demographic and population control policies

Title:

CommPH 101Group Activity:

Demographic Terms And

Population Control Policies

Demographic Lesson: Hook

What factors determine a country’s population size?

1) BIRTH RATE-the number of live births per 1000 in a year. Birth rates are affected by such factors as nutrition, fertility, attitudes about abortion, labor value of children, government policies, social value, the availability of contraception and culture.2) DEATH RATE-the number of deaths per 1000 in a year Death rates are affected by disease, war, medical technology, improved health care, transportation development and nutrition.

3) IMMIGRATION-the number of people moving into a country. Pull factors-characteristics of a place that attracts people to it. 4) EMIGRATION-the number of people leaving a countryPush Factors-characteristics of a place that causes people to leave.Refugees- people who are forced to leave their country due to war, life-threatening discrimination, famine, or natural disasters.



Push and Pull forces are forces that help people recognize the causes of migration. A push force is just like a push factor, it is something that makes a person wants to leave a country. Like lack of job, or lack of education. A pull force is the same as a pull factor; it pulls someone into a country, like clean water, and an excellent education system. For most countries the pull factors are the influencing role in society, and other countries the push factors play a significant role in their culture.


Factors Affecting Birth Rates:1) Number of women there are in an area2) the age of a women - child bearing years start at the age of 15, and usually stops at the age of 49.3) Culture and Religion - some cultures and religions don't allow women to have a child, or more than one child, and others allow larger families.4) Medical reasons - some women can't bear children because of conditions like diabetes.5) Education and economic status - the less education women have can affect the number of children she has. The husband normally tells the woman how many children she can have if she has little to no education6) Government population policies - some governments don't have laws regarding fertility.


Factors Influencing Death Rates:There are a few factors that affect death rates as well.1) Availability of medical care - if there are little medical care available, people will die quicker because there is nothing there to help them live strong.2) Cost of health care - some people cannot afford good medical coverage.3) Education - education helps the women keep their children’s health in good condition, as well as their own4) Availability of food and clean water5) Level of economic development6) War and environmental disasters7) Country's fertility rate - a large number of births can increase the death rate. The more children a woman has, the bigger the risk of dying while giving birth.


MOST POPULOUS NATIONSAs of 2010, The world’s most populous nations are:#1 – China#2 – India#3 – United States#4 – Indonesia#5 – Brazil#6 – Pakistan#7 – Nigeria#8 – Bangladesh#9 – Russia#10 – Japan#11 – Mexico#12 – Philippines

Demographic Lesson: Population Pyramid Activity

Population Pyramid

- also called an “age-sex graph”

- is a special type of graph that shows the distribution of a location’s population in terms of age groups, called cohorts, and sex.


How would a model, efficient student produce a population pyramid?

Students construct a population pyramid using up-to-date statistics. Teacher supplies worksheet with grid on which students plot their graph. But the “Evidence of learning” relates to comprehension and application, not to pencil technique.

The capabilities of new technology should be exploited here.For example, students can roll from 1971 to 2056, seeing the population profile shift as death rates and birth rates fall. (ABS 2008) The same can also be done for other countries. (De Wulf 2011) Population trends and other variables can be seen more vividly in new visualization tools. (Rosling 2006)

http://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/d3310114.nsf/4a256353001af3ed4b2562bb00121564/ca0b3137794a766bca256f6c0078cb0b!OpenDocument

http://populationpyramid.net/



http://www.ted.com/talks/hans_rosling_shows_the_best_stats_you_ve_ever_seen.html

http://www.ted.com/talks/hans_rosling_shows_the_best_stats_you_ve_ever_seen.html


Google unequivocally suggests Excel. Old instructions don’t work well, due to Microsoft’s shift from menus (in Excel 2003) to ribbon interface (in Excel 2007).There are some non-intuitive steps. Male population figures must be input as negative numbers, a custom number format must be applied to the horizontal axis, and the overlap and spacing of bars must be adjusted. Illustrated instructions (Javaid 2011) and video demonstrations (Lee 2008) are available.

http://www.addictivetips.com/microsoft-office/comparative-histogram-in-excel-2010/

http://www.addictivetips.com/microsoft-office/comparative-histogram-in-excel-2010/

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0OYYE2lNHRk


Constructing Population Pyramids :

1. Beginning at the bottom of the graph, plot the percent of the population that is 0-4 years and male.

2. Shade this bar on the pyramid and repeat for females, using a different color.

3. Repeat this step for each age cohort until the pyramid is complete.

4. Note that it is best to construct population pyramids using percentages rather than numbers since this makes it possible to compare countries with different size populations.

