasbela Dis-trict of Balochistan (where the Lasi tribe speaks a di-alect of Sindhi), many areas of the Naseerabad andJafarabad districts of Balochistan, and by the Sindhi di-aspora abroad. Sindhi language has six major dialects:Sireli, Vicholi, Lari, Thari, Lasi and Kachhi. It is writtenin the Arabic script with several additional letters to ac-commodate special sounds. The largest Sindhi-speakingcities are Karachi, Hyderabad, Sukkur, Shikarpur, Dadu,Jacobabad, Larkana, Mirpur Khas, Thatta, Badin andNawabshah. Sindhi literature is also spiritual in nature.Shah Abdul Latif Bhita'i (16891752) is one of its great-est poets, and wrote Sassi Punnun and Umar Marvi, folkstories, in his famous book Shah Jo Risalo.Sindhi dialects:

Sindhi Saraiki- a version of Saraiki language re-garded as a dialect of Sindhi; spoken mainly in Up-per Sindh.

Vicholi- in Vicholo, i.e. Central Sindh

Lari- in Laru, i.e. Lower Sindh

Lasi- in Lasa Belo, a part of Kohistan inBaluchistan on the western side of Sindh

4.3 Languages 5

Thari or Thareli- in Tharu, the desert region on thesoutheast border of Sindh and a part of the Jaisalmerdistrict in Rajasthan

Kachhi- in the Kutch region and in a part of Kathi-awar in Gujarat, on the southern side of Sindh

Vicholi is considered as the standard dialect by all Sindhispeakers.

4.3.5 Pashto

Pashto is a provincial language spoken as a rst languageby 37.2% (4958 millions) of Pakistanis, mostly in theKhyber Pakhtunkhwa and in Balochistan as well as byimmigrants to the eastern provinces who are often notcounted due to census irregularities. The Pashto hasrich written literary traditions as well as an oral tradi-tion. There are two major dialect patterns within whichthe various individual dialects may be classied; these arePakhto, which is the Northern (Peshawar) variety, and thesofter Pashto spoken in the southern areas. Khushal KhanKhattak (16131689) and Rahman Baba (16331708)were the most famous poets in the Pashto language. Inthe last part of 20th century, Pakhto or Pashto has pro-duced some great poets like Ghani Khan, Khatir Afridiand Amir Hamza Shinwari. There are also many Pak-istanis from the adjacent regions of Punjab, Sindh andBalochistan who are conversant in Pashto and count it astheir second language. They are not included in the over-all percentage.The Pashtuns (Pakhtuns or Pathans), originally fromKhyber Pakhtunkhwa, FATA and northern Balochistan,are now the citys second largest ethnic group in Karachiafter Muhajirs.[34][35] With as high as 7 million bysome estimates, the city of Karachi in Pakistan has thelargest concentration of urban Pakhtun population in theworld, including 50,000 registered Afghan refugees in thecity.[36] Karachi is the biggest Pashto speaking city in theworld although the Pashto speakers constitute only about25% of Karachis population.[37]

4.3.6 Saraiki

See also Punjabi dialectsSaraiki, sometimes spelled Seraiki and Siraiki, is viewedas a dialect of Punjabi language. Debate of languageor dialect is an ongoing phenomenon in Indo-Aryan (In-dic) languages. It is spoken as a rst language mostly inthe southern districts of Punjab: Multan, Lodhran, Ba-hawalpur,Layyah, Dera Ghazi Khan, Muzaargarh andRahim Yar Khan. It is also spoken by majority of popula-tion of Dera Ismail Khan district in Khyber Pakhtunkhwaprovince, Kachi plain of Balochistan, northern parts ofSindh, and cities of Hyderabad and Karachi.

4.3.7 Balochi

Balochi is a provincial language spoken as rst languageby about 3.5% of Pakistanis, mostly in Balochistan.Sindh and southern Punjab. The name Balochi or Baluchiis not found before the 10th century. It is believed that thelanguage was brought to its present location in a series ofmigrations Aleppo, Syria. Rakshani is the major dialectgroup in terms of numbers. Sarhaddi, is a sub dialect ofRakshani. Other sub dialects are Qalati, Chagai Kha-rani, and Makrani. The Eastern Hill Balochi or North-ern Balochi are distinct dialects.The Kethran language inNorth East Balochistan is also a variant of Balochi. It isone of the 9 distinguished languages of Pakistan. SinceBalochi is a poetic and rich language and have a certaindegree of anity to Urdu, Balochi poets tend to be verygood poets in Urdu as well as Ata Shaad, Gul Khan Nasirand Noon Meem Danish are excellent examples of this.

