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ThisprojecthasreceivedfundingfromtheEuropeanUnion’sHorizon2020researchandinnovationprogrammeundergrantagreementNo.837754

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DELIVERABLED2.1REPORT

Methodologiesforclusterdevelopmentandbestpracticesfordatacollectioninthepromisingregions

Part1

IndustrialCCUSClustersandCO2transportsystems:methodologiesforcharacterisationanddefinition

ReleaseStatus:FINAL

Author:DrPeterABrownsort,ScottishCarbonCapture&Storage,UniversityofEdinburgh

Date:20November2019

Filenameandversion:STRATEGY_CCUS_T2-1_ICCS_Methodology_V1.2.docx

ProjectIDNUMBER837754

STRATEGYCCUS(H2020-LC-SC3-2018-2019-2020/H2020-LC-SC3-2018-NZE-CC)

ThisprojecthasreceivedfundingfromtheEuropeanUnion’sHorizon2020

researchandinnovationprogrammeundergrantagreementNo.837754

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ExecutivesummaryTheaimoftheSTRATEGYCCUSProjectistoenabletheshort-tomid-termdevelopmentofcarboncapture,utilisationandstorage(CCUS)throughstrategicplanningofindustrialcarboncaptureandstorage(ICCS)clustersinSouthernandEasternEurope,withintheoverarchingcontextofemissionsreductionforclimatechangemitigation.Carboncaptureandstorage(CCS)isoneofthemainmeansofreducingcarbondioxide(CO2)emissionsfromindustry,alongwithimprovementsinmaterialsefficiency,energyefficiencyandfuelswitchingtolow-carbonenergysources.

ThisreporthasbeenpreparedtohelplocalteamsintheSTRATEGYCCUSProjectdefineoptionsandscopeforpotentialICCSclustersintheirregions,includingtheCO2collectionandtrunktransportsystemsneededtoconnecttoastoragesite.ThereportdrawsonexperiencefromexistingCCSclusterprojectsinNorthernEuropeandproposesabasicmethodologicalapproachforthedefinitionofnewICCSclusters.Aparallelreport,formingpartofthesameprojectdeliverable,coversassessmentofsuitablestoragesites.

AreviewhasbeencarriedoutofsevenindustrialareasinNorthernEuropewhereICCSclusterdevelopmentisprogressing,inordertounderstandwhathasledtotheirrelativeadvancement.Recognisingtheconsiderabledifferencesbetweentheseareas,eachhasbeenassessedagainstacommonlistofcharacteristicsorfactors,developedforthisstudy,thatdescribeanareainthecontextofitspotentialforforminganICCScluster.

Importanttechnicalcharacteristicsincludeclearmeansofaccesstoawell-definedCO2storagesiteandfactorsthatcanreduceinitialinvestmentsandunitcostsofCO2captureandtransport,suchashigh-concentrationCO2emissionsorinfrastructurethatmaybereusedforCO2duty.

However,non-technicalfactorsappeartohavethegreatestinfluenceonadvancementofICCSclusterprojectsintheareasreviewed.Clearleadershipandvisionfromanempoweredpublicauthorityforthearea,orfromacredibleindustryleaderorgroup,appeartobekey,togetherwitheffectiveengagementofallstakeholders.

AbasicmethodologyfordefinitionofnewindustrialCCSclustersisproposed,intendedtobeadaptabletowidelydifferingindustrialareas.Thisisframedinthreequestions:whatCO2willbecaptured;howwillthisbecaptured,collectedandtransported;andwherewillitbestored?DataandinformationneededfordefinitionofICCSclustercompositionandCO2transportoptionsarelisted,andadatabasesystemfortheircollectionhasbeendevelopedbyprojectpartners.

TheconceptofICCSclustersisbasedontheefficienciesthatmayarisefromshareduseofinfrastructure,expertiseandresourceswhenanumberofCO2capturefacilitiesarelinkedwithinanindustrialarea,leadingtolowercostsforthereductionofemissions.WhenmakingdecisionsaboutCCSclustercompositionorCO2transportintegration,theprimaryobjectiveofavoidingreleaseofclimate-damagingCO2totheatmospheremustalwaysbeclear.

However,anindustrialclusterrepresentsmorethanjustthecompaniesandindustrialfacilitiespresentinanarea.BenefitstotheareaofestablishinganICCSclusterarewiderthanjustlowercostsandincludemaintainingthepresenceofindustrywhileachievingemissionreductiontargets,encouraginginvestmentinnewlow-carbonindustry,maintainingthevalueofindustrytoeconomyandtosocietythroughemployment,andimprovinglocalairquality.


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TableofContents

1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................9

1.1 Clusters,hubsandnetworks–terminology.....................................................................10

1.2 Objectivesandstructureofthisreport............................................................................12

2 Somerelevantliterature........................................................................................................14

2.1 PreviousreviewsofICCSclusters....................................................................................14

2.2 PreviousworkonICCSclustermethodologies.................................................................15

3 CharacterisationofICCSclusters............................................................................................17

3.1 Featuresthatcharacteriseapotentialcluster..................................................................17

3.1.1 Characterisationofemissions........................................................................................................17

3.1.2 Characterisationofthearea..........................................................................................................17

3.1.3 Characterisationoftheindustries.................................................................................................17

3.1.4 Characterisationofrelationships...................................................................................................18

3.1.5 Characterisationofinfrastructure.................................................................................................18

3.1.6 Characterisationofstorage...........................................................................................................18

3.2 CasestudiestocharacterisepotentialICCSclusters.........................................................18

3.2.1 Humberside...................................................................................................................................20

3.2.2 Teesside.........................................................................................................................................22

3.2.3 GrangemouthandStFergus–the“Scottishcluster”....................................................................24

3.2.4 Merseyside–theLiverpool-Manchestercluster...........................................................................26

3.2.5 SouthWales...................................................................................................................................28

3.2.6 Rotterdam......................................................................................................................................30

3.2.7 Norway..........................................................................................................................................32

3.3 Relativeimportanceofclustercharacteristics.................................................................34

4 Datacollectionandanalysismethodologies...........................................................................35

4.1 DeterminingwhatCO2maybecaptured.........................................................................36

4.1.1 Emissionsanalysis–currentemissioninventory...........................................................................36

4.1.2 Technical/techno-commercialfactors...........................................................................................37

4.1.3 AlternativestoCCSforindustrialdecarbonisation........................................................................37

4.1.4 Policy,regulationandsocietalchange..........................................................................................38

4.2 DetermininghowCO2willbecaptured,collectedandtransported..................................38


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4.2.1 Captureclusterdefinition..............................................................................................................39

4.2.2 CO2collectionnetwork..................................................................................................................42

4.2.3 TrunkCO2transportsystem..........................................................................................................44

4.3 IntegrationwithCO2storagedefinition...........................................................................46

4.3.1 Capacityandinjectivity..................................................................................................................46

4.3.2 Containmentrisks..........................................................................................................................46

4.3.3 Developmentcostsandupsidepotential......................................................................................47

4.4 Methodologyflowanddatastructure.............................................................................47

5 Engagementactivities............................................................................................................50

6 Summaryandconclusions......................................................................................................51

7 GlossaryofAbbreviations.......................................................................................................53

8 References.............................................................................................................................55

AppendixA.Collectionofdataandinformation,originallists.......................................................61

AppendixB.Databasetabledescriptions......................................................................................64

AppendixC.Briefguidancefordatacollectionanduseofmethodology.......................................65

C.1DeterminingwhatCO2maybecaptured.............................................................................65

C.2DetermininghowCO2willbecaptured,collectedandtransported.....................................66


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Industrial CCUS Clusters and CO2 transport systems: methodologies for characterisation and definition

1 Introduction

Industrialclustershavebeenaroundaslongasindustryitself.Fromtheearliestmanufacturingsitesforstone-agetoolsinareaswherethebestflintswerefound,throughsitingofwatermillsalongrivers,totheindustrialrevolution,wherefactorieswereoftensitedincoalfieldareas,ithasoftenbeenlocationofrawmaterialorenergyresourcesthathasdefinedindustrialgeography.Naturaltransportpotential,suchasvalleys,waterwaysandseaports,hasalsoinfluencedclusteringofindustry,bothforaccessingrawmaterialsandtoallowtradingofproducts.Therecognitionbyeconomistsoftheadvantagesthatclustersbringtoindustryandthedynamicsofhowtheyoperateismorerecent,beingdocumentedinthe1990s(BothamandDownes,1999).Anindustrialclusterhasbeendefinedas“agroupofinter-relatedindustrieswhoselinkagesmutuallyreinforceandenhancetheircompetitiveadvantage”(Porter,1990).

Againstthishistoricalcontext,industrialcarboncapture,utilisationandstorageclustersarearelativelynewconcept.ThetermisnotusedintheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeSpecialReportonCarbonCaptureandStorage(IPCC,2005),butwasclearlyinusesoonafterinearlyproposalsforcarboncaptureandstorage(CCS)clustersintheUK(YorkshireForward,2008;E.ONUK,2009).TheconceptofindustrialCCS(ICCS)clustersiscloselyrelatedtoPorter’sdefinitionofindustrialclustersquotedabove.Itisbasedontheefficienciesthatmayarisefromshareduseofinfrastructure,expertiseandresourceswhenanumberofcarbondioxide(CO2)capturefacilitiesarelinkedwithinanindustrialarea.Fromtheeconomist’sviewpoint,themainadvantagetocompaniesparticipatinginanICCSclusterisanticipatedtocomefromlowercostsforthereductionofCO2emissions.

However,anindustrialclusterrepresentsmorethanjustthecompaniespresentinanarea.BenefitstotheareaofestablishinganICCSclusterarewiderthanjustlowercosts,includingmaintainingthepresenceofindustrywhileachievingemissionreductiontargets,encouraginginvestmentinnewlow-carbonindustry,maintainingthevalueofindustrytoeconomyandtosocietythroughemploymentandimprovinglocalairquality.WhileallthesewiderbenefitsmayaddgreatsupporttojustifyinginvestmentinCCS,theprimaryaimofavoidingCO2releasetotheatmospheretomitigateagainstclimatechangemustalwaysbeclearasthemainbasisofmemberselectionanddecisionmakingforanICCScluster.

ForthepurposesofthisreviewitisassumedthattheneedforreductionofCO2emissionsfromindustry,or“industrialdecarbonisation”,isunderstood.Alongwithmaterialsefficiency,energyefficiencyandswitchingtolow-carbonenergysources,CCSisoneofthemainmeansofreducingCO2emissionsfromindustry.AnumberofimportantindustrialprocessesproduceCO2unavoidablyfromthechemistryinvolvedandCCSistheonlypracticalmethodofavoidingsuchprocessemissionsbeingreleasedtotheatmosphere.Forotherindustrialprocessescontinueduseofhydrocarbonfuels,coupledwithCCStoavoidCO2emission,maybemorepracticalandmoreeconomicthanother


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decarbonisationapproaches.Inthisreviewelectricitygeneration,aswellascombinedheatandpower(CHP)orco-generation,areincludedinthegeneralmeaningof“industry”whethersuchfacilitiesarededicatedtoparticularindustrialsitesorsupplyingtogriddistribution.

Theroleofcarboncaptureandutilisation(CCU)inindustrialdecarbonisationislessclear.SomeutilisationprocessesleadtopermanentremovalofCO2fromtheatmospherethroughitsincorporationinstableproducts,whilewithotherprocessestheCO2utilisedisre-releasedinperiodsrangingfromdaystoafewyears.Ingeneral,thisreviewwillfocusontheintentiontoreduceindustrialemissionsthroughthecapture,transportandpermanentgeologicalstorageofCO2;thatis,itwillfocusonCCSratherthanCCU.ItissuggestedthatfactorsrelatedtoCCSaretheprinciplefactorsdeterminingthesuitabilityofareasastheseclusters,andtheterm“industrialCCSclusters”,or“ICCSclusters”,willbetakentoincludeCCU.Itisacknowledged,however,thatinsomecases,suchascaptureandutilisationofCO2fromsteelworksgasesoralocaldemandfromenhancedoilrecovery(EOR),theutilisationprocessmaybeanimportantdeterminingfactor.

1.1 Clusters,hubsandnetworks–terminologyTheterm“cluster”,intheCCScontext,hasoftenbeenusedalongsidetheterm“hub”;however,thesetermsdescribedistinctentities.Acluster,orinthissensemoreproperlya“capturecluster”,isageographicalgroupingofCO2emitterswithpotentialorrealisedcapturefacilities.Themainanticipatedbenefitofclusteringcomesfromuseofsharedinfrastructuretocollect,transportandstorethecapturedCO2.ThisimpliesasharedcollectionnetworkthatwouldbringCO2toaconsolidationpoint,a“collectionhub”,foronwardtransporttostoragebyatrunktransportsystem.Thecollectionnetworkissometimesassumedtobelimitedtoapipelinesystem.Thismaybeappropriateforaclusteroflarge-capacitycapturefacilities,butamodulartransportcollectionsystemmaybeappropriateinsomecases,particularlyformorespread-outclustersorwhereindividualcapturefacilitiesareofsmallerscale.ModulartransportsystemsestablishedforCO2includeroadtanker,railtank-carandshipping;bargetransportoninlandwaterwayshasalsobeenproposed(Doctor,2005;Vermulen,2011;Brownsort,2018).

Figure1-1,Figure1-2andFigure1-3belowshowschematicoutlinesofexampleindustrialCCSclusterconfigurationsusingdifferentCO2transportoptions.Figure1-1showsanindustrialclusterwheresomeemittershaveformedacapturecluster,withapipelinenetworkcollectingCO2fortransporttooffshorestorage.Inthiscasethecollectionhubisminimal,justapipelinejunction;acompressor(booster)isshownatthecoast,todeliverpressureneededatthestoragesiteforwellinjection.

InFigure1-2asystemisshownusingdifferentmodulartransportmethodsforliquefiedCO2fromcapturefacilitiesatallmajoremittersinacluster.AcollectionhubwithbufferstorageataportdeliversCO2toshipsfortrunktransportbyshipandoffshoreoffloadingtoastoragesite.Figure1-3showsahybridsystemwithapipelinecollectionnetworkandonshorepipelinetoacentralisedliquefactionfacility,transportoverseasbyshiptoareceivingterminal,andonwardtransportbyoffshorepipelinetoastoragesite.Clearlydifferentcombinationsoftransportmodearepossible.


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Figure1-1SchematicofICCSclusterusingpipelinesfortransport.

Figure1-2SchematicofICCSclusterusingmodulartransportoptionsfortransportofliquefiedCO2.

Storagesite

IndustrialclusterIndustrialCCScluster

Collec2onnetworkTrunktransportsystem

Onshore

Offshore

Booster

Industrial facility emitting CO2

CO2 capture facility CO2 pipeline

Hub

Storagesite

Trunktransportbyship

Offshoreoffloading

IndustrialclusterIndustrialCCScluster

Train:GettyImages,KOHbRoadtanker:GettyImages,MaximRudoi

Road

Rail

Ship: Getty Images, Barbulat

Port,loadingfacili?es

Bargetransport

Collec?onhub


CO2 capture and liquefaction facility


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Figure1-3SchematicofICCSclusterusingahybridtransportsystemwithbothpipelinesandshipping.

Theterm“cluster”canalsobeappliedtoageographicalgroupingofindividualstoragesites,a“storagecluster”,thissituationmightoccurforoperationalrobustnesswithaback-upstore,orwhenafirststoreisnearingthelimitofitscapacity.Inthiscasetheremightbea“distributionhub”atthedownstreamendofthetrunktransportsystem.Thetrunktransportsystemlinkingfromcollectionhubtodistributionhub,ortoanindividualstoragesite,isalsonotlimitedtoapipelinesystemandmayincludeshippingforallorpartofitsroute,dependingongeographyandeconomicfactors(Doctor,2005;Brownsort,2015).

Someauthors(e.g.PurvisandCourtinGCCSI,2015)havewrittenof“hubandclusternetworks”todescribedeveloped,full-chainCCSsystemswithmultiplecapturefacilities,butthistermhasnotbeenuniversallyadopted.

1.2 ObjectivesandstructureofthisreportThisreportformsanearlystageintheSTRATEGYCCUSProject,aimingtoprovidesomeguidancetolaterstagesasdifferentteamsdefineandprogresspotentialICCSclusterstohelpachieveindustrialdecarbonisationintheirregions.Thepresentreportispreparedinparalleltoareport,withsimilarobjectives,coveringCO2storage:StorageResourceAssessmentMethodologies(Cavanagh,2019).

