Deltas and Estuaries. Carboniferous delta channels of Western Ireland, cliffs of Moher.
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Transcript of Deltas and Estuaries. Carboniferous delta channels of Western Ireland, cliffs of Moher.
![Page 1: Deltas and Estuaries. Carboniferous delta channels of Western Ireland, cliffs of Moher.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062800/56649e055503460f94af1484/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Deltas and Estuaries
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Carboniferous delta channels of
Western Ireland, cliffs of Moher
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Architecture is governed by tides, wave activity and the degree of clastic input from rivers. In microtidal environments with low wave energy “birdsfoot deltas” such as the Mississippi can build up due to local sedimentation and lack of reworking. In these settings sedimentation is concentrated close to the distributaries, although these switch around on 10s of yr. scale as sediment builds up in one area, making other basins more advantageous. Between the levee-defined channels sedimentation in marshy bays is quiet and fine grained. Break-out of levees during flood stage leads to infill of these bays so producing fining-upward sequences that are topped by muddy soil horizons.
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In area of low tide but high wave activity, e.g., Indus and Niger a rounded delta front is built up. Many modern deltas are in a drowned state today because post-glacial sealevel rise. High tidal activity results in deep embayments in the delta front. The deeper water area in front of a delta is marked by slumping and soft sediment deformation. Muddy layers can be reactivated as diapirs around which later sedimentation is diverted. Ancient analogue is the Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian) deltas of British Isles.
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Deltas in continental margin stratigraphy
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Delta classification scheme
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Delta types
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Indus Delta - drowned wave dominated
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Yukon Delta
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Mississippi birds foot delta, river dominated
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Mississippi Delta - block model
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Mass wasting on delta fronts
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Mississippi bay fill model and example
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Mississippi bay fill stratigraphic cross section
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Bay filling deltas - stratigraphic model
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Levee breach and bay fill, Mississippi
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Breached levee results in infilling of inter-distributary bays
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Mississippi River - sea-level response
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Switching of Mississippi delta in recent geologic past
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Cross bedded channel sandstones in Jurassic delta sandstone, UK
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Overbank sands, Jurassic UK
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Root bed and paleosol in interdistributary overbank sediments
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Jurassic delta channel of NE England
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Flame structures, water escape
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Fossil wood in channel sandstone
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Load casts in channel sandstones
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Channeled and climbing rippled sands, Jurassic UK
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Irish Carboniferous, bottom feeding traces
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Estuary model
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Yangtze Estuary
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Wave dominated river mouths
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Estuary tidal bars - stratigraphic model
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Pre-flood estuary
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River in flood
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Coastal bar starts to reform
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Coastal bar reforms
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Vegetation reforms, system stabilizes