Democracies in the 1920’s. Fear of Communism 1919 fear of Bolshevism spread Red Scare Communists...
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Transcript of Democracies in the 1920’s. Fear of Communism 1919 fear of Bolshevism spread Red Scare Communists...
Democracies in the 1920’s
Fear of Communism
• 1919 fear of Bolshevism spread• Red Scare• Communists took over Berlin for a week
Weimar Republic
• Social Democratic Party (S.P.D) took control of German government Nov. 1918
• Kaiser abdicates• SPD proclaims a Republic, afraid of
Communism
Weimar Republic
• Threats from the Left (Communism)– Lack of exposure to democracy– Relied on conservative groups to maintain order– Military supported government in return for
getting rid of Bolsheviks– Weimar gov’t became a prisoner of the German
Army
Weimar Republic
• Freikorps– Anti-communist repression– Right wing paramilitary group
• Spartacists– Communists– Rosa Luxemburg– killed– Anti-communist repression– Right wing paramilitary group
The “Stabbed-in-the-Back” Theory
The “Stabbed-in-the-Back” Theory
Disgruntled German WWI veteransDisgruntled German WWI veterans
German “Revolutions” [1918]German “Revolutions” [1918]
German FreikorpsGerman Freikorps
Sparticist PosterSparticist Poster
The Spartacist LeagueThe Spartacist League
Rosa Luxemburg[1870-1919]
murdered by the Freikorps
Rosa Luxemburg[1870-1919]
murdered by the Freikorps
Weimar Republic
• January 1919 election– Center-left coalition– S.P.D had most seats– Shared with Center Party and German Democratic
Party– German capital to Weimar
Weimar Republic
• Treaty of Versailles– Dictated peace– Article 231– Reparations– Alsace & Lorraine to France– Lost territory to Poland– France occupied Rhineland, demilitarized
Weimar Republic
• France wanted to punish Germany• Secure its borders• Britain believed a healthy German economy
was tied to a healthy British economy• “Stab in the Back”• John Maynard Keynes– Criticized Versailles Treaty
Weimar Republic
• New Constitution– Reichstag– Universal suffrage– Chancellor & President
Friedrich Ebert:First President of the Weimar
Republic
Friedrich Ebert:First President of the Weimar
Republic
Weimar Republic
• Ruhr Crisis 1923– French occupy Ruhr, take over factories, passive
resistance by workers– Poincare– Runaway inflation– Social revolution– Middle class resentment, blamed gov’t, big
business, Jews, workers, communists
The GermanMark
The GermanMark
The German MarkThe German Mark
The French in the
Ruhr: 1923
The French in the
Ruhr: 1923
Weimar Republic
• Beer Hall Putsch, 1923– Hitler, Nazi, arrested, jail, Mein Kampf
• Gustav Stresemann, 1923• Called off passive resistance• Locarno Pact
The Beer Hall Putsch: 1923The Beer Hall Putsch: 1923
Hitler in Landesberg PrisonHitler in Landesberg Prison
Mein Kampf [My Struggle]Mein Kampf [My Struggle]
Weimar Republic
• Dawes Plan, 1924• Young Plan, 1929
European Debts to the United States
European Debts to the United States
The Dawes Plan (1924)The Dawes Plan (1924)
The Young Plan (1930)The Young Plan (1930)
For three generations, you’ll have to slave away!
$26,350,000,000 to be paid over a period of 58½ years.
For three generations, you’ll have to slave away!
$26,350,000,000 to be paid over a period of 58½ years.