AlimitedselectionofrelevantliteratureispresentedinSection2.Firstly,anumberofrecentreviewsaresummarisedcoveringICCSclustersfromvariouspointsofview.Secondly,somereportsaredescribedthatgivedetailofthemethodologiestheyhaveusedfor(inmostcases)individualclusterstudies.

Oneobjectiveofthisreport,coveredinSection3,istoreviewanumberofICCSclusterprojectsthathaveshownpromiseorareactivelydevelopingintheNorthSeaBasinregionofEurope,inordertounderstandthefactorsandfeaturesthathaveledtotheirrelativeadvancement–butnotethatnoICCSclustershaveyetmovedintoadeploymentphaseinEurope.Understandingthesefactors,itis

Storagesite

Trunktransportbypipelineandship

Ship: Getty Images, Barbulat

Port,loadingfacili9es

Intermodalhubwithliquefac9onandbuffer

storage


CO2 capture facility

Hub

Collec9onnetwork

Intermodalhubwithstorageandrecondi9oning

Port,offloadingfacili9es

IndustrialCCScluster

CO2 pipeline


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hoped,willhelpotherpromisingregionselsewhereinEuropetoformrobustplansfortheirownICCSclusters,andforthetransportlinksthatwillberequiredtoaccessCO2storagesites.

Afurtherobjectiveofthisreportistoconsiderthestepsbywhichclusterprojectshavedeveloped,theinformationgathered,thestudies,considerationsandengagementsmade,andfromthistosuggesta“bestpractice”formethodologytoidentifyanddefinefutureclusterprojects.ThisformsSection4ofthereport.

ThereisclearlyastronglinkbetweenthesetwoobjectivesinthatthefactorsthatcharacteriseanICCSclusterarebasedoninformationanddatathatwouldbeneededtodevelopaclusterproject.However,itshouldberecognisedthatallclustersaredifferent,eachhasdifferentstrengthsandweakness,andthereisnotonesolutionthatwillworkforeverycluster.Sothisaspired“best-practice”isnotdefinitive,butaimstoshowexamplesofwherestrengthscanbemadeuseofandhowsomechallengesmaybetackled.

Equally,forminganICCSclusterisnotjustamatteroftechnicaldefinition.Section5considerssomegroupsthatmaybeinvolvedandareasofengagementthatarelikelytoberequired.WithintheSTRATEGYCCUSProject,WorkPackages3and6focusspecificallyonstakeholderengagementandonstrategiccommunicationrespectively,sointhispresentreportonlybriefconsiderationisgiventotheseimportantareas.

Finally,Section6providesasummaryandconclusionsforthisreport,withreflectionsonhowitsideasmaybeusedinthewiderSTRATEGYCCUSProjectandbeyond.


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2 Somerelevantliterature

2.1 PreviousreviewsofICCSclustersThereareanumberofpreviousreviewscoveringICCSclusterstodifferentextents.Somerecentonesaresummarisedbrieflybelow;thisisbynomeansacomprehensivelistofallsuchworks.

AmajorreviewbytheInternationalEnergyAgencyGreenhouseGasResearchandDevelopmentProgramme(IEAGHG)aimedtoidentifyalldocumentedCCSclustersglobally,togatherkeytechnicalinformationoneachandtoconsiderdevelopmentofbusinessplans(Haines,2015).ThestudycoveredbothcaptureclustersandclustersofCO2sinks,beingthemajorCO2-EORclustersintheUSA.Twelvewell-definedclusterswerereviewedindepth,locatedinEurope(6),NorthAmerica(4),ChinaandAustraliawithmaturityrangingfromearlyconceptstudiestooperatingsystems.TheliteraturereviewcarriedoutalsoidentifiedalargernumberofstudiesofpotentialclustersandofprojectsonclusteringinaCCScontextingeneral,includinganumberofpreviousEuropeanFrameworkprojects.

Alsoin2015,theGlobalCCSInstitutepublishedaSpecialReport(GCCSI,2015)exploringtherolethatcaptureclustersandthenetworkingofCO2transportintoa“hubandclusternetwork”couldplayinthedeploymentofCCSinEurope.ThereportusedaQ&Aformattohighlighttheadvantagesofclusteringandgaveanumberofcasestudiesfromprojectsdevelopingatthattime.

In2016,theZeroEmissionsPlatform(ZEP)publishedalimitedreportonhowthedeploymentofCCShubsandclusterscouldcontributetoachievinga“NetZeroeconomy”inEurope(ZEP,2016).TheworkfoundlimiteddatawasavailableforsomeoftheregionswhereCCSclusterswerethoughtlikelytobeadvantaged.Itconsideredthepolicyandorganisationalneedstoaddressthisinordertoprogressregionaldevelopment.

AninterestingcomparisonofsevenpotentialUKICCSclusterswasmadein2017byECOFYSfortheUKGovernment(StorkandSchenkel,2017).Thestudyusedacombinationofliteratureandstakeholderinterviewstocompileanumerical(butfairlysubjective)assessmentofreadinessforeachclusterintermsofseven“dimensions”.

AstudybyElementEnergyforIEAGHGusedamodellingapproachtoinvestigateeconomicandbusinessrelatedissueswiththeformationofICCSclustersinfourglobalareasoffocus(NorthAmerica,Europe,China,Australia)(ElementEnergy,2018b).ItaddressedthecurrentlackofcommercialmaturityofICCSandidentifiedfourkeyfactorsthatmayenableprivateinvestments.ItproposedfourdifferentbusinessmodelsforICCSclusterssuggestingatleastonewassuitableforeachglobalregion.

TheCarbonSequestrationLeadershipForum(CSLF)hasrecentlypublishedareportbyitstaskforceonCCSclusters,hubsandinfrastructure.Thisgivesup-to-datecoverageofcurrentlyactiveCCSclusters(notjustindustrialCCSclusters),currentprojectsproposingCCSclusters,andsummarisesrecentreportsandstudies(somelistedhereabove)(CSLF,2019).Itgivesspecifichigh-levelrecommendations,aimedatgovernmentsandindustry,toaccelerateprogressondeploymentofCCSclusters.


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2.2 PreviousworkonICCSclustermethodologiesAlthoughtherearequiteanumberofreportsfromstudiesonICCSclusters,notsomanydetailthemethodologytheyhaveused,focusingmoreonthebenefitsandthecommercialaspectsofbringingaclusterprojectintobeing.InTable2-1abrieflistisgivenofsomepublicationsthatincludedescriptionsofatleastsomemethodology.Someofthesewillbeusedinlaterdiscussionanddevelopmentofa“bestpractice”methodology.Again,thislistisnotcomprehensiveandclearlyotherprojectswillhavefollowedamethodology,butmaynothaveexplicitlydescribedthis.

ThefirstentryinTable2-1,byHaines(2015),givesausefultemplateforcollectinginformationtodescribeICCSclusters,butdoesnotreallyconsiderhowthatinformationisusedtodevelopaclusterproject.

Thefinaltableentry,ontheLiverpool-ManchesterHydrogenCluster,hasonlylimitedrelevancetoCCSclustermethodology(ProgressiveEnergy,2017).Itisincludedasareminderthatthereareotheroptionsforindustrialdecarbonisation,stillrelyingonCCS,thathavedifferentcharacteristicsfromtheclustersofCO2capturefacilitiesgenerallythoughtofasICCSclusters

Theotherthreeentriesallsharepartsofasimilarmethodology,mostclearlylaidoutasa“workflow”bytheCOCATEProject(COCATE,2013).Thiscanbesimplyoutlinedbasedonthreequestions,defining:

• WHATCO2willbecaptured?• HOWwillthisCO2becaptured,collected,transported?• WHEREwillthisCO2bestored?

ThisoutlinewillbedevelopedinSection4.

Alsoworthyofnote,althoughnotsolelyrelatedtoICCSclusters,isarecentpaperonapproachestakenbytheAcornCCSProjectinnortheastScotlandtotwokeychallengesfacedbyearlystageCCSprojects:reductionofcostsandlackofstakeholdersupport(Alcaldeetal,2019).Thework(undertheACTAcornProjectfunding)identifiessevenkeyelementsoftheprojectdevelopmentprocessthathavehelpedaddressthesechallengesandmaketheprojectmoreattractiveforinvestors.Thekeyelementsidentifiedwere:

• identifyinginfrastructureforreusewithcostsavings;• producingadetailedstoragedevelopmentplantobooststorageconfidence;• definingsteppedexpansionphasesas“low-carbonbuild-outoptions”basedontheinitial

development;• havingadevelopmentplancoveringthefullCCSchain–capture,transportandstorage;• developingthemessagingrequiredtogainpolicysupport;• settingCCSwithinthecontextofa“justtransition”togainpublicsupport;• knowledgeexchangeatalllevelsofengagement.

Thestudyconcludesthataddressingtheseelementsmakesaprojectmorelikelytoprogress,moresustainable,andsomorelikelytoattractinvestment.ItsuggeststhislearningcanbetransferredtootherprojectsseekingtodevelopCCS.


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Table2-1ExistingICCSclusterstudymethodologies

Publication Summaryofrelevantmethodology

CarbonCaptureandStorageClusterProjects:ReviewandFutureOpportunities.(Haines,2015)

Usedanextensivetemplatetocollecttechnicalandbusinessinformation.Flexibleapproach,templatedevelopedinlinewithinformationavailable.

TheEastIrishSeaCCSCluster:AConceptualDesign-TechnicalReport.(Coulthurst,TaylorandBaddeley,2011)

Assessmentofavailablestoragecapacity.

AnalysisofexistingandfutureCO2emissions,location,source,quantity,profile.

Considerationoftechnicalopportunitiesandconstraintsforsharinginfrastructure,capture,purification,conditioning,transport(collectionandtrunk,on-andoffshore),healthandsafety,infrastructurereuse,flowmeasurement,offshorefacilities,storagemonitoring,systemintegration.

COCATE:Large-scaleCCSTransportationinfrastructureinEurope,(PublicSummary).(COCATE,2013)

Workflowoutlinerecommendedforfutureprojectsincludes5(+1)blocks,eachwithdefinedactivities.Blocksare(1)emissionsanalysis,(2)capturepoolingandclusteringoptiondefinition(thesetobedoneinparallelwithstoragecapacityassessment),then(3)identificationofCO2hubsandcollectingnetworks,(4)exportsystems,(5)projectdeploymentstrategy(includingfinancialandriskanalysis).

Reducingcostsofcarboncaptureandstoragebysharedreuseofexistingpipeline—CasestudyofaCO2captureclusterforindustryandpowerinScotland.(Brownsort,ScottandHaszeldine,2016)

Analysisofemissions,quantity,location,distancetopotentialsharedtransportinfrastructure,screeningtoidentifypromisingcapturesites.

Estimationofcapturerate,andofcapitalcostforcapture.

Identificationofconnectionpipelinenetwork,estimationofcapitalcost.

Analysisintegratedwithcapacityinformationforexistingtrunkpipeline,costcomparisonwithnewpipelineestimate.

TheLiverpool-ManchesterHydrogenCluster:Alowcost,deliverableproject.Technicalreport.(ProgressiveEnergy,2017)

Projectclearlyfocussedondecarbonisationofindustryclusterthroughreplacementofnaturalgasusagebyhydrogen(H2),somethodologyspecifictothat,todeterminetheH2supplysystemrequirement.ThissimplifiestheCO2managementsystemleavingonlycentralisedCO2“emission”atnewandexisting(forammoniaproduction)steammethanereformers,considersonlypipelineandstoragecapacities.


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3 CharacterisationofICCSclusters

Allindustrialclusters,andsoallpotentialICCSclusters,aredifferent,buttheymaybecharacterisedbyconsideringanumberoffactorsandfeatures.ThissectiondevelopsalistofsuchfeaturesthenmakesbriefcasestudiesofaselectionofpromisingICCSclustersfromaroundtheNorthSeaBasinandassesseshowthesemaybedescribedusingtheidentifiedfeatures.

3.1 FeaturesthatcharacteriseapotentialclusterManydifferentfeaturescanbeusedtodescribepotentialICCSclustersandtocompareonepotentialclustertoanother.AlistoffeatureshasbeendevelopedforthisreviewbasedongeneralknowledgeofexistingandproposedICCSclusters.ThesefeaturesarelistedandexplainedinSections3.1.1to3.1.6below.Thelistisnotexhaustive,ordefinitive,butisproposedasastructureforconsideringthestrengthsandweaknessesofdifferentclusters,toreflectontheirrelativepositions.ECOFYSusedasimilarapproach(StorkandSchenkel,2017),butfocusedmoreonorganisationalcapabilityinaclustertojudgeitsreadinesstodeploy.

ThisapproachdescribespotentialICCSclustersintermsofsixgroupsoffeatures:emissions,thearea,theindustries,relationships,infrastructureandCO2storage.Thelastisrathertheoddoneout,asitdoesnotdescribetheICCSclusteritself,butisnecessarytoconsiderthepotentialoftheareaasanICCScluster.

3.1.1 Characterisationofemissions

Emissionlocationdistribution–howclosely“clustered”isthearea,aretherefewormanyventsatfacilities?

Emissionvolumedistribution–arethere“anchor”emitters,severallargeemitters,manysmallemitters?

Emissionvolumeprofile–arefacilitiesatrisk/closing,orisinvestmentoccurring,isthereseasonalvariation?

Emissionstypeandquality–aretheresignificantprocessemissions,aretherehigh-concentrationemissions,arethereproblematiccontaminants?

3.1.2 Characterisationofthearea

Industrialareacharacter–isiturbanorremote,largeorsmall,spreadoutordense? Importanceofindustry–istheareapredominantlyindustrial,isindustrymainemployerinarea?

Clusterrecognition–isthereanexistingclustermentality,historyofclusterfocus,existingstudyresults?

3.1.3 Characterisationoftheindustries

Integrationofindustry–isthereacommonculture,cross-industrybodies,serviceinterdependence,sharableresourcesetc?


18

Decarbonisationalternatives–whatscope/feasibilityforenergyefficiency,electrificationorbiomass,hydrogen?

CCU–whatpotentialforCCU,isit“defining”e.g.EORdemandorsyngasavailability? Motivationfordecarbonisation–willindustryprioritisedecarbonisation? MotivationforCCS–canindustrygainfromCCS?

3.1.4 Characterisationofrelationships

Stakeholders–arekeystakeholdersrecognised,engaged,supportive? Policyposition–islocaland/ornationalpolicysupportive? Publicposition–islocalpopulationengagedwithindustry,positivelyornegatively,e.g.employmentorairqualityissues?

3.1.5 Characterisationofinfrastructure

CO2collectionoptions–arethereexistingpipelinecorridors,raillinks,liquid-CO2(L-CO2)terminals,aretheregeographicorotherconstraintsonroutesforcollection?

CO2consolidationoptions–aresitesforconsolidationhubsavailable,e.g.forbufferstorage,centralprocessing,compressionorliquefaction?

ExistingCO2infrastructure–arethereanyexistingcapture,transportorutilisationoperationsorexperience?

Infrastructurereuseoptions–arethererelevantexistingpipelines,ports,terminals?

3.1.6 Characterisationofstorage

Storageaccessibility–isareaclosetoknownpotentialCO2storagesites? Storagecapacity–isaccessiblestorageofsuitablecapacity,injectivity,security? Storageflexibility–aretherealternativestoprimarystoragesite? Storagedevelopmentintegration–isthereanorganisationinterested/capableofdevelopingstorage?

TherelativeimportanceofthesecharacteristicsisdiscussedinSection3.3,followingthecasestudies.

3.2 CasestudiestocharacterisepotentialICCSclustersIntheUK,sixareashavebeenidentifiedwithpotentialICCSclustersinrecentpolicydevelopments(BEIS,2018):Humberside,Teesside,Merseyside(Liverpool-Manchester),SouthWales,GrangemouthandStFergus,withthelasttwooftenconsideredtogetherasthe“Scottishcluster”.Theseareas,plustwoothersaroundtheNorthSeaBasin,GrenlandinNorwayandRotterdamintheNetherlands,areshowninFigure3-1anddescribedandconsideredusingtheframeworkoffeaturesidentifiedabove,presentedasTables3.1to3.7,withsupportingdiscussion,inthefollowingSections.

Atthetimeofwriting,severaloftheclusterareasintheUKareformingmorefocused,orrefocusingexisting,regionalclusterprojectstotakeadvantageofchangesinUKGovernmentpolicy,withpotentialfunding,tosupportICCSclusters.Thereviewsoftheseareaspresentedheremay,therefore,becomeout-datedfairlyquicklyasthesedevelopmentsproceed.