Demographic Lesson: Gender Discussion

Role of Gender, Poverty, Politics, and Culture

in Influencing Population across Dynamic

Countries


Faltering Commitment at the Secondary School Level (Post-primary Education)

Girls' enrolment rates in secondary schools have not experienced the same level of increase as in primary education. According the United Nations Development Fund for Women, gender gaps are widening in Central and Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CEE/CIS) and South Asia. For women, in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, the ratio of secondary education enrolment to primary education enrolment is only 23% and 35%, respectively.


Illiteracy Correlates with Other Development Challenges

ILLITERACY is costing the South African economy as much as R550 billion a year, according to a recent study conducted by Stellenbosch University’s economics department. According to the International Monetary Fund, the current GDP per capita in South Africa is $10 244. The study found that if the quality of schooling in the country was where it should be – a level befitting a middle income country – GDP would be 23 percent to 30 percent higher than it currently was and GDP per capita would be about $12 000 (R86 000) a year.


In the recently released World Economic Forum Global Competitiveness Report 2010-2011, the South Africa ranked 137th out of 139 countries when it came to the quality of maths and science education and 125th for the quality of primary school education.Illiteracy has been long correlated to other challenges to human rights. For instance, regions of high illiteracy show high incidences of child labor abuse...


There is also a significant correlation between women's illiteracy and high birth rates...


Education for women is the key:

Because child care remains the domain of women in most countries, higher education levels mean lower birth rates. Women in African countries with a high literacy rate tend to have fewer children than their counterparts in countries where the literacy rate among women is lower.

The following correlation exists between the prosperity of the various African countries and their birth rates: the higher the gross domestic product per capita, the lower the average birth rate. The relationship between birth rates and prosperity does not apply only to developing countries.


The Millennium Development Goals

End poverty by 2015. This is the historic promise 189 world leaders made at the United Nations Millennium Summit in 2000 when they signed onto the Millennium Declaration and agreed to meet the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The MDGs are an eight-point road map with measurable targets and clear deadlines for improving the lives of the world's poorest people.

http://www.un.org/millennium/declaration/ares552e.htm


What’s supposed to be different this time?Given the proliferation of UN Conferences and commitments, it’s important to understand why the Millennium Goals may be unique in some important ways:

All the world’s major economic players have signed on board the commitment. Also important is the fact that as poorer countries pledged to improve policies and governance and increase accountability to their own citizens; wealthy countries pledged to provide the resources. Since the commitment to achieve the goals comes from the highest political levels, for the first time, entire governments are committed to their achievement—including the trade and finance ministers who hold the world’s purse strings.


Poverty and unemployment increase the prevalence of common mental disorders by maintaining episodes rather than by precipitating their onset. Financial strain was strongly associated with both onset and maintenance of common mental disorders and was neither confounded nor modified by more objective risk factors. Although it is most likely that financial strain was simply the most accurate measure of standard of living it may also represent an aspect of personality such as proneness to pessimism or worry. There is a need to better understand the nature of this risk factor and its relation with poverty and unemployment if we are to meet the major public health challenge of reducing the prevalence of these costly and disabling disorders.

Demographic Lesson: Gender DiscussionCulture and Globalization:

The Austrian economist Joseph Schumpeter famously characterized capitalism as a process of “creative destruction.” While this phenomenon may help propel economic development, many people around the world are coming to question the impact that the worldwide expansion of the capitalist model is having on the most precious aspects of their identity.

For many people, their own cultural values are too important to put a price tag on, and no destruction can be considered “creative.”On the other hand, globalization can also be a profoundly enriching process, opening minds to new ideas and experiences, and strengthening the finest universal values of humanity.

Many policy makers have not yet considered how the protection of local or indigenous cultural values conflicts with the forces of globalization.