Weimar Germany: Political Representation
[1920-1933]
Weimar Germany: Political Representation
[1920-1933]
Political Parties in the Reichstag
May 1924
Dec. 1924
May1928
Sep.1930
July1932
Nov.1932
Mar.1933
Communist Party (KPD) 62 45 54 77 89 100 81
Social Democratic Party (SDP)
100 131 153 143 133 121 120
Catholic Centre Party (BVP)
81 88 78 87 97 90 93
Nationalist Party (DNVP)
95 103 73 41 37 52 52
Nazi Party (NSDAP) 32 14 12 107 230 196 288
Other Parties 102 112 121 122 22 35 23
France
• Multi party system, had to form coalitions, too much compromise
• Economic chaos• Conservatives (right) dominated government– Supported the status quo, business, army and the
church backed them– Raymond Poincare• Slashed spending, raised taxes
Edouard Herriot & the French
Socialists
Edouard Herriot & the French
Socialists 1924-1926.
Progressive social reform.
Spoke for the lower classes, small businessmen, and farmers.
Committed to private enterprise and private property.
Fervently anti-clerical.
1924-1926.
Progressive social reform.
Spoke for the lower classes, small businessmen, and farmers.
Committed to private enterprise and private property.
Fervently anti-clerical.
Great Britain
• Social equality• Unemployment 12%• 1926 General Strike• Labour Party wins 1924 and 1929, Ramsey
MacDonald• Conservatives win between 1924-1929– Compromised, kept social welfare
1926 General Strike1926 General Strike
Trades Disputes Act (1927):
All general or sympathy strikes were illegal.
It forbade unions from raising money for political purposes.
Trades Disputes Act (1927):
All general or sympathy strikes were illegal.
It forbade unions from raising money for political purposes.
Ramsay MacDonald: 1924, 1929
Ramsay MacDonald: 1924, 1929
Labour PartyLabour Party
Stanley BaldwinStanley Baldwin
Conservative PartyConservative Party
Collective Security
• League of Nations• Locarno Pact, 1925• League of Nations, 1926• Kellogg-Briand Pact, 1928• Maginot Line• Washington Naval Conference
League of Nations MembersLeague of Nations Members
Locarno Pact: 1925Locarno Pact: 1925
GustaveStresemann(Ger.)
GustaveStresemann(Ger.)Aristide
Briand(Fr.)
AristideBriand
(Fr.)
Austin Chamberlain (Br.)Austin Chamberlain (Br.)
Guaranteed the common boundaries of Belgium, France, and Germany as specified in the Treaty of Versailles of 1919.
Germany signed treaties with Poland and Czechoslovakia, agreeing to change the eastern borders of Germany by arbitration only.
Guaranteed the common boundaries of Belgium, France, and Germany as specified in the Treaty of Versailles of 1919.
Germany signed treaties with Poland and Czechoslovakia, agreeing to change the eastern borders of Germany by arbitration only.
Kellogg-Briand Pact: 1928Kellogg-Briand Pact: 1928
15 nations committed to outlawing aggression and war for settling disputes.
Problem no way of enforcement.
15 nations committed to outlawing aggression and war for settling disputes.
Problem no way of enforcement.
The Maginot Line
The Maginot Line
Washington Naval Conference[1921-1922]
Washington Naval Conference[1921-1922]
U. S. Britain Japan France Italy 5 5 3 1.67 1.67U. S. Britain Japan France Italy 5 5 3 1.67 1.67
Great Depression
• Causes– Weak international economy– Overproduction– Unstable banking– Certain weak industries– ½ of Americans living below poverty – STOCK MARKET CRASH– Hawley Smoot Tariff and retaliation– New York Banks recall loans
Great Depression
• Impact on Europe– Shattered optimism in political leaders– Production declined, except USSR– Unemployment• Germany 43%• Britain 18%• U.S. 25%
Great Depression
Attempted Remedies• New Deal, USA• Scandinavia, most successful• Britain: off gold standard, increase tariffs, cut
spending, 1932 was better than in 1920’s, not completely out until WWII
Great Depression
• France– Radical right increased, supported fascists– Popular Front, Leon Blum– French New Deal– France divided on what to do in Spanish Civil War
destroyed Popular Front– Politically divided into the 1930’s