19

Thesecasestudiesaremostlybasedonpubliclyavailableinformationplustheknowledgeandopinionsoftheauthorwho,whilehavingbeeninvolvedinthefieldofindustrialCCSandCO2transportforanumberofyearsinanacademicrole,hashadnospecificpartinanyoftheprojectswiththeexceptionofsomestudiesoftheScottishCluster,includingfortheACTAcornProject.

Thestudiesdonotcoverallfeaturesindetail,butaimtohighlightdistinctiveandsignificantfeaturesthathelpexplainacluster’sposition.Whileintendedtobeobjective,thecasestudieswillnecessarilybecolouredbytheauthor’sopinionsanddegreeofknowledge.Forthesakeofspace,theexamplequestionslistedinSections3.1.1to3.1.6abovearenotrepeatedinthetables.

Figure3-1Locationsofindustrialclusters(red),storagesites(green)andassociatedfacilitiesdescribedincasestudies.BasemapfromGoogleMyMaps-Mapdata©2019GeoBasics-DE/BKG(©2009),Google.

StFergus

Merseyside

Grangemouth

SouthWales

Humberside

Teesside

Grenland

Kollsnes

Oslo

Ro<erdam

Acorn

Johansen

Hamilton

Endurance

P18

EastMey

Feeder10Shippingroute

500 km


20

3.2.1 Humberside

HumbersidehasbeenconsideredforaCCSclusterforatleasttenyears(YorkshireForward,2008)andhasbenefittedfromstronginterestandleadershipfromDrax,initiallyasananchorprojectforaclusterbasedonlargecoal-burningpowerstations(astheWhiteRoseproject)andmorerecentlytoenablelargenegativeemissionsthroughcapturefromDrax’songoingbiomasscombustionoperations.Otherstrengthsincludelargeandwell-characterisedstoragesites,relativelycloseoffshoreintheSouthernNorthSea,potentiallywithpipelineinfrastructurethatmightbereused;therearealsogoodportfacilities.Thereisactiveengagementonindustrydecarbonisationbetweenthelocalenterprisepartnershipandanindustrygroup,althoughnotclearthatCCSisamainfocus,exceptforDrax.

DevelopmentofplansforCCSintheareaexemplifiestheneedtotakeaccountofchangesintheindustriallandscapethroughscenarioplanningandconsideringphaseddevelopment.Theearlierplantodevelopaclusterbasedoncoal-burningpowerstationshasbecomeout-datedwithclosure,orplannedclosure,oftheseemitters.WhileDraxhasconvertedtobiomasscombustionandremainsaverylarge-scaleemitter,itisunlikelythatthetrunkCO2transportroutepreviouslyplannedisoptimaltoincludeotherlargeemittersalongtheSouthHumberaxis.CurrentquestionsoverthefutureoftheScunthorpesteelworksalsoleaveuncertaintiesforoverallclustercomposition.ThisallsuggeststheneedtoretainflexibilityinplanningforindustrialCCS,asitislikelythatHumbersidewillremainanimportantindustrialarea.

Figure3-2Largepoint-sourceemissionsinHumbersidearea,figuresinktfor2017(NAEI,2019);power/CHPstations(red),steelworks(brown),refineryandchemicals(yellow),gasterminal(blue),cementandminerals(purple).Redlineshowsapproximatepipelinerouteproposedin2014fromDraxPowerstation.BasemapfromGoogleMyMaps™-Mapdata©2019Google.


21

Table3-1HumbersideclusterfeaturesGRO

UP

Feature/factor CommentforclusterSignificance

+,~,−

EMISSIONS

Emissionlocationdistribution

MainlocusSouthHumber:Imminghamrefineries(2),severalCCGTs,Scunthorpesteelworks.AlsochemicalsatSaltendonNorthHumberand

DraxbiomassPSinland.+

Emissionvolumedistribution Severallargesinglepointsources,alsositeswithmultiplevents. +

Emissionvolumeprofile

Riskofclosureofsteelworks,CCGToperationvarieswithcontracts,overallemissionlikelytoremainhigh. ~

Emissionstypeandquality

Mostlycombustionemissionswithsomehigherconcentrationsfromsteelworksandrefineries ~

AREA

Industrialareacharacter

Refineries,chemical,steelworksalladjacenttourbanareas,othersitesmostlyrural.Majorportactivitiesalso. ~

Importanceofindustry

Majorindustrialarea,largesupplychainsupportedbyheavyindustriesanddocks;steelworksmajoremployer(c.5000). +

Clusterrecognition Areasubjecttoseveralstudies,includingWhiteRoseproject,butfocuspreviouslyoncoalpowerstations,nowclosing. ~

INDU

STRIES

Integrationofindustry

RefineriesintegratedforCHP,alsoSaltendcomplexandsteelworksintegratedwithinsites. ~

Decarbonisationalternatives

Long-termpotentialforalternativesteelmakingprocesses,potentialforhydrogenfueluseatrefineries,biomassinusewithBECCSplanned. ~

CCU Potentialforsyngasusefromsteelworks,forfuelre-synthesis.Potentialinchemicalssector. +

Motivationfordecarbonisation

Notclearforsteelworks,notmainconcern,economicswilldominate.Unknownforotherindustrysectors. −

MotivationforCCS StrongforDrax,fornegativeemissions;notclearforothersectors. +

RELA

TION-

SHIPS

Stakeholders Draxpartnership,LocalEnterprisePartnership,industrygroup(CATCH)allengagedwithdecarbonisation,however,onlyDraxclearsupportforCCS +

Policyposition Previousproject(WhiteRose)hadbeenafront-runnernationally.Nationalpolicysupportivegenerally,notspecifictoarea. +

Publicposition Unknown,probablyambivalent,butnosignificantissuesforearlierWhiteRoseproposals. ~

INFR

ASTR

UCT

URE

CO2collectionoptions

PreviousstudiesconsideredpipelinenetworksnorthorsouthofHumber.Raillinkstomostmajoremitters,withactiveterminals. ~

CO2consolidationoptions

BrownfieldlandatImminghamandGrimsby,limitedwithinemittersites.Amplegreenfieldarea. +

ExistingCO2infrastructure SMRsatSaltendandatrefineries,butnotclearofCO2collection. −

Infrastructurereuseoptions

Existingoffshorepipelinesfromgasterminals(Theddlethorpe,Easington)butprospectofavailabilityunknown.ExistingtankerberthsonHumberat

Saltend(2)andImmingham(7).+

STORA

GE

Storageaccessibility ClosestatEndurance(c.80kmoffshore)severalothergoodoptionsinSouthernNorthSeawithin250km. +

Storagecapacity Good,Endurancec.500Mt;moredistantsitesmaytotalseveraltimesthis. +Storageflexibility Good,optionsforsequentiallylinkingsites.Alsooptionsforshipping. +

Storagedevelopmentintegration

NationalGriddevelopedtransportandstorageplansforEnduranceinWhiteRoseproject,andinvolvedincurrentDraxprojectpartnership,withEquinor

also.+

Tablereferences:ETI,2016;UKCCSRC,2016a;CarbonTrust,2018;Google,2019;HumberLEP,2019;NAEI,2019).


22

3.2.2 Teesside

TeessidehasalmosteverythingpositiveintermsofforminganICCScluster.Atightgeographicalareawithseverallargeemitters,somewithhigh-concentrationCO2emissionsincludingonewithexistingpartialcaptureofCO2forsale.Themainsitesarewellintegratedwithanexistingpipelinenetwork;therearegoodportfacilitiesincludinganexistingsmallCO2import/exportterminal.Aswellasthetechnicaladvantages,perhapsthekeystrengthoftheareaisthetight-knitrelationshipsamongstcompaniesandlocalagencieswithalongstandingindustryclusterorganisation.ThishasdevelopedfromthecollegiaterelationshipswithinImperialChemicalIndustries(ICI),whichownedmanyofthemainfacilitiesinthepast.Sinceitsbreak-up,thelevelofcooperationbetweensuccessorcompanieshasremainedhigh,withanongoingmotivationtosucceedasanindustrialcluster,asawayofsupportingindividualcompanysuccess.

IfthereisatechnicalweaknessforTeessideasanICCSclusteritisthedistance(c.155km)fromtheareatothenearestCO2storagelocation.Butthisisnotsogreat,andplansandcostingsforpipelinestoboththeEndurancesiteandtoasiteintheCentralNorthSeaweredevelopedaspartoftheTeessideCollectivestudy(TeessideCollective,2015).Sincethatstudy,thedistributionofemissionsintheclusterhasalsochangedwiththeclosureoftheSSIsteelworksatRedcarinlate2015;however,therearenowplansforalargenew-buildCCGTpowerstationwithCCSatthatsiteprovidingareplacement“anchor”forthecluster(OGCI,2018).ThisagainemphasisestheimportanceforICCSclusterplanstohaveflexibility,toallowforvariationinCO2volumeswiththechangingindustrialprofileofthearea.TeessideisbelievedtobeconsideringuseofCO2shippingfortrunktransport,whichwouldhelpprovidesuchflexibility.

Figure3-3Teessideindustrialclusterin2016.ThenewCCGT+CCSdevelopmentisproposedforthesiteofthenow-closedsteelworks,nearthecoasteastoftherivermouth(TeesValleyCombinedAuthority2016,usedwithpermission).


23

Table3-2TeessideclusterfeaturesGRO

UP


+,~,−

EMISSIONS


Fairlytightcluster(10km)withthreemainareas,Billingham,WiltonandSealSands,alongRiverTeesestuary. +

Emissionvolumedistribution

Roughly5emittersin100-500kt/yrrange,twoin750-1250kt/yrrange,butmultiplevents,plusnumeroussmalleremitters. +


Significantreductionwithsteelworksclosurein2015,otherwiseindustrystableorgrowingwithnewlargeCCGT+CCSplanned. ~


Large,high-concentrationemissionsfromhydrogenproductionforammoniaandbulksupply,otherwisemostlycombustionemissions. +

AREA


Large-scaleindustrialcomplexes,BillinghamandWiltonclosetourbanareas;SealSandsmoredistant,butwithenvironmentallysensitiveareas. ~


Teessideindustrycriticaltobothregionalandnationaleconomy;employs>10,000,£4bnexports. +

Clusterrecognition Longstandingclusterrecognition,originallyasmostwasICI.Sincebreakup,NorthEastProcessIndustriesCluster(NEPIC)formalbody. +

INDU

STRIES


Allthreeareasheavilyintegrated,commonutilityprovidersincludingprocessheat,extensivepipenetworksincludingrivercrossing. +


Somebiomassinuse/planned,potentialforhydrogenuse,butlargeCO2processemissions. +

CCU Potentialinchemicalssector. ~Motivationfordecarbonisation

Strongmotivationinindustryandcommunityingeneral.TeesValleyCombinedAuthority(TVCA)havestrategiclow-carbonplan. +

MotivationforCCS Strong,keyelementinTVCAplan,previousprojectlaidgroundwork. +

RELA

TION-

SHIPS

Stakeholders Strongengagement,NEPIC,TVCA,TeessideCollective(CCSgroup) +Policyposition Strongsupportfromlocal/regionalauthorities.Nationalpolicysupportive

generally,nationalrecognitionofcluster’simportance. +Publicposition Generallysupportiveofindustryasmajoremployer.Goodpublic

engagementthroughTeessideCollectiveprojectwork. +

INFR

ASTR

UCT

URE


Mainemitterscanbelinkedthroughexistingpipelinecorridors,designsexisting.Previousrailnetworknowmostlyderelict. +


Brownfieldsiteforcompressorstationidentifiedwithdesignexisting.SpaceavailableonriversideforL-CO2operations. +

ExistingCO2infrastructure

ExistingcapturefacilityatCFFertilisers,CO2liquefiedforcommercialsupply.ExistingL-CO2shipimport/exportberthwithsmallstoragecapacity

androadtankerfillingpoint.+


Twooffshoregaspipelines,butunlikelytobeavailableforCO2.Extensiveportfacilities,severaltankerjetties,spacefornewterminal,largegas

storagecavernsnearby.+

STORA

GE

Storageaccessibility ClosestatEndurance(c.155kmoffshore),othergoodoptionsinSouthernandCentralNorthSeaall>300kmdistant. ~

Storagecapacity Good,Endurancec.500Mt;moredistantsitesmaytotalseveraltimesthis. +Storageflexibility Good,eitherthroughlinkingfromEndurance,orbyshipping. +


PartnersinnewCCGT+CCSprojectincludeO&Gmajorswithstoragedevelopmentcapabilities. +

Tablereferences:TeessideCollective,2015;Google,2019;NAEI2019).


24

3.2.3 GrangemouthandStFergus–the“Scottishcluster”

The“Scottishcluster”isunusual;itcomprisestwoseparateindustrialareaslinkedbyanexistingnaturalgaspipeline(knownasFeeder10)thathaslongbeenidentifiedasbeingabletocarryCO2(ScottishPowerCCSConsortium,2011).TheavailabilityofFeeder10forreusewithCO2atrelativelylowcostisamajoradvantageforpotentialcapturedevelopmentsattheGrangemouthrefineryandpetrochemicalscomplex,thelargestScottishemissioncluster(ElementEnergy,2014).ThesouthernendofFeeder10isclosetoGrangemouthandseveralotherlargeemittersarealsoclosetotheroute(Brownsort,ScottandHaszeldine,2016).ThenorthernendofthepipelineisatStFergus,amajornaturalgasprocessingcomplexwherearoundonethirdofUKgassupply(domesticandimported)islanded.FromStFergustherearethreeexistingoffshoregaspipelines,whicharesuitableforcarryingCO2onwardtoidentifiedstoragesitesintheCentralNorthSea.Oneofthesesites,theAcornstoragesite,hasbeenawardedaCO2appraisalandstoragelicence(OGA,2018).

Themainstrengths,then,oftheScottishclusterareintheavailabilityofpipelineinfrastructureavailableforreuseandinthepresenceoflargeandwell-understoodCO2storagesitesthatarereadytobedeveloped.Thisinfrastructureisbeingpositioned,throughtheAcornCCSProject,tobeabletoacceptCO2fromcaptureatStFergusitselfinitially,butalsofromGrangemouththroughFeeder10,andbyshipimportthroughPeterheadPort(closetoStFergus)fromotherUKorEuropeancapturedevelopments(Alcaldeetal,2019).ThisflexibilitywillhelptocounterthesomewhatslowengagementofindustryinthearearesultinglargelyfromthecurrentdifficultyofmakingabusinesscaseforCCS.

Figure3-4MapfromBrownsort,ScottandHaszeldine(2016)showingemitters(asat2014)inCentralScotland,withrouteofFeeder10(red)andpotentialcollectionnetworks(blue)servingGrangemouthandFife.InsetmapshowsFeeder10routetoStFergus.Mapdata©2019,GoogleMyMaps™.