4.3.8 Brahui

Brahui (Urdu: ' Jx1 ) is a regional language of uncer-tain origin despite the fact that the bulk of the languageshares lexical similarities to Balochi as well as Sindhi. Incolonial times, many British linguists tried to make theclaim of a possible Dravidian language origin but this hasnot been conclusively proven despite ongoing research inthe language for a century now.[38] spoken in southernPakistan, may have evolved from the original languagesof Indus valley civilizations at Mehrgarh . However it isheavily inuenced by Balochi and Pashto. It is spoken incentral and east central Balochistan. The Mengals are afamous Brahvi tribe. Around 11.5% of Pakistani pop-ulation has Brahui as their rst language. It is one of thenine distinguished languages of Pakistan.The Brahui population of Balochistan has been taken bysome as the linguistic equivalent of a relict population,perhaps indicating that Dravidian languages were for-merly much more widespread and were supplanted by theincoming Indo-Aryan languages.[39] However it has nowbeen demonstrated that the Brahui could only have mi-grated to Balochistan from central India after 1000 CE.The absence of any Avestan, an older Iranian language,loanwords in Brahui supports this hypothesis. The mainIranian contributor to Brahui vocabulary, Balochi, is awestern Iranian language like Kurdish, and moved to thearea from the west only around 1000 CE.[40]

4.3.9 Hindko

Hindko is an ancient regional Indo-Aryan language spo-ken by Hindkowans in Pakistan. It is very similar tonorthern dialects of Punjabi. The language is spoken inthe areas of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (including Hazara),local people of Peshawar Punjab and Azad Kashmir byan estimated 2.2 to 4 million people. During the pre-Buddhist era in present day Pakistan, the language of the

6 4 NATIONALITY, ETHNICITY, AND LANGUAGE

masses was rened by the ancient grammarian Pini,who set the rules of a structurally rigorous language calledSanskrit which was used principally for scriptures (analo-gous to Latin in the Western world). Meanwhile, the ver-nacular language of the masses, Prakrit developed intomany tongues and dialects which spread over the north-ern parts of South Asia. Hindko is believed to be closelyrelated to Prakrit. Due to the geographic isolation ofthe regions, it has undergone very little grammatical cor-ruption, but has borrowed considerable vocabulary fromits neighbours, in particular Pashto. It shows close an-ity to Punjabi and the Lahnda sub-group of Indo-Aryantongues and can be sub-divided into a northern and south-ern dialects.

4.3.10 Kashmiri

Kashmiri () is an ancient Dardic language spoken inAzad Kashmir, GilgitBaltistan and Punjab provinces ofPakistan. There are over 100,000[41] Kashmiri speakersin Pakistan.

4.3.11 Dari and Tajiki

Many Dari speakers and Tajiks, from Afghanistan havesettled in Pakistan permanently. There are also Tajiksrefugees from Tajikistan that have settled in Pakistan.

4.3.12 Arabic

Main article: ArabPakistan relations

Arabic is considered to be the religious language of Pak-istan. The Quran, Sunnah, Hadith and Muslim theologyis taught in Arabic with Urdu translation. The large num-bers of Pakistanis living in the Persian Gulf region andin other Middle Eastern countries has further increasedthe number of people who can speak Arabic in Pak-istan. Arabic is taught as a religious language in Mosques,Schools, Colleges, Universities and Madrassahs. Nearlyall of Pakistans Muslim population has had some formof education in the reading, writing and pronunciation ofthe Arabic language.Many Arabs who took part in Afghanistan war have nowsettled in Pakistan permanently with their families. Mil-lions of Pakistanis that have worked in Middle East alsospeak Arabic as a second language.

4.3.13 Turkic

Turkic languages were used by the ruling Turco-Mongols(or Mughals) and earlier Sultans of India many of whomhave settled in Pakistan. There are pockets of Turkicspeakers found throughout the country, notably in the val-leys in the countries northern regions which lie adjacent

to Central Asia and Afghanistan, western Pakistani re-gion of Waziristan principally around Kanigoram wherethe Burki tribe dwells and in Pakistans urban centres ofKarachi, Lahore and Islamabad. The autobiography ofMughal emperor Babur, Tuzk Babari was also written inTurkish.Many Turkic speaking refugees, Uzbeks and Turkmens,from Afghanistan have settled in Pakistan permanently.They are also Uzbeks and Turkmen refugees that havemoved from Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan and settled inPakistan. Turkey also provides scholarships to large num-ber of Pakistani students to study in Turkish universities.The word Urdu is of Turkic origin, as Urdu was origi-nally called Zaban-e-Ordu or language of the Army, Ordumeans army in many Turkic languages.