Globalization does more than simply increase the availability of foreign-made consumer products and disrupt traditional producers.

The expansion of trade in cultural products is increasing the exposure of all societies to foreign cultures. And the exposure to foreign cultural goods frequently brings about changes in local cultures, values, and traditions. Although there is no consensus on the consequences of globalization on national cultures, many people believe that a people’s exposure to foreign culture can undermine their own cultural identity.


Political Effects•Government are not able to finance growing population or provide work for them so informal sector becomes dominantPolitical•Most of the population is made up of young people so the government focuses on policies important to the young.•There are fewer older people so pensions become less important to the government•The government has to make policies to bring population growth under controlPopulation (Growth) ManagementCountries need to control rapid population growth and they also need to develop in a way that’s sustainable. This means developing in a way that allows people today to get the things that they need but without stopping people in the future from getting what they need.

Demographic Lesson: One-China Role Play

Voice of the Government Official according to One-child Policy :

According to Joseph Chamie, former head of the United Nations population division and now head of the Center for Migration Studies :

“Ending China's "one-child" policy would cause a population spike ”

"Today the fertility level in China is around 1.7 children per woman. If China were to relax its one-child policy, then it’s reasonable to expect that fertility would rise. How much? Well, if fertility increased to replacement level of 2.1 (an increase of just under a half a child), which is not unreasonable given desired family size; the country’s annual number of births would increase by nearly 30 percent, or approximately five million additional births. By midcentury, this would add up to nearly a quarter-billion more Chinese than currently projected by the U.N. And given China’s impact on the environment, especially greenhouse gas emissions, this change of policy clearly portends a great deal."


Voice of the Businessmen according to One-child Policy :

According to Hasketh, Lu, and Xing :"One child" is only partly responsible for reducing China's fertility rates”

They observed: "the policy itself is probably only partially responsible for the reduction in the total fertility rate. The most dramatic decrease in the rate actually occurred before the policy was imposed. Between 1970 and 1979, the largely voluntary "late, long, few" policy, which called for later childbearing, greater spacing between children, and fewer children, had already resulted in a halving of the total fertility rate, from 5.9 to 2.9. After the one-child policy was introduced, there was a more gradual fall in the rate until 1995, and it has more or less stabilized at approximately 1.7 since then."


Voice of the Farmers according to One-child Policy:

Based of the news report in Beijing: “Farmers riot in China over 'one child' policy”

“Police clashed violently with protesters in southern China as thousands of angry farmers rioted over the nation's controversial "one-child" family planning policies, residents said Monday.Angry farmers besieged up to four township governments in Guangxi province on Friday and Saturday, with police and protesters clashing in at least one demonstration, they said.

The demonstrations occurred after local governments this month dispatched "family planning work teams" to levy fines on families that were violating government population control policies, they said.


One woman in Shapi township, speaking on condition of anonymity, said up to 20,000 people had gathered and rioted there on Saturday, hurling rocks, breaking windows and torching public property."The farmers were really angry because the family planning team was going around to homes and making farmers pay fines if they had too many kids," the woman said.

"If the farmers had no money they took things from them. Property with value they confiscated, things with no value they destroyed."Local and provincial government and police departments refused to comment on the unrest.

On Friday, similar demonstrations erupted in neighbouring Shuiming township, with locals confronting up to 1,000 police armed with clubs and dogs, one witness said."It's hard to say how many people were there, you could say there was a sea of people," a man in Shuiming township informed.

Hong Kong press reports said up to 50,000 farmers protested the family planning policies in the four Guangxi townships in recent days.China has since the 1970s enforced strict family planning measures to control its population, which at 1.3 billion people is the world's biggest.Reports of abuse by authorities enforcing the law, such as forced late-term abortions, are common.



“ 计划生育政策” (jìhuà shēngyù zhèngcè)

Literally means:

"policy of birth planning/One Child policy”

China's One Child Policy:- was established by Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping in 1979 to limit communist China's population growth. Although designated a "temporary measure," it continues a quarter-century after its establishment. The policy limits couples to one child. Fines, pressures to abort a pregnancy, and even forced sterilization accompanied second or subsequent pregnancies.