20 km


25

Table3-3ScottishclusterfeaturesGRO

UP


+,~,−

EMISSIONS


TightclustersatGrangemouth(5km)andStFergus(1.5km)withloosergroupingaroundForthestuaryandinFife,fairlyclosetoavailablepipeline. +


FivelargeemittersatGrangemouth(300-1600kt/yr),butincludingrefinery,petrochemicalswithmultiplevents.Sixotheremitters200-900kt/yrcloseto

availablepipeline.+

Emissionvolumeprofile Industryemissionssteady,onegas-fuelledpowerstationvarieswithcontract. +


Lowtomoderatevolumeofhigh-concentrationprocessemissionsatafewsites,otherwisemostlycombustionemissions,somebiogenic. ~

AREA


Grangemouthcomplexadjacenttourbanarea,StFergusandmostothersitesrural. ~


RefineryandpetrochemicalssitescriticaltoScottishandUKeconomy;nationallystrategicinfrastructure(gasimportatStFergus,oilpipelinetoGrangemouth). +

Clusterrecognition IndustryclusteratGrangemouthlongrecognised;abilitytoincludeotherindustryinCCSclusterthroughuseofexistingpipelinerecognisedatleast10years. +

INDU

STRIES

Integrationofindustry MostofGrangemouthcomplexwellintegratedforCHPandotherutilities. ~


Somebiomassinuse,potentialforhydrogenfueluse,electrificationlimitedscopebutpotentialfore.g.glasskilns.Someprocessemissions. +

CCU PotentialforCCUinchemicalssector.PotentialforCO2-EORinCentralNorthSea. +Motivationfordecarbonisation

Industrymotivationvarieswithsector,strongwherepremiumproducts(e.g.distilleries),refiningandpetrochemicalsmoresensitivetoeconomics. ~

MotivationforCCS Patchyinindustry,butstrongforstoragedevelopmentopportunity. ~

RELA

TION-

SHIPS

Stakeholders Industryengagementimproving,goodengagementwithScottishGovernment(SG)anddevelopmentagencies. ~

Policyposition UKnationalpolicysupportivegenerally,SGpolicystronglysupportivebutdependentonUK. +

Publicposition Fairlyambivalent.GoodpublicengagementthroughpreviousLongannetandPeterheadprojectworkandcurrentAcornCCSProject. +

INFR

ASTR

UCT

URE

CO2collectionoptionsGrangemouthandmostothermainemitterscanbelinkedthroughexisting

pipelinecorridors.Severaldistantlargeemitterscouldbeincludedusingraillinks. +CO2consolidation

optionsBrownfieldlandavailableforcompressorstationatGrangemouth,oratgas

pipelinenode(Avonbridge).PotentialforintermodalhubatGrangemouthdocks. +ExistingCO2infrastructure

Smallcaptureplant(mothballed)atNBDistillery,roadtankerfillingpoint.SourgasseparationplantatStFergus. +


ExistingpipelinefromAvonbridge,nearGrangemouth,toStFergus,andonward(3pipelines)topotentialoffshorestorageandEORsites.Tankerjettiesat

Grangemouth(6active,1redundant)andPeterhead(1redundant)nearStFergus.+

STORA

GE

Storageaccessibility Verygood,existingpipelinesavailableaccessingwell-characterisedstoragesites,includingonewithdevelopmentlicence(Acorn),onewithFEEDcomplete. +

Storagecapacity Verygood,Acornsitec.150Mt,EastMey>500Mt,plusotheridentifiedsitesofseveralhundredsofMt. +

Storageflexibility Verygood,alternativesitesidentified,othersavailable,alsopotentialforshipping. +Storagedevelopment

integrationPartnersinAcornCCSProjectincludeO&Gmajorswithstoragedevelopment

capabilities. +Tablereferences:ElementEnergy,2010;ETI,2016;Brownsort,ScottandHaszeldine,2016;ACTAcornProject,2019;Google,2019.


26

3.2.4 Merseyside–theLiverpool-Manchestercluster

ConsideringtheMerseysideindustrialareainitiallyintheabstract,ithasseveralstrong,positivefeaturesfortheformationofanICCScluster.Anumberofmajoremittersarelocatedalongacleartransportaxis,somewithhigh-concentrationCO2emissions,somelargesingle-pointemissions.ThereispotentialforpipelinereusetoaccessCO2storagesitescloseoffshore,withoptionstoextendcapacityintoothersites,oraccessalternativestoragelocationsbyshipping.Localagenciesaresupportiveofindustrydecarbonisation,althoughwithoutaclearfocusonCCS,whileCCUopportunitiesarebeingpursuedbyindustry.

However,whatmakestheareaunusualistheproposalbeingadvancedbytheHyNetProjecttotackledecarbonisationforindustry,andmoregenerally,byawholesalefuel-switchtohydrogen,replacingnaturalgascombustionforheat.Theprojectproposesahydrogennetworkcovering,eventually,thewiderLiverpool-Manchesterareawithhydrogensuppliedfromacentralisedfacility,probablybysteammethanereformingatasiteonthesouthshoreoftheMerseyestuary(ProgressiveEnergy,2017;Cadent,2018).Thenetworkwouldinitiallysupplyindustrythroughnewhydrogenpipelines,hydrogenwouldbeavailableasatransportfuel,andapercentageofhydrogenwouldbeinjectedintotheexistingnaturalgasdistributionnetworkatalevelnotrequiringchangetoconsumerappliances.Inthelongertermtransitiontoa100%hydrogendistributionisenvisaged.

TheadvantageofthisapproachisthattheproductionofCO2iscentralisedtothelocationofthehydrogensupplyfacilities,reducingthenumberofseparationandcaptureoperationsrequired,minimisinganyCO2collectionnetworkandreducingvariablesfordesignoftrunktransportandstoragefacilities.Againsttheseadvantagesonemightsettheriskofthemorefundamentalchangesrequiredtoswitchtoadifferentfuel-gas.However,UKpolicyissupportiveofexploringaswitchtohydrogen,atleastasanoption,andotherclusterareasandprojectsarealsoconsideringhowhydrogenmaybeusedintheirdevelopments.

Figure3-5OverviewoftheHyNetProjectfortheMerseysidearea.ImagefromCadent(2018),usedwithpermission.


27

Table3-4Liverpool-ManchesterclusterfeaturesGRO

UP


+,~,−

EMISSIONS


Largeconurbation(50km)withindustrylargelyfocusedonaxisofMerseyandDeeestuariesandManchesterShipCanal. +


Largerefinery>2000kt/yrwithmultiplevents,threelargepowerstations1000-2000kt/yr,roughly10emitters100-700kt/yr. +


FiddlersFerrycoal-burningpowerstation(2MtCO2)plannedtoclose2020;otherwiseunknown,butprobablyfairlysteady. ~


Large,high-concentrationemissionsfromhydrogenproductionforammonia,someotherprocessemissions,otherwisecombustionemissions. +

AREA

Industrialareacharacter Mostindustryclosetooradjacenttourbanareas,somemorerural. ~


Majorindustrialareaofnationalsignificance,refinery,chemicals,automotive,foodanddrink,glass,mineralsanddocks,allimportant. +

Clusterrecognition RecognitionaschemicalsclusterfromhistoryasICI(cf.Teesside),HyNetprojectbringingrecognitionaspotentialhydrogen-basedcluster. +

INDU

STRIES


GoodwithinchemicalsandrefineryareasatRuncornandEllesmerePort,otherwiseunknown. ~


Areaproposedformajorfuel-switchtohydrogen,initiallyformajorgasusers,laterfordistributedgasusersthroughgasgrid. +

CCU Potentialinchemicalssector,recentannouncementbyTataChemicalsof40kt/yrcaptureplantforreuseinsodiumbicarbonate. +

Motivationfordecarbonisation

Stronglow-carbonfocusfromLocalEnterprisePartnership,focussedonoffshorewind,notclearforheavyindustrybutsupportingHyNet. +

MotivationforCCS Earlyrecognitionofareabasedonstoragepotentialnotfollowedthrough,butnowagaininfocusforHyNetproject,toprovidelow-carbonhydrogen. +

RELA

TION-

SHIPS

Stakeholders GasnetworkandindustrystakeholdersbehindHyNetproposals,projecthasengagedwithlocalagencies,notclearofwiderpublicengagement. ~

Policyposition Nationalpolicysupportivegenerally,includingforhydrogenfocus,butnotspecifictoarea. ~

Publicposition Generallysupportiveofindustryasmajoremployer,butotherwiseprobablyambivalent. ~

INFR

ASTR

UCT

URE


Mainemitterscanbelinkedthroughexistingpipelinecorridors.Mostalsohaveraillinksclosebyandseveralaresitedonshipcanal. +


Somebrownfieldlandnearrefinery,alsoatPointofAyrgasterminal(pipelinebeachcrossing),andatTranmereTerminal. +


ExistingCO2separationatCFFertilisersammoniaplantatInce,butunclearofanycaptureforsupply.TataCCUprojectwillcaptureCO2forownuse. ~


PipelinefromHamiltongasfieldsinLiverpoolBaytoPointofAyridentifiedaspotentialforfuturere-use.LimitedtankerfacilitiesatTranmere

Terminal,twoactivejetties,onederelict.Largegasstoragecavernsnearby.+

STORA

GE

Storageaccessibility Verygood,Hamiltonfieldcloseoffshore(26km),alsoMorecambeBayfieldsfurthernorth(c.80km). +

Storagecapacity Good,Hamiltonestimatedat115Mt,MorecambeBayfieldsc.1Gt. +Storageflexibility Good,optionsforsequentiallylinkingsites.Alsooptionsforshipping. +


Notclear,assumedCadentcandrawonstoragedevelopmentexpertise. ~Tablereferences:Cadent,2018;ETI,2016;ProgressiveEnergy2017;NAEI,2019;Google,2019;TataChemicals,2019.


28

3.2.5 SouthWales

WhiletheneedtodecarbonisetheclusterofindustriesinSouthWalesisrecognised(WelshGovernment,2019),considerationofusingCCStoachievethisisataveryearlystage(UKCCSRC,2016b).IndustrialemissionsinSouthWalesaredominatedbythePortTalbotsteelworks,whiletheothermajorareaofemissionisatMilfordHaven,witharefineryandotherhydrocarbonindustries,locatedsome90kmtothewest.

ThemainpotentialstrengthsoftheareaasaCCUSclusterwouldincludethepresenceofthesteelworks,whichcouldbeananchortothecluster,withthepossibilityofoff-gasutilisationforfuelre-synthesis.AlsoanexistingpipelinelinkingPortTalbottoMilfordHavengivesthepossibilityofinfrastructurereusetotransportcapturedCO2toaport,forshippingtoastoragesite.However,thesestrengthsareoffsetbytheriskofclosureofthesteelworks,and,inparticular,thedistancetoknownCO2storageareas,withsomeuncertaintiesoverstorageoptions(CCC,2017).

Figure3-6Locationoflargepoint-sourceindustrialCO2emissionsinWales:steelworks(brown),refinery(yellow),LNGterminal(blue),cementworks(purple);figuresdenotepercentageofWelshlargepoint-sourceemissions(CCC,2017),circleareasproportionate.BasemapfromGoogleMyMaps™-Mapdata©2019GeoBasics-DE/BKG(©2009),Google.

2

3

3

1650

40 km


29

Table3-5SouthWalesclusterfeaturesGRO

UP


+,~,−

EMISSIONS


Twomainloci,PortTalbotsteelworks;MilfordHavenrefineryandmajorhydrocarbonterminal;eachlocuswithmultiplevents. ~

Emissionvolumedistribution Steelworksemissiondominates,potentialanchor. +


Risksofsignificantclosures-generalissueofsteelcompetitivenessandrefineryovercapacity. −


Mostlycombustionemissionswithsomehigherconcentrationsfromsteelworksandrefinery ~

AREA

Industrialareacharacter Steelworksclosetourbanarea,refineryrural,bothcoastalsites. ~


Steelworksmajoremployer(>5000)butwithinmixedeconomyacrossarea.NationallysignificantLNGterminalatMilfordHaven. ~

Clusterrecognition Areaatearlieststageofcluster“consciousness” −

INDU

STRIES

Integrationofindustry Withinmajorsites,notbetweensteelworksandrefinery,unknownbetweenrefineryandPumahydrocarbonterminal. ~


Long-termpotentialforalternativesteelmakingprocesses,potentialforhydrogenfueluseatrefinery. ~

CCU Potentialforsyngasusefromsteelworks,forfuelre-synthesis. +Motivationfordecarbonisation Notclear,notmainconcern,economicswilldominate. −

MotivationforCCS Possibly,incombinationwithfuelre-synthesisfromsyngas. +

RELA

TION

-SHIPS Stakeholders TataSteelengaged,butearlyawarenessstage,notclearforrefinery. ~

Policyposition SomelocalsupportthroughFLEXISproject,butCCSnotmainfocus.Nationalpolicysupportivegenerally,notspecifictoarea. ~

Publicposition Unknown,steelworksismajoremployer,probablyrefinery/terminalalso. ~

INFR

ASTR

UCT

URE

CO2collectionoptionsPipelinecorridorfromPortTalbottoMilfordHaven.RaillinkstoPort

TalbotandPumaterminal,redundantlinktoValerorefinery.PossibleL-CO2supplyfacilityatBOCPortTalbot.

~CO2consolidation

optionsUnoccupiedlandwithinsiteboundariesatsteelworksandPumaand

Valerooilterminals(limitedatrefinery). +ExistingCO2infrastructure

PossibleL-CO2supplyfrommerchanthydrogenSMRfacilityatBOCPortTalbot. −


RedundantpipelineconnectsPortTalbottoMilfordHaven,unknownavailabilityorcondition.NumeroustankerjettiesatMilfordHaven,bulk

oreimportjettyatPortTalbot,limitedspaceforadditionaljetty.+

STORA

GE

Storageaccessibility ClosestatKinsale(offCork,c.300km),nextEastIrishSea(EIS)(450kmbysea,orawkwardc.50kmoverland). −

Storagecapacity Kinsalehaspotentialissues(uncertain);EISconsideredsuitable,Gt-scale. ~Storageflexibility Yes,asabove,orothermoredistantstoragelocations,usingshipping. ~


Notclear,potentiallyErvia(CorkCCSProject),orCadent(HyNetProject,Merseyside)inlongerterm. −

Tablereferences:TataSteel,2017;Williams,2019;Google,2019.


30

3.2.6 Rotterdam

RotterdamisthemostadvancedlargeCCSclusterproposalinmainlandEurope,alsowithafairlylonghistoryofdevelopment.Earlierplanswerebasedonan“anchor”captureproject,theROADProjectattherecentlybuilt,coal-burningMaasvlakte3powerstation,butthiswascancelledfollowingchangeinnationalpoliciesregardinggenerationfromcoal.Theclusterplanshavealwaysincludedanetworkconnectingthelargepetrochemicalandrefiningsites,basedontheexistingOCAPCO2pipeline,andthisnowremainsasthefocusoftheongoingPorthosProject.

AkeystrengthoftheclusterisleadershipfromthePortofRotterdamAuthority,whichhassettoughemissionreductiontargetsandisactivelydevelopingthesystemsandinfrastructureneededtoachievethem.TheAuthority’spositionisthatitexpectscompaniestoinvestandcontributetoachievingthesetargets,makinguseoftheinfrastructuretheAuthorityprovides,ortoceasetheiroperationsinRotterdam.Theinfrastructureandsystemsbeingdevelopedincludeenergyefficiency,renewableenergy,heat,steamandhydrogennetworksaswellastheCO2transportandstoragenetwork.

RotterdamalsoholdsakeypositioninEuropefromitspositionastheinterchangebetweenmainlandEuropeandtheNorthSeaBasin.Longstandingconceptualplans,togetherwithsomedetailedstudies,haveconsideredtheroleofRotterdamasa“superhub”forCO2transportfrommainlandEurope,usingbothpipelinesandwaterbornetransportbybargeoninlandwaterways,andbycoastalshipping.OnwardtransporttothelargestoragecapacityavailableintheNorthSeaBasincouldbebybothpipelineandshipping(RCI,2011;TetterooandvanderBen,2011).

Figure3-7ExistingOCAPCO2pipeline(green,approximateroute)andextensionsproposedbyPortofRotterdamAuthority(red,oneoftworouteoptionsshown)tocollectCO2frommajoremitters(reddots)anddeliverittooffshorestorage(green,figure-capacityinMt)indepletedgasfields.Adaptedfrom(Porthos,2019).Mapdata©2019,GoogleMyMaps™.

37

OCAP

10 km


31

Table3-6RotterdamclusterfeaturesGRO

UP


+,~,−

EMISSIONS

Emissionlocationdistribution Elongated(35km)clusterofindustryalongsouthbankofMaasestuary. +


Twocoal-burningandtwogas-burningpowerstations,4refineries,majorpetrochemicals,multiplevents,plusotherlargeemitters,majorport. +


Coalpowerstationsscheduledtoclose,mid-term.Otherwiseunknown,butlikelysteady. ~


Largeprocessemissions,somehigh-concentrationatrefineriesandbioethanolplant;otherwisemainlycombustionemissions. +

AREA


Verylargescaleindustrialcomplexes,mostalongMaasestuarygivingseparationfromcity,butsomeurbancontacts. +

Importanceofindustry GloballysignificantportandoneoflargestEuropeanindustryclusters. +Cluster

recognitionStrong,RotterdamClimateInitiative,initiatedbyPortAuthorityinc.2006,

includingmajorindustryandpoweremitters. +

INDU

STRIES

Integrationofindustry Refineriesandpetrochemicalswellintegratedwithinandbetweensites. +


Studyofpotentialhydrogennetworkundertakenandmajorprojectbeingconsidered,initialsupplythroughmethanereformingwithCCS. +

CCU Goodpotentialinchemicalssector. +Motivationfordecarbonisation

Strong,PortAuthorityhassettargetforCO2-neutralityandexpectscompaniesinareatohelpachievethis–ormoveout. +

MotivationforCCS Strong,PortAuthorityprogressingPorthosProjecttoprovideCO2transportandstorageinfrastructure,expectingcompaniestoinvestincapture. +

RELA

TION-

SHIPS

Stakeholders StrongleadershipfromPortAuthoritywithgoodengagementfromindustry,aswellasgovernmentagencies. +

Policyposition NationalpolicyincludesCCSaspartofbalancedclimateactionapproach. +Publicposition Currentclimatefocusandbalancedapproachgivingmoresupportiveposition

followingpreviouspublicrelationsissuesforCCS(onshorestorage). ~

INFR

ASTR

UCT

URE


Existingpipelinecorridorsrunthelengthofthecluster.Potentialtoexpandclusterinclusionthroughuseofbargetransportoninlandwaterways. +


Siteidentifiedforcompressorstationatbeachcrossing,alsoforpotentialCO2trans-modalterminalforL-CO2transportbyship/barge. +


OCAPpipelinelinksbioethanolplantandcaptureatrefineryhydrogenplantwithgreenhousesconsumingCO2inSouthHolland. +

Infrastructurereuseoptions OCAPpipelineplannedtobeincludedinextendedcollectionnetwork. +

STORA

GE

Storageaccessibility

Verygood,smallinitialshorelinesite,thenfurtherdepletedgasfieldsinP18blockcloseoffshore(25km),withmorespreadtonorthandeast. +

Storagecapacity Fivesmallsitescloseoffshorehave200Mtcapacity,otherlargerpotentialfurtherafield. ~

Storageflexibility Good,optionsforsequentiallylinkingsites.Alsooptionsforshipping. +Storage

developmentintegration

Porthosprojectpartnersincludenationalgasinfrastructurecompany,Gasunie,whichispartownerofCintra,CO2transportandstoragedeveloper. +

TableReferences:RCI,2011;Porthos,2019;Vermulen,2011;Neeleetal,2012;Google,2019.