4.3.14 Other Pakistani languages

Numerous other languages are spoken by relatively smallnumbers of people, especially in some of the more remoteand isolated places in, for example, the Northern Areasof Pakistan.[42] Other Indo-European languages spoken inPakistan include Pothohari, Shina,Balti, Gujjari, Kutchi,Wakhi, Kashmiri, Marwari, Memoni, Khowar, and DariPersian. Non-Indo-European languages include Brahuiand Burushaski, a language isolate.There are some languages that are spoken by less than athousand people, such as Aer.

4.4 Classication

4.4.1 Indo-European

Most of Pakistans languages are Indo-European lan-guages and within the smaller Indo-Iranian sub-branch.

Indo-Aryan languages Around 80% of Pakistanspopulation speak one or more of the various Indo-Aryanlanguages. Usually concentrated in the heavily popu-lated areas east of the Indus river, the Indo-Aryan lan-guages and their cultures form the predominant culturalgroup in the country. They derive their roots from theSanskrit language of Aryan invadors and are later heav-ily inuenced by the languages of the later Muslim ar-rivals (i.e., Turkish, Persian, and Arabic), and are all writ-ten in a variant of either the Arabic or Nastaliq script.Urdu, the countrys national language, is an Indo-Aryantongue. Punjabi, Hindko and Seraiki, all mutually intel-ligible, are classied by linguists as dialects of an Indo-Aryan speech called Lahnda,[43] also spelled as Lehnda.These are also, to a lesser extent, mutually intelligiblewith Urdu. Added together, speakers of these mutually-intelligible languages make up nearly two-thirds of Pak-istans population. Sindhi is the common language of the

7people of Sindh in southern Pakistan and has a rich lit-erary history of its own, traced back to the era of theearly Arab arrivals. The Dardic languages of GilgitBaltistan, Azad Kashmir and the northwestern mountainsare sometimes classied by many linguists as belongingto the Indo-Aryan family. Other Indo-Aryan languagesinclude Gujarati, Kutchi, Memoni and others.

Dardic languages The Dardic languages are spoken inthe northern Pakistan. They include Shina (spoken inGilgit, Chilas and Diamar), Khowar (spoken in Chitral,Ghizer, Swat and the balti language (spoken in [baltistan]including [skardu] district and [Ghanche] district. Ma-jority of population living in the valley of Hunza, Nagarand Yasin speak Mishaski. Kalam Valley of upper Swat),Kalash (spoken by Kalash tribe), Kohistani (spoken in up-per Swat and Kohistan) and Kashmiri mostly by Immi-grants from Kashmir valley and by a few in the NeelumDistrict.Kashmiri spoken in north east Azad Kashmir and the ad-jacent Kashmir valley, (not to be confused with Paharilanguage spoken in the lower Azad Kashmir) is one ofthe Dardic languages that has a literary tradition that goeswell back into the history whereas other Dardic languagesspoken in northern Pakistan, do not have written litera-ture. It is believed to be the result of the northern areasof Pakistan having remained isolated in the mountain val-leys from the others for centuries.

Iranian Pashto, Yidgha and Wakhi are Eastern Iranianlanguages spoken in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Balochistanand the GilgitBaltistan region of Pakistan. Balochi spo-ken in Balochistan is classied as a members of theNorthwestern Iranian languages.[44] If combined, Iranianpeoples who speak Pashto, Balochi, Yidgha and Wakhicomprise about 18% of the population of Pakistan, andare concentrated in the northwest and west of Pakistan.

4.4.2 Brahui

Brahui may or may not be a language isolate and manyorigins have been hypothesized for it including Iranianand Dravidian.[38] spoken in southern Pakistan, primar-ily in Kalat in Balochistan. The Brahui populationof Balochistan has been taken by some as the linguis-tic equivalent of a relict population, perhaps indicat-ing that Dravidian languages were formerly much morewidespread and were supplanted by the incoming Indo-Aryan languages.[39] However it has now been demon-strated that the Brahui could only have migrated toBalochistan from central India after 1000 CE. The ab-sence of any Avestan, an older Iranian language, loan-words in Brahui supports this hypothesis. The main Ira-nian contributor to Brahui vocabulary, Balochi, is a west-ern Iranian language like Kurdish, and moved to the areafrom the west only around 1000 CE.[40]

4.4.3 Burushaski

Burushaski is a language isolate, spoken by Burusho peo-ple in Hunza, Nagar, Yasin, and parts of the Gilgit valleysin the GilgitBaltistan region of Pakistan.