"For a prosperous, powerful

nation and a happy family,

please practice family

planning."

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:One_child_policy.jpg


It is not an all-encompassing rule because it has always been restricted to ethnic Han Chinese living in urban areas. Citizens living in rural areas and minorities living in China are not subject to the law. However, the rule has been estimated to have reduced population growth in the country of 1.3 billion by as much as 300 million people over its first twenty years.

This rule has caused a disdain for female infants; abortion, neglect, abandonment, and even infanticide have been known to occur to female infants.


Recent Effects of the One Child Law:

Now that millions of sibling-less people in China are now young adults in or nearing their child-bearing years, a special provision allows millions of couples to have two children legally.

If a couple is composed of two people without siblings, then they may have two children of their own, thus preventing too dramatic of a population decrease.

Although IUDs, sterilization, and abortion (legal in China) are China's most popular forms of birth control, over the past few years, China has provided more education and support for alternative birth control methods.


Statistically, China's total fertility rate (the number of births per woman) is 1.7, much higher than slowly-declining Germany at 1.4 but lower than the U.S. at 2.1 (2.1 births per woman is the replacement level of fertility, representing a stable population, exclusive of migration).

In 2007, there were reports that in the southwestern Guangxi Autonomous Region of China, officials were forcing pregnant women without permission to give birth to have abortions and levying steep fines on families violating the law. As a result, riots broke out and some may have been killed, including population control officials.


The Future of China's One Child Law

Minister of the State Commission of Population and Family Planning Zhang Weiqing confirmed in early 2006 that China's one child policy is consistent with the nation's plan for population growth and would continue indefinitely. He denied rumors that the policy become less stringent to permit a second child to the general population

Demographic Lesson: One-China Role Play (10 Essential Facts about One Child Policy)

1) China's One Child Policy was created in 1979 by Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping to temporarily limit communist China's population growth. It has thus been in place for more than 32 years.

2) China's One Child Policy most strictly applies to Han Chinese living in urban areas of the country. It does not apply to ethnic minorities throughout the country. Han Chinese represent more than 91% of the Chinese population. Just over 51% of China's population lives in urban areas. In rural areas, Han Chinese families can apply to have a second child if the first child is a girl.


3) One major exception to the One Child Policy allows two singleton children (the only offspring of their parents) to marry and have two children. Additionally, if a first child is born with birth defects or major health problems, the couple is usually permitted to have a second child.

4) When the One Child Policy was adopted in 1979, China's population was about 972 million people. In 2012 the population of China is about 1.343 billion people, 138% growth over that time period. By contrast, India's population in 1979 was 671 million and in 2012 India's population is 1.205 billion people, which is 180% over the 1979 population. By most estimates, India will surpass China as the world's most populous country by 2027 or earlier, when both countries' population is expected to reach about 1.4 billion.


5) If China continues its One Child Policy in the decades to come, it will actually see its population decrease. China is expected to peak in population around 2030 with 1.46 billion people and then begin falling to 1.3 billion by 2050.

6) With the One Child Policy in place, China is expected to achieve zero population growth by 2025. By 2050, China's population growth rate will be -0.5%.

7) China's sex ratio at birth is more imbalanced than the global average. There are about 113 boys born in China for every 100 girls. While some of this ratio might be biological (the global population ratio is currently about 107 boys born for every 100 girls), there is evidence of sex-selective abortion, neglect, abandonment, and even infanticide of infant females.


8) For families who observe the One Child Policy, there are rewards: higher wages, better schooling and employment, and preferential treatment in obtaining governmental assistance and loans. For families who violate the One Child Policy, there are sanctions: fines, employment termination, and difficulty in obtaining governmental assistance.

9) Families who are permitted to have a second child usually have to wait from three to four years after the birth of the first child before conceiving their second child.

10) The recent peak total fertility rate for Chinese women was in the late 1960s, when it was 5.91 in 1966 and 1967. When the One Child Policy was first imposed, the total fertility rate of Chinese women was 2.91 in 1978. In 2012, the total fertility rate had dropped to 1.55 children per woman, well below the replacement value of 2.1. (Immigration accounts for the remainder of the Chinese population growth rate.)