32

3.2.7 Norway

TheNorwegianorGrenlandclusterisaninterestingcase,astechnicallyitisfairlyunexceptional.Theindustryemissionsarenotparticularlylarge;indeedNorway’sentireindustrialemissionissmallininternationalterms.ApartfromasmallclusterinGrenland(ICG,2019),otheremittersarescattered.Potentialstoragesitesneartotheemittershavenotbeenextensivelystudied(Haugenetal,2013)andwell-characterisedsitesareaconsiderabledistanceaway.

ThecurrentproposalfortheNorwegianfull-scaleCCSprojectisforjusttwoemittersinitiallytocaptureCO2,theNorcemcementworksatBrevikandtheFortumOsloVarmewastetoenergyplantatKlemetsrud.CO2willbetransportedbyshipsome600-700kmfromthesesitestoaconsolidationhubatKollsnes,fromwhereitwillbepipedtoastoragesiteintheJohansensalineformation,neartheTrolloilandgasfield(CCSNorway,2019).TworefineriesinsouthernSwedenarealsobeingevaluatedforpotentialCO2captureprojectswithtransportbyshipunderthesamesystem(SINTEF,2019).

ThiscaseshowsthatwithstronggovernmentleadershipandutilisingNorway’sstrongoffshoreandengineeringexpertise,solutionstosuchtechnicalchallengescanbefound.ThechoiceofCO2transportbyshipmaybeanobviousoneforNorway,givenitsgeographyandtradition,anditisseenasenablingfarmorethanjustcollectionofNorway’sownCO2forstorage.Thereisaclearlonger-termintentiontoimportCO2fromothercountriesforstorageandthisisseenasaneconomicopportunityforNorwayinthefuture.

Figure3-8Mapshowingcurrentproposalsforfull-scaleCO2managementinNorway,pluspotentialextensiontoincluderefineriesinSweden,includingpotentialCO2capturesites(red),intermodalterminal(yellow)andstoragesite(green),withindicativeshippingroutesandnewpipeline.BasemapfromGoogleMyMaps™-Mapdata©2019GeoBasics-DE/BKG(©2009),Google.

Grenlandcluster,Brevikcementworks

KollsnesCO2terminalandbufferstorage

FortumOsloVarmewaste-to-energyplant

Storagesite,JohansenformaEon

Shippingroutes

PreemLysekilrefinery

PreemGothenburgrefinery

Newpipeline

Norway

Sweden


33

Table3-7NorwayclusterfeaturesGRO

UP


+,~,−

EMISSIONS


SeveralemittersinGrenlandclustered(10km)aroundFrierfjorden,andatHerøyaIndustrialPark,nearPorsgrunn,pluscementworksatBrevik;other

emittersfurtherscatteredaroundOslofjord+


Mostlymid-scaleemitters,butuptoc.1Mt/yr;multipleventsatmostmainsites. ~

Emissionvolumeprofile Unknown,generallyrisingnationally. ~


High-concentrationemissionsfromhydrogenproductionforammonia,cementandotherprocessemissions,alsocombustionemissions. +

AREA


HerøyaIndustrialParkandKlemetstrudenergyfromwasteplantsemi-urban;othersitesrural,coastal. ~


Importantnationally,relativelysmallbutimportantexportproducts-ammonia,silicon,polymers. ~

Clusterrecognition

Localclusterorganisation(IndustriclusteretGrenland,ICG)includesmainemitters.LongstandingrecognitionforCO2capturetrialsatBrevik. +

INDU

STRIES


GoodintegrationbetweencompaniesinFierfjordenandHerøyaandwithincomplexes. +


Alternativefuelspossibleforcement,somepotentialforhydrogenuseforheat,butlargeCO2processemissions. ~

CCU YaracapturemuchoftheCO2fromammoniaproductiontosupplytoexistingEuropeanindustrialCO2market,andplantogrowthisexport. ~

Motivationfordecarbonisation Specificcompanies,butclearthatastronggeneralmotivationexists. ~

MotivationforCCS SpecificcompaniesprogressingCCSaspartofNorwegianFullScaleProject,NorcematBrevik,FortumOsloVarmeatKlemetsrud,previouslyYara. +

RELA

TION-

SHIPS

Stakeholders NorwegianGovandstate-ownedbodiesleadingonCCS,withspecificcompaniesalso.Notclearofgeneralengagementwithindustryorpublic. ~

Policyposition NationalgovernmenthasambitiontodevelopCCSandissupportingwithfundsandoninternationalengagement. +

Publicposition Unknown,probablyambivalent. ~

INFR

ASTR

UCT

URE


Capturesitesconsideredarecoastal,collectionbyshippingbeingdeveloped.OneexceptionisKlemetsrud,requiresshortnewpipelineortrucking. ~


Transportbyshipproposed,expectingdiscretepick-uppointswithconsolidationoccurringatKollsnes,nearBergen,c.600-700kmaway. ~


CO2captureandliquefactionatYara,Herøyawithshipexportterminal.ExperienceofCCSwithSleipnerandSnøvitprojects. +


TunnelcontainingpipelinelinksHerøyaandFierfjordensites,potentialforreuseifconsolidationneededateithersite. ~

STORA

GE

Storageaccessibility

CO2willbestoredinJohansenformation,80kmoffshore,butc.600kmfromGrenland. −

Storagecapacity Estimateofc.150MtinsouthernpartofJohansenformation ~Storageflexibility Otheraquifersidentifiedinarea(nearTrollfield). ~


Gassnovaisoverseeingproject,partnershipofEquinor,TotalandShellaredevelopingtransportandstorage. +

Tablereferences:USEIA,2015;ICG,2019;Equinor,2018;CCSNorway,2019.


34

3.3 RelativeimportanceofclustercharacteristicsItistemptingtotakethecasestudiesaboveandcompareoneclustertoanothertojudgewhichisthestrongest.Thiswouldbeamisguidedapproachandisnotthepointoftheexercise.Theallocationinthetablesaboveofsymbolsdenotingthesignificanceofclusterfeaturesisqualitativeandintendedtodrawattentiontomoreimportantfeaturesofeachcluster,ratherthanasscoringsystem.Allindustrialclustersaredifferent,andsoapproachestodevelopingICCSclusterswillalsobedifferenttotakeadvantageofthestrengthsofanareaanditsconnectivity.Also,someoftheclustersdescribedabovehavebeenunderdiscussionformanyyears,othersonlyforashortperiod,sodirectcomparisonisnotappropriate.

However,itisappropriatetoreflectgenerallyonthecharacteristicscommontotheICCSclustersthataremosthighlydevelopedandthataremakingbestprogressatpresent.Oneimportantcharacteristicisclearleadershipfromasuitablyempoweredauthority,suchasnationalorregionalgovernment,aportauthority,orregionalorlocaldevelopmentagency.Aclearvisionfortheclusterareainthefutureisanimportantpartofthisleadership.Ofequalimportanceistheengagementwith,orindeedleadershipfromindustryinthearea,andthecooperationbetweencompanies,therelevantauthoritiesandpublicbodies.Goodpublicrelations,bothfortheindustriesinvolvedandfordevelopingICCSclusterplans,arealsoimportant,atleasttoalevelofpublicawarenessandacceptanceifnotactivesupport.

Consideringmoretechnicalcharacteristics,fordecarbonisationofanindustryclusterthroughCCS,theabilitytoaccesswell-characterisedCO2storagewithsuitablelong-termcapacityiskey.Othermeansmaybeavailablefordecarbonisingindustrytoanextent,butfordeep-decarbonisation,especiallywhereprocessemissionsareinvolved,CCSislikelytobenecessarymeaningCO2storageisessential.FactorsthatreducecostsofestablishingCCSarealsoimportant.SuchfactorsincludethepresenceofhighconcentrationCO2emissionsthatwillhavelowercostsofcapture,ortheavailabilityofinfrastructuresuitableforreusewithCO2,suchasexistinggasseparationequipment,pipelines,orportfacilitiesforCO2transport.TheabilityofaclustertouseshippingforCO2transport,atleastinearlyphases,canalsoreducetheinitialinvestmentneededandprovideflexibility.

ConsideringthecharacteristicsofpotentialICCSclustersexploredinthesecasestudiesoverall,themainobservationistheirdiversity;allaredifferentandthereisnoonebestwaytodevelop.Technicaladvantagescanbeimportantbutitissuggestedthattheoverridingfactorsleadingtoprogressarethemotivations,leadershipandrelationshipspresentbetweenthestakeholdersintheindustrialclusterarea.


35

4 Datacollectionandanalysismethodologies

InSection2.2anumberofpreviousstudiesweresummarisedwheremethodologiesforrecordingdescriptions,orforthedefinition,ofICCSclusterswerediscussed.ItwassuggestedthattherearethreegeneralstepsfordefinitionofanICCScluster–determiningwhatCO2maybecaptured,howitwillbecaptured,collectedandtransported,andwhereitwillbestored.

Atthislevel,thisapproachisintentionallysimplistic,astheobjectiveistodefinetheinformationanddatathatneedstobecollectedtoinitiateactivitiesinapotentialICCSclusterarea.ThisoutlinemethodologyisshownschematicallyinFigure4-1,andthemainaspectsaredescribedinmoredetail,withexamplesandsomediscussioninthefollowingSections,4.1to4.3.

Figure4-1Clusterdefinitionmethodology–schematicoutline.

Thisdiscussionisintendedtohighlighttheobjectivesofthemainsectionsofthesuggestedmethodologyandprovidesomeexamplesofpointstoconsider.However,itisclearthateveryindustrialareaisdifferentandsothemethodologyandtheconsiderationsmadeinassessinganarea’spotentialasanICCSclusterwillneedtobeadaptedanddevelopedforeachcase.Equally,thesourcesofinformationanddatawillvarywiththeareasocannotbedefinedcompletelyhere.Themethodologyisalsogenerallydescribedinalinear,sequentialfashion,whereasinfacttherewillbenumerousinteractionsbetweensectionsandknowledgeofallaspectswillbeneededtodefinearealisticICCSclusterproposal.

Sections4.1to4.3discussinformationanddatacollection,andtheobjectivesofthesuggestedmethodology,inthisgeneralsense.Afollowingsection,4.4,describesanoverallflowforthemethodologyandgivesastructureforassemblingthedataandinformationinaseriesoftables.DetailedlistsofdataandinformationthatareconsideredlikelytobenecessaryfordefinitionofICCSclustersareprovidedinAppendixA.TheselistshavebeenadaptedbyUniversidadedeÉvoraintoadatabasesystemforcollectionofthisinformationbylocalteamsoftheSTRATEGYCCUSProject.

WHATCO2willbecaptured?

WHEREwillthisCO2bestored?

HOWwillthisCO2becaptured,

collected,transported?

Markettrends

Emissionsanalysis

DecarbonisaBonalternaBves

Techno-commercial

CaptureclusterdefiniBon

CO2trunktransportopBons

CO2collecBonnetworkopBons

StoragesiteopBons

Risks,costsandupsidepotenBal

CapacityandinjecBvity


36

4.1 DeterminingwhatCO2maybecapturedTheobjectiveofthispartofthesuggestedmethodologyistodevelopanunderstandingoftheCO2thatmaybecapturedintheclusterareaaspartofanindustrialemissionsreductionprogrammeusingCCS.Thisisnotonlyaninventoryofcurrentemissionquantitiesandlocations,butneedstotakeaccountofforeseeableinfluencessuchasthedevelopmentofalternativedecarbonisationtechnologies,economicfactors,changesinsocietalbehaviour,policyandmarkets.

ThestartingpointisthedefinitionofcurrentCO2emissionquantitiesintheclusterarea,thelocationsofemittersandrelateddetails.OncethisinventoryoftheCO2emissionsthatarecurrentlyoccurringhasbeenestablished,itisnecessarytoconsiderwhatportionofthatmaybeappropriatetoaddressusingCCS.Anumberoffactorsmaydeterminethisportionanditisimportanttounderstandthatthereisnoone“rightanswer”.Thesemayberoughlydividedintotechnicalortechno-commercialfactors,theoptionsforalternativemeansforachievingthesameemissionreductions,andthemarketinfluencesonproductionleadingtotheemissions,includingpolicy,regulationandsocietalbehaviourchanges.Beyondidentifyingsuchfactors,theinfluencetheywillhavecannotbegeneralised,butwilldependonthespecificcircumstancesinanyareabeingconsideredandatanyparticulartime.Someexampleswillbegivenforillustration.

4.1.1 Emissionsanalysis–currentemissioninventory

Thereareusuallyvarioussourcesofemissiondataatdifferentlevelsofdetail.LargeemittersreporttotheEUEmissionsTradingSystem(ETS),butthisdatamaybeaggregatedforanumberoffacilitiesoroveracompanyandissometimesdifficulttointerpret.Moreuseful,maybelocal,regionalornationaldatathatwillbecollectedbyappropriateagenciesforcompilationintothenationalreturnstotheETS.

InScotland,forinstance,theScottishEnvironmentProtectionAgency(SEPA)collectsdatafromallcompanieswithemissionslicencesinScotlandandlistsCO2emissionquantitiesoveracertainthresholdinapubliclyaccessibledatabase,theScottishPollutantReleaseInventory(SEPA,2017).

Locationsofemittersmayalsobeindicatedbysuchpublicinventories,butsometimesonlythecompanyaddressisgivenandthismaybeanofficeaddressratherthanlocationoftheemitter.Somedegreeofcheckingmayberequired,usingatoolsuchasGoogleMaps™,orbycontactingthecompany,orotherlocalknowledge,todeterminetheactualemissionlocation.Forsiteswithmultiplevents,suchaspetrochemicalcomplexesorsteelworks,itisunlikelythatdataonindividualventstreamswillbeavailablepublicly,anditmaybenecessarytodevelopagoodrelationshipwiththecompanytoobtainthisdata.

Theobjectiveofcompilingacurrentemissionsinventoryforanareaistoallowanalysisoftheemissionsintermsofquantityandlocation,toidentifythelargestemittersandtheareaswithgreatestdensityofemissions,aswellasotherinformationonemittersandtheiremissionsthatwillhelpselectthesiteswithgreatestpotentialtodeploycarboncaptureandbeinvolvedinanICCScluster.

Fromthisexerciseofcollectingemissionquantityandlocationdata,detailssuchastheindustriesinvolved,thetypeofemissions(whethercombustionorprocessemissions)andperhapsthefuel


37

typemayemerge,ormaybededuced.ForaninitialconceptualstudyofapotentialICCScluster,thislevelofinformation,essentiallya“snapshot”ofrecentCO2emissionsourcesandquantities,maybesufficient.However,formorein-depthassessmentofanarea’spotentialforCCSorformoredetailedfeasibilitystudies,itisusefultounderstanddetailsoftheCO2“quality”intermsofcomposition(CO2content,othermajorgases,traceimpurities),condition(temperatureandpressure),aswellasflowrateandflowprofile(continuous,intermittent,seasonal).