SHINA Shina the largest language spoken in Gilgit-Baltistan in diamer,ghizer,some areas of baltistan, districtgilgit and Nagar district.

5 ReligionMain article: Religion in Pakistan

According to the CIA World Factbook, Library ofCongress, Oxford University, over 97% of the popula-tion of Pakistan is Muslim and the remaining 3% is Chris-tian, Hindu and others.[45][46][47] Majority of the Muslimspractice Sunni with a signicant minority of Shi'as.Nearly all Pakistani Sunni Muslims belong to the Hanaschool, although there are some Hanbalis and AhlulHadeeth. The majority of Shia Muslims belong tothe IthnAshariyyah branch,[45] while a smaller numberpractice Ismailism. The Ahmadi Muslims make up ap-proximately 2.2% of the Muslim population. There aresmall non-Muslim religious groups, including Christians,Jews, Hindus, Buddhists, Sikhs, Parsis, Bah's andZoroastrians (Parsis).The religious breakdown of the Pakistani population is asfollows:

Muslims: 181,723,000 Christians: 2,700,000 (approx. 1.8%) Hindus: 1,800,000 (approx. 1.6%[47]) Ahmadiyya in Pakistan Buddhists: 106,989[48]

Sikhs: 30,000 Zoroastrian/Parsis: 25,000 (many are undocu-

mented migrants from Iran) Jews: 200 Animists, Baha'i, Atheists: n/a

6 Pakistanis around the world

7 Sux of regions and townsMain article: Geography of Pakistan

8 9 REFERENCES

Parts of region and settlement names:

-abad (Urdu: k1 ) means settlement or town. Ex-ample: Islamabad.

Dera- (Urdu: xM ) means settlement or town. Ex-ample: Dera Ghazi Khan.

-garh (Urdu: yE ) means settlement or town. Ex-ample: Islamgarh.

-goth (Urdu: 4E ) means settlement or town. Ex-ample: Yousuf Goth.

-istan (Urdu: kP: ) means land. Example: Pakistan.

-kot (Urdu: D ) means settlement or town. Exam-ple: Sialkot.

-nagar (Urdu: xbH ) means settlement or town. Ex-ample: Islamnagar.

-pur (Urdu: 2 ) means settlement or town. Exam-ple: Khanpur.

-wal (Urdu: ) means settlement or town. Exam-ple: Khanewal.

-garhi means settlement or town. Example: GarhiKhuda Bakhsh.

-wala (Urdu: F ) means settlement or town. Ex-ample: Gujranwala.

8 See also

Pakistan

Punjab

Balochistan

Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa

Sindh

GilgitBaltistan

Azad Kashmir

FATA

Pakistani people

Demography of Central Asia

9 References[1]

[2] CIA The World Factbook: Population growth rate

[3] CIA The World Factbook: Infant Mortality Rate.Archived from the original on 18 December 2012. Re-trieved 18 December 2012.

[4] Pakistan Census

[5] Information on other countries: http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_20072008_EN_Complete.pdf

[6] The World Factbook. Cia.gov. Retrieved 10 July 2013.

[7] Burke, Jason (17 August 2008). Pakistan looks to lifewithout the general. The Guardian (London).

[8] Pakistan Population Clock, December 2014

[9] CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion Population 1971-2008 (pdf pages 83-85) IEA (OECD/ World Bank) (orig-inal population ref OECD/ World Bank, e.g. in IEA KeyWorld Energy Statistics 2010 page 57)

[10] US Census:International Data Base (IDB)

[11] Population Division of the Department of Economic andSocial Aairs of the United Nations Secretariat, WorldPopulation Prospects: The 2010 Revision

[12] http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapter_12/highlights.pdf

[13] http://measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/PR35/PR35.pdf

[14] United Nations Population Fund. UNFPA. Retrieved10 July 2013.

[15] World Bank, World Development Indicators - GooglePublic Data Explorer. Google.com. Retrieved 10 July2013.