Culture Systems

CULTURE

Culture is made up of traditions, beliefs, ways of life, from the most spiritual to the most material.

It gives us meaning, a way of leading our lives.

Culture is not an add-on, an ornament that us human beings can use. It is not a touch of colour.

Culture on Child bearing

Childbirth, a time of transition and celebration, is centrally important in societies, as their cultural values, customs, and beliefs lend perspective to the meaning of childbirth.

A knowledge of cultures and the influence they have on women’s perception of childbirth can help nurses in promoting positive outcomes for women and their families.

Nurses caring for childbearing families should consider all aspects of culture, including communication, space, time and family roles. Communication encompasses an understating of not only a person’s language, including dialect, style and loudness of speech, but also the meaning of touch and gestures

MARRIAGE

Marriage is the most important relationship and the strongest bond between a man and a woman. With the marriage, the couple bring into their lives different cultures, background and upbringing.

Age of Marriage

In terms of the age in marrying, it may also vary on the type of culture a person has. For example, in some Chinese families, they actually make arranged marriages for their children.

Family size

Around the globe, cultural factors influence family size and as a result, affect population growth rate. From a cultural standpoint, religion can have a profound effect on family planning. Many religions promote large families as a way to further the religion or to glorify a higher power.

For example

Orthodox Judaism encourages large families in order to perpetuate Judaism.

Roman Catholicism promotes large families for the same reason, and forbids the use of any "artificial" means of birth control.

Devout followers of a religion with such values often have large families even in the face of other factors, such as economic ones. This can be seen in countries like Israel (Judaism) and Brazil (Catholicism), which have high percentages of religious followers in their populations. Both countries have high birth rates and high population growth rates.

Various factors involving women can also affect family sizes.

These factors include:

education and employment opportunities available to women

the marriage age of women and the societal acceptance of birth control methods.

Taking care of the ElderlyCHINESE

■ Traditional Chinese values place the family and society over the Individual. Many American-born Chinese may not be as traditional but still hold values of respect for elders and authority.

■ The oldest son has obligations toward the family and is expected to respect and care for parents.

■ The tradition of “filial piety” is the value of total respect for the

family, especially the elders. This respect for elders was advocated by Confucius, the famous Chinese philosopher and many

Chinese and Chinese-American families choose to follow these

ancient principles.

NATIVE AMERICAN

■ Traditionally, elders are respected for their wisdom, experience,and knowledge.

■ Elders, regardless of tribe, assume significant roles as teachers and caretakers of the young

VIETNAMESE

■ Elders are given high respect in Vietnamese society. They areconsidered the carriers of tradition, knowledge, and wisdom.Age is considered an asset, not a liability.

■ Elderly grandparents and parents stay with the family for support

and care.

■ Elders may prepare meals and care for grandchildren if both the

husband and wife work.

■ In Vietnam, elders are the leaders and decision-makers in thefamily and often sought for advice.

BLACK/AFRICAN AMERICAN

■ Elders are respected, obeyed and considered a source of wisdom.

■ To survive to old age is often considered an accomplishment reflecting personal strength, resourcefulness, and faith.

HISPANIC/LATINO

■ Elders are held in high esteem.■ Old age is viewed as a positive time in the life of the elder.■ Care for elders is provided by the extended family. It is

expected that children will care for their elderly parents.

KOREAN

■ Traditional Koreans value filial piety and respect for elders.

■ In Korean culture, children are taught to respect elders whether they are right or wrong.

■ There is the expectation that the children will take care of their parents in old age.

CONCLUSION:These challenges are real and will continue to shape the way the issue of women's rights is handled in China's birth planning program. Yet China is changing--and fast. Globalization is producing fundamental transformations in China's society and polity whose implications for women and birth planning no one can predict. The history of the 1990s and early 2000s reveals the critical role of international organizations in supporting both the positive reforms in the state, and the emergence of new, quasi- and non-state spaces of political critique and action. These promising developments open up opportunities for new forms of constructive engagement by Americans that support the reform tendencies already in place.

FIN.

Reported by: The chumz

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Salvie Valyn SantuyoPatricia Clariza Santos

Katherine Mae VisperasCandy Jane Sonza

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demographic and population control policies

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