4.1.2 Technical/techno-commercialfactors

Techno-commercialfactorsfollowfromthedetailedemissionanalysisforanarea.Forinstance,facilitiesthathavelargeemissionsathighCO2concentrationfromasingleventmaybemoreamenabletoCCStechnologythanthosethathavenumerousventswithlow-concentrationemissions–eveniftheoverallquantityishigh.Inseveralclusterprojectsdescribedtodate(e.g.Teesside,Rotterdam,Grenland),thepresenceoflarge,high-concentrationCO2sources,suchasfromhydrogenproductionforammoniasynthesis,orforrefineryuse,hasbeenastrongfeature.Conversely,thelargenumberofventsthatwouldneedtobeincludedinacomprehensiveapplicationofCCStoarefineryhasbeengivenasareasonforitbeingunjustifiableasatechnologyinthatcontext(Simmondsetal,2002).

OthertechnicalfactorsthatmaylimittheapplicationofCCSincludetheneedforspaceforcaptureequipment,potentialeffectsontheproductionprocessandintermittencyofemission(e.g.batchorcampaignprocessing,seasonalproduction).Mostofthesearenottechnical“showstoppers”butmaketheapplicationofCCSmoredifficulttojustifycommercially.UnderstandingthesefactorsfortheindustriesacrossaclusterareahelpstoidentifythesitesthathavethegreatestpotentialtojoinanICCScluster.

4.1.3 AlternativestoCCSforindustrialdecarbonisation

ThemainapproachesrecognisedtoachievereducedCO2emissionsfromindustry,assumingaconstantlevelofproduction,arematerialandenergyefficiency,fuelswitchingtogivelowercarbonintensityfortheenergyrequirement,andtheapplicationofCCS.ThedegreetowhichthealternativesmayreducetheemissionsinanindustrialareawillaffectthequantityofCO2towhichCCSmaybeapplied.ThisisimportanttounderstandinordertorefineestimatesofthescaleofapotentialICCScluster.

Materialandenergyefficiency–gettingthesameproductoutputforlessinput–clearlyislikelytohaveabusinessjustificationandsohasadegreeofpriority.Butthishasbeenamainfocusofindustrialprocessdevelopmentforalongperiodandsoisunlikelytohavelargegainsremainingavailableforestablishedprocesses.

Fuelswitchingforenergyrequirement,forexampleelectrification,useofbiomass,biogasorhydrogen,mayhavearoletoreduceCO2emissionsinspecificindustrialapplicationsandthedegreetowhichthismayhappenneedstobeassessed.Electrification,however,isnoteasilyapplicabletomanyimportantprocessindustries,particularlythoseneedinghightemperaturesatlargescales.Theuseofbiomassorbiogasforenergyinindustrydoeshaveapplicationinanumberofareas,suchasthepulpandpaper,andfoodanddrinksectors.ButCO2isstillproduced,sowhilesuchfuelsmaybeconsideredcarbonneutral,theuseofCCSasameanstoreduceemissionsfurtherisnotprecluded.


38

Switchingtohydrogenappearslikelytobetechnicallyfeasibleformanyindustrieswherenaturalgasiscurrentlythemainfuel.IfhydrogenisproducedbyelectrolysisfromrenewableelectricitythereisnoroleforCCS.However,thebulkquantitiesofhydrogenneededforindustryarelikelytobemostcost-effectivelyproduced,intheneartomid-termatleast,fromnaturalgasbysteammethanereforming(SMR).ThisprocessproducesCO2asaby-product,whichrequiresCCStomaketheoverallhydrogenenergysystemlow-carbon.

4.1.4 Policy,regulationandsocietalchange

Theemissionsfromanindustrialareaareinevitablyinfluencedbythelevelofproduction,andsobythemarketdemandfortheproductsofthearea.Themarketisinturninfluencedbypolicy,regulationandsocietalbehaviours,whicharethemselvesstronglylinked.WheretrendsinthemarketcanbeclearlyrecogniseditisappropriatetotakeaccountoftheminassessingthepotentialforapplicationofCCSinanindustrialarea,asagain,thesetrendswillaffectthescaleofapotentialICCSclusterintermsofCO2quantity.

Forexample,thedrivetoreduceCO2emissionsfromroadtransport,whetherbyelectrificationoruseofhydrogenorotherlow-carbonfuels,islikelytochangethemarketforliquidpetroleumfuelsinthefuture,withconsequenteffectsonrefineryoperations.Similarly,thenatureofsomeglobalmarkets,suchassteel,islikelytoleadtofurtherrationalisationofsteelmakinginEurope.Itmaynotbepossibletoquantifysucheffects,orpredictthemwithanycertainty;however,itissensibletoincludetheminjudgementsonthesuitabilityofanareaforinvestmentinCCS.

4.2 DetermininghowCO2willbecaptured,collectedandtransportedOnceapictureisdevelopedofthequantityandsourcesofCO2emissionsinanindustrialareathatmaybeaddressedbyCCSintheforeseeablefuture,asoutlinedabove,thekeythinkingthatleadstowardstherecognitionofapromisingICCSclusterisabouthowtheclusterwillbestructuredandoperated.Thisneedstoconsiderboththemoretechnicalaspectssuchasfacilitiesinvolved,infrastructure,technologyandroutingdecisions,andalsosomeaspectsofstakeholderinvolvementandinteraction,allconsideredwithaviewtodeliveringtotheareathedesiredCO2emissionreductionsalongsidethebenefitsofaclusteringapproach.

TheobjectiveofthissectionofthesuggestedmethodologyistodevelopthepotentialscopeforanICCSclusterintheareaofinterest.Thisshouldbedoneinawaythatincludesengagementwithstakeholders,inordertogainsupportfordevelopmentofthecluster.Developingascopeimpliesthatsomeemissionsourceswillbeincludedinthescopewhileotherswillnotbe.Thisfilteringprocesswillbebasedonanumberofconsiderations,orcriteria,forincludingafacilityinthescopeandiscoveredinSection4.2.1below.Tosetfixedcriteriaforinclusioninthescopeaspartofamethodologywouldbecounterproductive,asitisnotrealistictopredictallthepossibilities.Atdifferenttimes,orunderdifferentcircumstancesitmaybeappropriatetoincludedifferentemittersinthescopeofanICCSclusterandseveralscenarios,oraphasedprogressionofdevelopmentsmaybeconsidered.Theprocessofrefiningthesetoaconcreteprojectproposalislikelytotakeanumberofiterations.


39

TheoverallscopeandthewayitispresentedneedtoshowthebenefitstoanareaofdevelopinganICCScluster,notjustintermsofthefundamentalpurposeofreducingclimate-damagingCO2emissions,butalsointermsofthepotentialbenefitstodifferentstakeholders,suchasthroughsustainingvalueandemploymentfromexistingindustries,potentialtoattractinvestmenttoanarea,orimprovedairquality.

Therearethreemainsubjectareastoconsiderwithinthisoverallclusterscoping:theCO2emittersthatmayparticipateintheCCSclusterandtheCO2captureoptionsforthesesites;howthecapturedCO2willbecollectedtogether;andhowtheCO2willbetransportedtotheproposedstoragesite.Thefirstoftheseis,perhaps,thekeypartoftheprocessofICCSclusterdefinition.Theseareasareeachdiscussedinthefollowingsections.ThediscussionoftrunktransportislimitedtosystemsforindividualICCSclusters,noconsiderationhasbeengiveninthisreporttohowanumberofclustersmaysharetransportinfrastructure.

Thescopingprocessalsoneedstotakeaccountoftheavailabilityandconstraintsofpotentialstoragesites,atleastinbroadterms,inorderthatarealisticmatchingofcapacityacrossthewholeCCSchain–capture,transportandstorage–isconsideredforthewholelifecycleofthefacilitiesandinfrastructureinvolved.ThisistouchedonatahighlevelinSection4.3,whilethesubjectofmethodologyforCO2storageappraisaliscoveredindepthintheparallelreportStorageResourceAssessmentMethodologies(Cavanagh,2019).

4.2.1 Captureclusterdefinition

DrawingontheemissionsanalysisdescribedinSection4.1,includingthemodifyingfactorsdescribed,theobjectiveofthissectionofmethodologyistoidentifycompaniesandtheirfacilitiesthatmayparticipateinaCO2captureclusterwithinanindustrialarea,inordertodefinetheshape,scaleandstructureofthecluster.Intermsofthegeneralstepsofthemethodology,thissectionoverlapswith,orisaniterationof,thequestionofWHATCO2willbecaptured.

Theoutcomesofthisexercisewillinclude:

• AlistofcompaniesandfacilitiesthatmayparticipateinaCCScluster,• Identificationofappropriatecapturetechnologyforthefacilities,• EstimationofthequantityandprofileofCO2captured,• Indicationofdevelopmentphasing,• Identificationofrelevantexistingresources,infrastructureandoperations.

Thereisnoone,singlewayofgoingaboutthis.Itcanbedone,forinstance,asadesk-basedstudy,usingtheemissionsanalysistoidentifyemittingfacilitiesconsideredmostappropriate.Thesemaybefacilitiesthathavethelargestemissions,orthosethathavehighconcentrationemissions.Orthosefacilitiesthathavesomeothertechnicaladvantage,suchasproximitytopotentialoractualCO2transportinfrastructure,oraresourcethatcanbeusedtoreducecapturecostssuchasexcessheatoranalkalineby-productstream.

TheScottishcasestudylistedinTable2-1isanexampleofadesk-basedstudytoidentifyapotentialCCScluster(Brownsort,ScottandHaszeldine,2016).Inthisworkemitterswereselectedforfurther


40

evaluationonthebasisofongoingemissionvolume(>100kt/yr)andproximitytoanexistingpipelinewithpotentialforreusewithCO2.

OritmaybethatcompaniesidentifyinterestinformingaCCSclusterthemselves,through,forexample,alocalindustryorganisationwithaninterestinreducingemissionsofitsmembers.ThiswasthecaseinTeessidewheretheNorthEastProcessIndustriesCluster(NEPIC)grouplaunchedaProcessIndustriesCCSInitiative,whichledtotheTeessideCollectiveproject(TeessideCollective,2015).Thegroupofemittersformingthisclusterprojectincludedtwositeswherehigh-concentrationCO2wasalreadyseparatedinlargequantitiesaspartofhydrogenproduction,butalsoonewheremarkettrendsledtoaneedtoreducecarbonintensityofitsproduct.

IntheSTRATEGYCCUSprojectitisproposedthatlocalteamswithintheprojectwillcollectinformationanddataonemissionsandfacilitiesintheirareasandalsoengagewithindustryandotherstakeholders,formingnew,orsupportingexisting,industrygroupswithaCCSinterest.Acombinationofdesk-basedanalysisanddiscussionswithstakeholderswillallowaviewtobeformedofthepotentialICCSclusterthatmaybedevelopedinanarea,includingtheoutcomeslistedabove.

ThisviewmayincluderecognitionofcompaniesorfacilitieswithintheclusterthatmayspearheadCCSdevelopment.Thesemaybelarge-scaleemittersthatforman“anchorproject”forthecluster(suchasapowerplant),facilitiesthatcurrentlyemithigh-concentrationCO2(suchashydrogenproductionorfermentationplant),orsiteswherepartialcaptureisadvantageous(suchasfromaparticularventorprocessemission).ThesecanpotentiallyhavelowerunitcostofCO2captureandsohelptoinitiateaclusterprojectandthedevelopmentoftransportandstorageinfrastructure.

AlthoughselectioncriteriaforindustryinvolvementinanICCSclusterwilldifferbetweenareasandshouldremainflexible,someexamplesofcriteriatoconsiderarelistedbelow.

• Facilitieswithemissionsaboveacertainannualvolumethreshold.• Verylargeemittersthatcouldforman“anchorproject”.• FacilitieswithemissionsofhigherconcentrationCO2streams.• EmissionsourceslocatedclosetopotentialCO2transportroutes,ortoCO2storagesites.• EmissionsourceslocatednearexistinginfrastructurethatcanbereusedforCO2transport.• Emissionsourcesthathavenoalternativedecarbonisationoptions.• Emitterswhohavemarketopportunityforlow-carbonintensityproducts.• Emitterswhereenvironmentalcredentialsformpartoftheirmarketingstrategy.• Emissionsiteswherethereisaresourceavailablethatcanreducethecostofcarboncapture,

suchasheat(foramineregeneration)oralkalinewastestreams(forCO2absorption).• Emittersthatareunderregulatory,orfiscalpolicypressure/incentivetoreduceCO2

emissions.

AviewofthephasingofadditionoffurthercaptureprojectstoanICCScluster,withthetimingsandCO2quantitiesinvolved,alsoneedstobedeveloped.Thismayincludeconsiderationofalternativescenarioswithdifferingtimingsandratesofbuild-upofcapturevolume.Itisimportanttodevelopproposalsthathavetheflexibilitytoallownewcapturefacilitiestojointheclusterlaterandthatarerobusttothelossofindividualfacilities.


41

EarlyworkontheAcornCCSProject(undertheACTAcornProjectfunding)developeddifferentscenariosforthepotentialbuildupofsuppliesofcapturedCO2(Dumeniletal,2017)andconsideredhowtheinitialCO2transportandstorageinfrastructureproposedbytheprojectcouldsupportsuccessivephasesof“build-out”(GomersallandBrownsort,2018).Thisallowedaproposedbusinessmodelwithlowinitialriskandcapitalexposure,mid-termgrowthandmaximumlong-termuseofassets(MurphyandPilbeam,2018).Figure4-2showsCO2supplyvolumeprofilesovertimeforthetwoscenariosconsidered.

Figure4-2ComparisonofCO2supplyprofilescenariosdevelopedfortheACTAcornProject(Dumeniletal,2017).ReferencecaseisminimalprojectcapturevolumefromoneunitatStFergus.

AsthescopeofapotentialICCSclusterandtheemittersinvolvedbecomesclear,aninitialassessmentofthecapturetechnologyoptionscanbemade.Thechoiceoftechnologydependsonthespecificsoftheemittingfacilityandprocessandisbeyondtheremitofthisreport.However,allthreemaintechnologygroups–pre-combustioncapture,post-combustionorpost-processcapture,andoxyfuelcombustion–canhaveapplicationsinindustry(IPCC,2005).

InestimatingthequantityofCO2thatmaybecapturedfromanyindustrialsiteorfacility,ajudgementneedstobetakenontheproportionofthetotalemissionthatmaybecaptured,oftentermedthe“capturerate”(nottobeconfusedwithphysicalflowrateofcapturedCO2)or“captureefficiency”.Astartingapproximationmayuseacapturerateof90%oftotalCO2emissiontreated,however,thisfiguremaybehigher(toapproach100%)orlowerdependingonthetechnicalandcommercialchoicesofthecaptureplantdesign(Feronetal,2019).


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Identificationoffacilitiesinvolvedinapotentialcaptureclusterinherentlybeginstoaddressthenextsectionofmethodology,whichistodefinehowthecapturedCO2iscollectedtogetherwithinthearea.Thisisdiscussedinthenextsection.

4.2.2 CO2collectionnetwork

FromthelocationsofpotentialcaptureplantandthequantitiesofCO2thatmaybecaptured,therequirementsforacollectionnetworkcanbegintobedefined.ThisisalsoinfluencedbytheintendedCO2storagelocationandbytheintendedmethodoftrunktransporttothestorage,whichneedtobeconsideredinparallel,astheydefinethedownstreamdeliveryrequirementforthecollectionsystem.

Theobjectiveofthissectionistoidentifyacost-effectiveandefficientsystemtocollecttheCO2capturedinanICCScluster,anddeliverittotheentrypoint(orpoints)ofatrunktransportsysteminthecondition,qualityandquantityrequired.

Outcomesofthissectionofmethodologyinclude:

• ProposalofCO2transportmode,ormodes,tobeused.• Definitionofcollectionpoints,routings,capacities,deliverypoints.• Identifyingoptionsforanycentralisedfacilitiesneededforthecollectionsystem.• Informationtoallowcostestimatesofcollectionsystemtobeprogressed.

Ausefulstartingpointistocatalogueexistingtransportinfrastructureintheclusterareathathaspotentialtobeused,orisalreadyused,forCO2transport.CO2iscurrentlytransportedinEuropemostlyusingmodulartransportsystems–roadtanker,railtank-carandcoastalshipping–toservicetheexistingmarketinL-CO2forindustrialuses,includinginthefoodanddrinksector.ThereisalsolimitedexistinguseofpipelinesforCO2transportinEurope,suchasintheSnøhvitProject(NorwegianPetroleumDirectorate,2019),whilepipelinesareextensivelyusedinNorthAmerica(Wallaceetal,2015).ThecurrentmarketforCO2inEurope,atafewmilliontonnesCO2peryear,issmallcomparedtothefuturevolumesenvisagedforCCS,anditisexpectedthatpipelineCO2collectionnetworkswillbemostappropriateforlargeICCSclusters.However,modulartransportmodesmayhaveapplicationsinmorewidely-spreadclusters,andtoconnectsmalleroroutlyingcapturesitestoacollectionnetwork.BargetransportoninlandwaterwayshasalsobeensuggestedforCO2(Vermeulen,2011).