[16] Hasan Mansoor (18 January 2011). Killings of newbornbabies on the rise in Pakistan. AFP. Retrieved 19 Jan-uary 2011.

[17] Hosain, Maha (6 April 2010). How to Warm TiesAmong Indians and Pakistanis. Businessweek. Re-trieved 10 July 2013.

[18] Human Development Reports

[19] NHDRs 2003. Un.org.pk. Retrieved 10 July 2013.

[20]

[21] untitled

[22]

[23] HEC recognized Universities

[24] Taus-Bolstad, Stacy (2003). Pakistan in Pictures. Visualgeography series (Revised ed.). Minneapolis: Twenty-First Century Books. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-8225-4682-5.Retrieved 11 August 2010.

9[25] Joshua Project. Sindhi of Afghanistan Ethnic PeopleProle. Joshuaproject.net. Retrieved 10 July 2013.

[26] Goans of Pakistan

[27] From South to South: Refugees as Migrants: The Ro-hingya in Pakistan

[28] UNHCR and Pakistan sign new agreement on stay ofAfghan refugees. United Nations High Commissioner forRefugees. 13 March 2009. Retrieved 23 January 2010.

[29] PAKISTAN: Tolerance wanes as perceptions of Afghanrefugees change. Irin. 27 February 2012. Retrieved 28February 2012.

[30] Human Rights Commission of Pakistan. page 27 (Secu-rity Concern about home link

[31] )

[32] Urdu/Hindi: an articial divide: African heritage,Mesopotamian roots

[33] Bonds of Culture

[34] Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy (17 July 2009). Karachis In-visible Enemy. PBS. Retrieved 24 August 2010.

[35] In a city of ethnic friction, more tinder. The National.24 August 2009. Retrieved 24 August 2010.

[36] UN body, police baed by ministers threat againstAfghan refugees. Dawn Media Group. 10 February2009. Retrieved 24 January 2012.

[37] , thefridaytimes

[38] Vogelsang, Wilhelm The Afghans Wiley-Blackwell 2002ISBN 978-0-631-19841-3 pp.6162

[39] (Mallory 1989)

[40] J. H. Elfenbein, A periplous of the Brahui problem, Stu-dia Iranica vol. 16 (1987), pp. 215233.

[41] Pakistan | Ethnologue

[42] Ethnologue report for Pakistan: Languages of Pakistan

[43] Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwesternzone, Lahnda: Language Tree

[44] Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian: Language Tree

[45] Pakistan, Islam in. Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies.Oxford University Press. Retrieved 29 August 2010. Ap-proximately 97 percent of Pakistanis are Muslim. Themajority are Sunnis following the Hana school of Is-lamic law. Between 10 and 15 percent are Shias, mostlyTwelvers.

[46] Religions: Muslim 95% (Sunni 75%, Shia 20%), other(includes Christian and Hindu) 5%". Central IntelligenceAgency. The World Factbook on Pakistan. 2010. Re-trieved 24 August 2010.

[47] Country Prole: Pakistan. Library of Congress CountryStudies on Pakistan. Library of Congress. February 2005.Retrieved 1 September 2010. Religion: The overwhelmingmajority of the population (97 percent) is Muslim, of whomapproximately 85 percent are Sunni and 15 percent Shi'a.

[48] Most Buddhist Nations (2010) | QuickLists | The Associ-ation of Religion Data Archives

[49] American FactFinder

10 External links infopak.gov.pk Ministry of Information and

Broadcasting Population Reference Bureau statpak.gov.pk Population by mother tongue US Census: International Data Base (IDB)

10 11 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

11 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses11.1 Text

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PopulationGeographic distributionPopulation size and growthYearly population increase

UN estimates*[11]Gender ratios

Vital statistics*[11]Vital statistics*[12]Fertility by region 2010-2012 (released in 2012-13)*[13]Contraceptives usage (%) 20102012 (released in 201213)*[13]Mortality and life expectancy

Human developmentHuman Development IndexLiteracy*[21]Educational institutions by kind*[22]

Nationality, ethnicity, and languageEthnic groupsForeign-born population in PakistanLanguagesEnglishUrduPunjabiSindhiPashtoSaraikiBalochiBrahuiHindkoKashmiriDari and TajikiArabicTurkicOther Pakistani languages

ClassificationIndo-EuropeanBrahuiBurushaski

ReligionPakistanis around the worldSuffix of regions and towns See alsoReferencesExternal linksText and image sources, contributors, and licensesTextImagesContent license