Giventhiswiderangeoftransportoptions,therangeofpotentiallyusefulexistingtransportinfrastructureisalsowide.However,dependingonthedevelopingconceptsforanICCSclusterandonlocal/regionalgeography,itmaynotbenecessarytocollectinformationonalltransportmodes.SomeexamplesofusefultypesofinformationfordifferentmodesofCO2transportfollow.

Forroadtransport,thelocationofexistingCO2tankerfillingstations,howthesearesupplied,whatstoragecapacityisavailable,whatspaceatthesiteisavailable,whatroad-tankercapacityispermitted,isallinformationthatcanhelpjudgeifthatlocationcouldbeadaptedtoaCO2collectioncentretoservesmallercaptureprojectswithinacluster.

TheexistenceofrailwayconnectionsatmanyindustrialsitesmayallowbulkCO2collectionatsitesthataremoredistantfromthecentreofaclusterarea.Otherliquefiedgases,suchasLPGand


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ammonia,areroutinelycarriedbyrail,andtank-carssuitableforL-CO2areavailableforleaseinEurope(VTG,2018).Statusofbranchlines,maximumtrainlengthforlocalrailsystem,tank-carcapacity,availabilityofraillinktopotentialsiteforconnectiontotrunkCO2transportsystemallneedtobeconsidered.

ManyindustrialareasinEuropearelocatedoninlandwaterwaysoronthecoast,andbargetransportorcoastalshippingofL-CO2havebeenproposedascollectionsystems,connectingtoatrunkpipelineorbulkshippingsystemataport-basedcollectionhub(Vermeulen,2011;Tel-Tek,2012).Informationsuchasportspaceavailability,existingL-CO2terminalsandstorageatportsandmaximumbargesizeforwaterwaysisneededtojudgepotentialforwaterbornetransport.

PipelinenetworksmaybeconsideredasthedefaultcollectionsystemfordenseICCSclusters,butthepotentialtousemodulartransportsystemstoincludeperipheralorsmallercapturesitesshouldnotbeoverlooked.Onesignificantdifferenceofmodularsystemsisthattheytransportrefrigerated,liquefiedCO2,sospaceandservicesforliquefactionplantneedtobeavailable.StorageofL-CO2atthefillingpoint,withholdingcapacityofatleastonetransportloadisalsoneeded.Incontrast,apipelinesystemonlyneedsCO2compressionatthepointofentrytothecollectionnetwork.

Forpotentialpipelinecollectionnetworks,aswellasthelocationsofcapturesitesandtheproposedentrypointtothetrunktransportsystem,informationontheintermediategeographyoftheareaisneeded.Thisincludestopography,crossingsrequiredwithothertransportorwaterfeatures,actuallanduseandplanningzones,includingexistingorpotentialpipelinecorridorsandtheircapacityforadditionalpipelines.Modelstoestimatepipelinecostsareavailable,someconsiderinfluenceofterrainoncosts(e.g.Grantetal,2013),othersgiveasimple“ruleofthumb”forcostperkilometre(e.g.Haszeldineetal,2010).However,boththesetypesofmodelshouldbeusedwithcaution;theymaybeusefulforcomparingrouteoptionsbutareunlikelytogivereliableabsolutecosts,forwhichaproperengineeringassessmentisneeded.

Ofcourse,ifthereisanyexisting,availablepipelineeitherinusealreadyforCO2,orthatisofasuitablespecificationandconditionthatitmightbeconvertedtoCO2duty,detailedinformationonthisshouldbeobtained.AnexampleistheOCAPpipelineintheNetherlands;thiscurrentlycollectsCO2fromtwocapturesitesinRotterdamfordeliverytoglasshousesincentralNetherlands.ThispipelinewillformpartofthecollectionnetworkfortheproposedRotterdamICCScluster(Rosetal,2014;Porthos,2019).

AswellasthetransportoptionsforaCO2collectionsystem,thecollectionpointorhubwhereCO2is“bulked-up”,or“consolidated”,fortrunktransportneedstobeconsidered.ForaL-CO2basedmodularcollectionsystemusingroad,railorbargetankers,thiswillrequirerefrigeratedbulkstorageofL-CO2toaccommodatethebatch-wiseprofileofdeliveries,aswellastransferand/orreconditioningfacilitiestopreparetheCO2fortrunktransport.IftheonwardtrunktransportisalsoasL-CO2byship(seeSection4.2.3below)thenthestorageneedscapacityofatleastoneshiploadtoallowpromptfillingoftheship.IfonwardtrunktransportofcollectedL-CO2istouseapipeline,thentheCO2willneedtobereconditionedbypumpingtoahigherpressureandwarmingtoambienttemperaturesuitableforthepipeline.

Ifthecollectionsystemisapipelinenetwork,theremaybenorequirementforprocessingatthecollectionpoint,whichmayjustbeapipelinejunction.However,dependingonthewaythe


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collectionsystemissetupandmanagedtheremaybeaneedforcentralisedcompressiontotrunkpipelinepressure,orforacentralisedpurificationunittoachievetherequiredspecificationofCO2fortransportandstorage,forinstance,achievingasufficientlylowmoisturelevel.

WhatevertherequirementsforCO2processingatthecollectionhub,asuitablelocationandsufficientspaceforfacilities,withavailabilityofrequiredservices,needstobeidentified.ThisshouldalsotakeaccountofsafetyconsiderationsforapotentiallylargeinventoryofCO2.

4.2.3 TrunkCO2transportsystem

OptionsfortrunkCO2transportfromthecollectionhubservinganICCSclustertoastoragesitearemorelimitedthanforthecollectionnetworkandaredefinedprimarilybygeography.Trunktransportoverlandisonlylikelytobebypipeline;however,asmanyfuturestoragesitesareoffshore,thereisamodechoicebetweenpipelineandshippingtobemadeforoffshoretransport.

Theoutcomesofdefinitionforthetrunktransportsystemaresimilartothoseforthecollectionnetwork:

• ProposalofCO2transportmode,ormodes,tobeused.• Definitionofcollectionpoints,routings,capacities,deliverypoints.• Definitionofoperatingconditionsforthetrunksystem.• Informationtoallowcostestimatesofthetrunksystemtobeprogressed.

Atabasiclevel,muchofthedefinitionofthetrunkCO2transportsystemcomesfromupstreamanddownstreamofthetrunkrouteitself,althoughdefinitionofallpartsoftheCCSchainshouldbeconsideredinparallel.Wherethetrunksystemstartsdependsontheclusterlocationandcollectionnetworkdefinitionasdiscussedabove,andwhereitfinishesdependsonthestoragelocationbeingconsidered.Thecapacityneededdependsonthecapturequantityandprofilesdefinedforthecluster,allowingcapacityforthemaximumflowsexpected.However,thephasingofcapturequantitydevelopmentovertimemayleadtodecisionsabouttransportmodewhereoptionsareavailable.Forinstance,CO2shipping,whereitisanoption,maybeappropriateforinitialphasesofaclusterdevelopmentwhenquantitiesarelower,withtransitiontopipelinetransportascapturequantityincreasesaboveacertainthreshold.

Thecostcompetitivenessofshippingcomparedtopipelinefortrunktransportoffshoredependsonbothscaleanddistance.Ingeneral,shippingismorecompetitiveforlowervolumesandlongerdistanceswhilepipelinesarefavouredforlargervolumesandshorterdistances.However,therelativeflexibilityofshippingisanadditionaladvantage,givingscopeforsteppedbuild-upintransportcapacitybyaddingfurthershipstothefleet(Brownsort,2015;ElementEnergy,2018a).

Whereshippingisconsideredaspartofatrunktransportsystem,informationonexisting,oronthepotentialfornewportfacilitiesisneededtoscopefeasibility.AvailabilityofquayspaceortankerjettiesclosetoasuitablesitefortemporaryCO2storage,portexperiencewithrefrigeratedliquids,portconstraintssuchasdepth,locksize,tidalstreamsorweatherfactorsmayallneedtobeconsidered.

Foroverlandtrunktransportbypipeline,thestartingpointanddestinationfollowfromCCSclusterlocationandthechoiceofstoragesite.Thecapacityrequirementwillfollowfromtheconsideration


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ofCO2capturequantity,profileandthedevelopmentphasingoftheclusterasoutlinedabove.Thismayleadtoproposalofan“oversized”pipelinetoallowforthephaseddevelopmentofaclusterwithouttheneedforfurtherinvestmentintrunktransport,however,thisneedstobecarefullyjustifiedduetothehighcapitalcostsoflargepipelines.

Asforapipelinecollectionnetwork,informationsuchasdistance,topography,infrastructureandwatercrossings,pipelinecorridors,landuse,planningzones,allneedtobeconsideredindecidingatrunkpipelineroute.Detaileddesign,suchasforpipesizing,operatingpressureortheneedforboostercompressorstations,followsfromroutingandcapacityrequirement.AusefulreferencemanualonCO2pipelines,basedonglobalexperience,ispublishedbyIEAGHG(2014).ArecentreviewoftechnicalliteraturebySINTEFcoversCO2transportbybothpipelineandship(Munkejordetal,2016).

Forbothonshoreandoffshoretransporttheremaybethepotential,insomecircumstances,tomakeuseofexistingpipelines,mostlikelyexistingnaturalgaspipelines,forsomeoralloftheroute.Thiscouldleadtoverylargecapitalcostsavingsinsomecases,reducingthecosthurdlesforCCSdevelopments.Forexample,inScotlandthepotentialreuseofexistingonshoreandoffshorenaturalgaspipelinestoconnecttheGrangemouthindustrialclustertoastoragesiteintheCentralNorthSeahasbeenestimatedtosaveover£140million,comparedtoanewpipeline(Brownsort,ScottandHaszeldine,2016;Alcaldeetal,2019).Giventhescaleofpotentialcostsavings,thepotentialforpipelinereuseshouldbeconsideredcarefully,however,itislikelytodependonregionandontimescaleoftheenvisagedCO2transportdevelopment.OtherstudiesfocusingonGermanyhaveconcludedreuseofnaturalgaspipelinesisunlikelyinthetimescaleofinitialCCSdevelopments(CO2Europipeproject)(Santenetal,2011).

OperatingconditionsforCO2transportarelikelytobedependentonotherelementsoftheCCSchain,ratherthanbeingprimarydesignchoices.Forpipelinetransport,CO2pressureinthesectionbetweenthemostdownstreamcompressorandtheinjectionwell(forinstance,theoffshorepipelineleg)isdeterminedbythereservoirproperties.Thecompressoroutletpressureneedstobesufficienttodelivertherequiredinjectionpressureattheentrypointtothereservoir,afterallowingforfrictionalpressurelossesinthewellandalongthepipelinerun.ThecompressorandpipelinealsoneedscopetoincreasepressureovertimefromtheinitialconditionsaspressureinthereservoirriseswithprogressiveCO2injection.Upstreamofthefinalcompressor,thereismoreflexibilityforpipelinepressuresinbothtrunkandcollectionsystemsandsoeconomicfactors,plusconstraintsofanyinfrastructurebeingreused,willdeterminetheoptimumdesignpressure.Operatingtemperatureforpipelinetransportisusuallybasedontheambienttemperatureofthegroundorseasurroundingthepipeline.

ForshiptransportofCO2avarietyofconditionsarepossiblewithproposalsrangingfromlowpressure,refrigeratedliquidconditionsnearthetriple-pointofCO2togasathighpressureandambienttemperature(Brownsort,2015).Determiningthebestconditionsrequireseconomicandenergyoptimisationacrossthewholetransportandstoragesystemtakingaccountofdiversefactorsincludingreservoirpressure,carriertankdesign,availabilityofcoolingandre-warmingwater(Kroghetal,2012;Nametal,2013).CurrentlyitlookslikelythatCO2conditionsforshiptransportwillbecomestandardisedatso-called“mediumpressure”conditionsofaround15barand-30°C,similartotheconditionsalreadyinuseforsmallscalecommercialCO2transportbyship(Statoil,2018).


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4.3 IntegrationwithCO2storagedefinitionForadevelopingICCSclustertoachieveitsmainintendedpurposeofdecarbonisingindustryinanarea,optionsthatprovideapermanentsinkforthecapturedCO2needtobedefinedinparallel,toallowcreationofanintegratedcapture,transportandstoragechain.ThemainoptionforstorageisdeepgeologicalCO2sequestration,whereasveryfewCO2utilisationprocessesresultinpermanentstorage.

ThescopingofanICCSclustershouldhaveaview,atallstages,oftheabilitytoaccessCO2storageofa“quality”suitablefortheproposedcaptureoperationsastheyarebuiltupacrossanindustrialarea.InastudyofpotentialstoragesitesintheUK,sixfactorswereusedtoassessthequalityofthesites(ETI,2016):

• Capacity–estimateofabsolutecapacity,takenasP50valuefromavailableestimates.• Injectivity–ameasureofhoweasily(quickly)CO2canbeinjectedtothereservoir.• Engineeredcontainmentrisk–measureofriskfromabandonedwellsinthereservoirarea.• Geo-containmentrisk–measureofriskfromnaturallyoccurringgeologicalfeatures.• Developmentcostfactor–dependingontransportdistancetostorageandreservoirdepth.• Upsidepotential–asumofadditionalsitecapacitynearby,accessibleusingthesametrunk

pipeline.

Whiletheseandotherfactors,andtheinformationneededtodeterminethem,arecoveredindepthintheparallelreportStorageResourceAssessmentMethodologies(Cavanagh,2019),themaininteractionswithICCSclusterandCO2transportdefinitionarediscussedbrieflyhere.

4.3.1 Capacityandinjectivity

TheavailabilityofcapacitysufficienttostoretheCO2thatwillbecapturedovertheprojectedlifetimeof,atleast,theinitialphasesofdevelopmentofanICCScluster,isanobviousessentialrequirementtodecarboniseanindustrialclustersuccessfullyusingCCS.BeyondinitialCCSclusterdevelopments,astrategicviewofmanagementofCO2storageresourcesforaregionwillberequiredassumingCCSdevelopstoitsfullpotentialfordecarbonisingindustry.

TherateatwhichCO2canbeinjectedintoareservoirdependsontheinjectivity,onthenumberofinjectionwellsused,andonpressureconstraints.Whileitmaybepossibletousemorewellsortomanagepressureinthereservoirtoincreasetotalinjectionrate,thisincreasesthecostsofdevelopingastoragesite.ThetotalrateofinjectionachievableneedstobematchedwiththetotalrateofcaptureintheICCSclusterforasingleCCSchain.ThepotentialforvariationinCO2flow,includingtemporarystoppage,alsoneedstobeconsideredanddesignedfor.

4.3.2 Containmentrisks

UnderstandingtheriskstocontainmentofCO2inageologicalstructureiskeytochoosingthebestlocationstodevelopasstoragesites.Well-chosenlocationswillhaveminimalresidualrisksofCO2leakagethroughnaturalorman-madefeatures.Theprocessofselectingsuitablestoragelocationsmayexcludecertainsiteswhererisksarerecognisedtobehigher,andthismayhaveimplicationsforICCSclustersifsafestoragesitesareatagreaterdistance,leadingtohighercostsforCO2transport.


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4.3.3 Developmentcostsandupsidepotential

Asabove,thedistancefromanICCSclustertoasuitableCO2storagelocationhasadirectaffectoncostsofCO2transport,andsoonthetotalcostofaCCSoperation(althoughtheaffectisrelativelygreateronpipelinetransportthanontransportbyship).

Thedepthofastoragereservoiralsohasanaffectontotalcostsbyincreasingcostofdrillingwells.Storagemustbeatadepthgreaterthanabout800mtomaintaintheCO2inaliquidphaseandtypicallysuitablereservoirsareatdepthsbetween1000and4000mintheNorthSea(deKleretal,2016).

WherethereispotentialtolinkanumberofstoragesitestoasupplyofCO2fromthesametrunktransportinfrastructure,thismaybringabenefittotheinitialdevelopment,byallowingcoststobespreadoveralargertotalscaleofoperationand/oralongertimescale.Thismayhaveimplicationsfortheoptimumconfigurationofthetransportsystem,whetherpipelineorshippingbased.

4.4 MethodologyflowanddatastructureTheworkofdefiningthecompositionandconnectionsofapotentialICCSclusterspansawidevarietyofareasasdescribedintheprevioussections.Ithasbeennotedthataflexibleapproachisneededtoallowforthediversityofindustrialareas,buttherearesomeclear,logicallinksbetweenthestepsinvolved.Figure4-3showstherelationshipsbetweenthemainstepsofthemethodologydescribedasasimpleflowdiagram.

Thegeneraldirectionofmethodologyflow,asrepresentedinthediagram,isfromtoptobottomandfromthesidestowardsthetrunktransportdefinition,whichcanonlyfollowfromthedefinitionoftheclusterwithitsCO2collectionsystemandtheproposedCO2storagelocation.

Toapplythemethodologyclearlyrequiresthecollectionofmuchinformationanddataontheindustriesinaclusterareaandtheiroperations,thepotentialfortransportconnectionsacrosstheareaandforaccesstotheCO2storageoptions.Listshavebeendevelopedcoveringmostofthedataandinformationlikelytobeneeded.TheseareprovidedasextractsfromaninitialspreadsheetinAppendixA.

TheselistshavebeenadaptedbyUniversidadedeÉvoratocreateadatabasesystemforlocalteamsoftheSTRATEGYCCUSProjecttouseforcollectionofdataandinformationontheirclusterareas.Thedatabaseisformedofeleventablesgroupingthedata,spatialdataandotherinformation;thedatabasetabledescriptionsaregiveninAppendixB.ThestructureofthesetablesisrelatedtothemethodologyflowandisrepresentedintheblockdiagramFigure4-4.

Aswiththerestofthismethodology,theselistsandthederiveddatabaseshouldbeusedflexiblyasappropriatetoeachclusterarea.WhiletheselistsarethoughttoincludemostinformationneededforinitialICCSclusterdefinitionandscoping,notallsuggestedentrieswillbeappropriateforallareas.Equally,thelistsonlyincludelimitedinformationneededformoredetailedstudiessuchasbusinesscasesorenvironmentalassessments;furtherroundsofdatacollectionmayberequiredasthesestudiesdefinetheirneedswithintheSTRATEGYCCUSProject.

AbriefguidancenoteonthecollectionofdataandtheuseofthemethodologyisalsoincludedinAppendixC.


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Figure4-3Outlineofrelationshipsbetweenmainstepsofmethodology.ThethreeshadedareashighlightthethreegeneralstepsproposedinFigure4-1.Theareaofoverlap,mid-left,representsinformationrelatedtothesecondstep,butspecifictoeachemitterconsidered.

Storagesiteop,ons

Collec,onnetworkproposals

Transportop,onsforselectedfacili,es

Selec,onofemi7ersforICCS

cluster

Poten,alCO2capturequan,ty

Capturetechnologyop,ons

Emi7erdetails

SuitabilityofemissionforCCS

Influencesonemissionsinventory

Emissionsinventoryand

analysis

Generalinforma,ononclusterarea

Informa,onontransportincluster

area

Collec,onhubproposals

Storagesiteinforma,on

Proposedstoragesite

Trunktransportrouteop,ons

Trunktransportmodeop,ons

WHAT

HOW

WHERE


49

Figure4-4Blockdiagramshowinglayoutofdatatables.Thethreeshadedareasagainshowtherelationshipofthedatatothegeneralstepsofthemethodology.

Capturefacili-esandpoten-altransport

connec-ons

EmissionssourcesLevel1

informa-onEmissionssourcesLevel2

informa-onEmissionssourcesLevel3

informa-on

Clusterareaspecific

informa-on

Collec-onhubop-ons

andpoten-altransport

connec-ons

Transport,specificinforma-on

Collec-onnetworkop-ons

Trunktransportop-ons

Portsandshipping

Exis-ngpipelines

Pipelinecorridors

Storageop-ons,aquifer

Storageop-ons,

hydrocarbonfield

Storageop-ons,coalbed

Spa-aldataandinforma-on

WHAT WHERE HOW


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5 Engagementactivities

InapplyingthemethodologysuggestedabovefordefinitionofapotentialICCScluster,andintakingthisforwardtofurtherstudiesandtowardsdeployment,itisimplicitthatmanydifferentformsofengagementwillbeinvolved.Indeeditissuggestedabove(Section0)thatrelationships,developedthroughengagementactivities,areamongthekeyfactorsthataffecttheadvancementofanICCScluster.WithintheSTRATEGYCCUSProject,WorkPackages3and6focusspecificallyonstakeholderengagementandonstrategiccommunicationrespectivelysointhispresentreportonlyabriefconsiderationofthisareaisgiven.

Inthiscontext,engagementactivitiesareaboutwhatrelationshipsneedtobebuiltinordertoobtaintheinformationanddatadescribedabove,andonwhatisdonewiththeoutcomesofscopinganICCSclusterandtheanalysesarising.ThisisallwiththeintentionofmovingforwardtowardsdeploymentofaCCSaclustertoreduceCO2emissionsfromindustryinthearea.Somesubjectsforengagementactivitiesandgroupsthatmaybeinvolvedareoutlinedbelow:

• Engagingindustryinterestindecarbonisationoptionso Existingindustrygroups,sectorialorlocationbasedo Newgroupswithspecificfocuso Datacollectionfordecarbonisationoptions,includingCCSo Definingchallengesandopportunities

• EngagingspecificinterestinCCSdevelopmento Industry–emitters,equipmentsupplychain,transportproviders,storageoperatorso Public–cleanair,employmentretention,climatechangemitigationo Regulators,environmentagencies–pollutionandemissionreductiontargets,transport

standards,storageliabilitieso Government–climatechangemitigationtargets,financialcase,supportingindustryo Regionalauthorities,planningauthoritieso Funders,investors

• Publicawarenessandengagemento Improvingawarenessofneedforindustrydecarbonisationo ImprovingawarenessofroleofCCS

• DefiningpotentialdriversforCCSo Policy,regulation,societalo Clusterinterests–climatemitigation,wealthcreation,employmentretention,legal

compliance



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6 Summaryandconclusions

ThisreporthasbeenpreparedtohelplocalteamsintheSTRATEGYCCUSProjecttodefineoptions

andscopeforpotentialindustrialCCSclustersintheirregions,includingtheCO2collectionandtrunk

transportsystemsneededtoconnecttoaCO2storagesite.Thereportdrawsonexperiencefrom

existingCCSclusterprojectsinNorthernEuropeandproposesabasicmethodologicalapproachfor

thedefinitionofnewindustrialCCSclusters.Aparallelreportformingpartofthesameproject

deliverablecoversassessmentofsuitablestoragesites(Cavanagh,2019).TheaimoftheSTRATEGY

CCUSProjectistoenabletheshort-tomid-termdevelopmentofCCUSthroughstrategicplanningof

ICCSclustersinSouthernandEasternEurope,withintheoverarchingcontextofemissionsreduction

forclimatechangemitigation.

AreviewhasbeencarriedoutofsevenindustrialareasinNorthernEuropewhereICCScluster

developmentisunderdiscussionorprogressing.Eachhasbeenassessedagainstalistof

characteristicsorfactorsdevelopedforthisstudythatdescribeanareainthecontextofitspotential

forforminganICCScluster.

Itwasfoundthattheareasalldifferintheirtechnicaladvantagesandchallenges,butthatfeasible

optionsexistforICCSinallcases.Technicalcharacteristicsthatcanbeassociatedwiththemost

activelyprogressingICCSclustersincludeaclearmeansofaccesstoawell-definedCO2storagesite,

andfactorsthatcanreduceunitcostsofCO2captureandtransport,suchashigh-concentrationCO2

emissionsandinfrastructurethatmaybereusedforCO2captureortransport.

However,itappearsthatnon-technicalfactorshavethegreatestinfluenceonadvancementof

projectsintheICCSclusterareasreviewed.Clearleadershipandvisionfrom,mostcommonly,an

empoweredpublicauthorityforthearea,orfromacredibleindustryleaderorgroup,appeartobe

key,togetherwithgoodengagementofallstakeholders–industry,agency,andthepublic.Itisthe

motivations,leadershipandrelationshipsamongststakeholdersthatunderpinaneffectiveICCS

clusterdevelopment.

ConsideringotherindustrialregionsinEuropethatmayhavepotentialtodevelopasICCSclusters,it

islikelythattheywillbeatleastasdiverseastheclusterareasreviewedforthisstudy.Assuch,itis

unlikelythattherecanbeasingle“bestpractice”methodfordefininganICCSclusterforallareas;

anymethodologyproposedmustbeadaptabletosuiteacharea.However,therearesomeobvious

fundamentalstepsrequiredtostarttheprocessofdefininganICCScluster;howaclusterthen

developsdependsonthecircumstances–thepoliticalwill,industrialengagement,geographical

opportunitiesandinfrastructureofthearea.

Inthisreportasimplemethodologyissuggested,startingfromtwopointsatoppositeendsofthe

CCSlogisticschainbeforefillinginthedetailofthecentralportion.Thestartingpointsare,atone

end,ananalysisofexistingandprojectedfutureCO2emissionsleadingtoaninitialestimateofthe

totalCO2quantitythatmaybeabatedusingCCSinanarea;attheotherend,anappraisalofCO2

storageoptionstodefinesiteshavingcapacityfortheestimatedquantity.Followingthis,selection

ofthemostpromisingemitterstojoinanICCSclusterdevelopment,perhapswithdifferentphasesof

inclusion,allowsrefinementoftheCO2quantityestimate.ConsiderationoftheCO2transport

optionswithintheindustrialarealeadstoproposalofcollectionnetworkoptionsanda


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consolidationpointorcollectionhub.FinallyproposalsofCO2trunktransportoptionstolinkthispointwiththeidentifiedstorageoptionscancompletedefinitionofproposalsforthefullCCSchain.

DataandinformationthatneedtobecollectedforICCSclusterdefinitionhasalsobeensuggestedaspartofthismethodologyandisdetailedinAppendixA.ThishasbeenadaptedbytheUniversidadedeÉvoratocreateadatabasesystemforusebythelocalteams.Followingfromtheobservationthatallclustersaredifferent,thisdatacollectionwillalsoneedtobeadaptedasappropriateforeachpotentialclusterarea;itmaybecarriedoutindifferentphasesandtodifferentextentstosuittheneedsofthearea.

Collectionofdataandinformation,andotheraspectsofthemethodologyproposed,willrequireidentificationof,andsignificantengagementwith,themainstakeholdersinapotentialICCSclusterarea.EngagementactivitiesandstrategiccommunicationaretouchedonverybrieflyinthisreportandwillbeamainfocusofWorkPackages3and6oftheSTRATEGYCCUSProject.Goodstakeholderengagementtakestimeandcannotberushed.Thisimpliesthat,whilesomeoftheproposedmethodologycanbecarriedoutquicklywithlittlestakeholderengagement,theoverallprocessofICCSclusterdefinitionmayneedtobespreadoversomeconsiderabletime,mostlikelyinanumberofiterationsasinitialideasareformed,discussed,improvedandrevised.

TheSTRATEGYCCUSProjectwilladdressonlyalimitednumberofindustrialregionsinSouthernandEasternEurope.TherearemanymoresuchregionsinEuropeandtherestoftheworldwhereindustrialdecarbonisationwillberequiredtomeetemissionreductiontargetsandwhereindustrialCCSmaybeoneofthemainoptions.Itishopedthatthemethodologysuggestedinthisstudyisgeneralenoughtobeusefulacrossallregions,andthatallindustrialareaswilltakeactiontoconsidertheirbestalternativesfordecarbonisation.Itisnotacceptablethatonlythemostfavourableindustrialareasaresupportedtodecarbonise;thiswouldrisklossofindustryfromotherareas,byclosureorbydisplacementtoregimeswithless-stringentemissionreductiontargets.


53

7 GlossaryofAbbreviations

Abbreviation MeaningACT AcceleratingCCSTechnologiesBEIS UKGovernmentDepartmentforBusiness,EnergyandIndustrialStrategybn billion(forcurrency)c. circa,approximately

cf. confer,comparewith

CCC CommitteeonClimateChange(UK)

CCGT combined-cyclegasturbineCCGT+CCS combined-cyclegasturbinewithcarboncaptureandstorageCCS carboncaptureandstorageCCU carboncaptureandutilisationCCUS carboncaptureutilisationandstorage

CHP combinedheatandpowerCO2 carbondioxideCO2-EOR carbondioxideenhancedoilrecoveryCSLF CarbonSequestrationLeadershipForumEIS EastIrishSeaEOR enhancedoilrecovery

ETI EnergyTechnologiesInstitute

ETS emissionstradingsystem

EU EuropeanUnionFEED frontendengineeringdesignGCCSI GlobalCCSInstituteGov government

Gt gigatonne(109tonnes,billiontonnes)H2 hydrogenICCS industrialcarboncaptureandstorageICG IndustriclusteretGrenlandICI ImperialChemicalIndustriesIEAGHG InternationalEnergyAgencyGreenhouseGasResearchandDevelopmentProgrammeIPCC IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangekm kilometrekt kilotonne(thousandtonnes)kt/yr kilotonneperyearL-CO2 liquid/liquefiedCO2LEP LocalEnterprisePartnershipLNG liquefiednaturalgasLPG liquefiedpetroleumgas


54

m metre

Mt megatonne(106tonnes,milliontonnes)Mt/yr megatonneperyearNAEI NationalAtmosphericEmissionsInventory(UK)NEPIC NorthEastProcessIndustriesClusterO&G oilandgas

OCAP OrganicCO2forAssimilationbyPlants(OCAPPipeline)OGA Oil&GasAuthority(UK)OGCI Oil&GasClimateInitiativeP50 50%ofestimatesexceedtheP50value,50%areless

PS powerstationRCI RotterdamClimateInitiativeSCCS ScottishCarbonCapture&StorageSEPA ScottishEnvironmentProtectionAgencySG ScottishGovernmentSMR steammethanereformer/reformingSSI SahaviriyaSteelIndustriesPCLTVCA TeesValleyCombinedAuthorityUK UnitedKingdomUKCCSRC UnitedKingdomCarbonCaptureandStorageResearchCentreUSA UnitedStatesofAmericaUSEIA UnitedStatesEnergyInformationAdministrationyr yearZEP ZeroEmissionsPlatform


55

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61

AppendixA.Collectionofdataandinformation,originallists

STRATEGYCCUSTask2.1 Filename: StratCCUS_T2-1_Appendix_A.xlsxBasedon: StratCCUS_T2-1_Cluster_Data_V051.xlsx

SuggesteddatarequirementsforICCSclusterscoping Update: 30/08/19By: PAB

Source:Startinglistfrom"COMETSourcesAttributes.doc"(providedbyJulioCarneiro),addedtoandadaptedbyPeteBrownsort,SCCS.Thecolumn"DataGroup"referencesFigure4.4ofmainreport,theblockdiagramshowinglayoutofdatatables.

Levelofinformation-explanationLevel1 Basicinformationonfacility,locationandemissionneededforinitialemissionanalysis.Thisislikelytobeavailablefrompublic

sourcesandistheinitialinformationneededforclusterdefinition.Level2 Basictechnicalinformationonprocessesandcurrentfluegaspropertiesneededfordevelopingcaptureclusterscenarios,plusanyknowledgeofappropriatecapture

technologies.Thisinformationunlikelytobeavailablepublicly,maytaketimetoobtainthroughengagementwithselectedemitters.Level3 Moredetailedtechnicalandproductioninformationneededfortechno-economicandlifecycleanalysisonselectedfacilities.Thisonlyneededforthesefurtherstudies,

butusefultocollectifreadilyavailable.Someislikelytoneedindustryengagementforactualdata,ormaybeassumedfromliteratureforTEA/LCAmodellingpurposes.

DataGroup Emissionsourceattributename Level Description/explanationofattribute Unit FieldtypeEmissionsources Unitidentifier 1 Short,uniquenameforemittingfacility TextEmissionsources Industrysector 1 AdaptfromsecondlevelofNACEhierarchy TextEmissionsources NACEcode 1 NACEcodeatmostdetailedlevelidentified NumericEmissionsources Companyname 1 Companyresponsibleforemission TextEmissionsources City 1 Closestcityortown TextEmissionsources StateorProvince 1 Stateorprovince(orsimilar)ofemissionlocation TextEmissionsources Country 1 Countryofemission TextEmissionsources CountryCode 1 TwoletterISOcountrycode TextEmissionsources Region 1 NameofSTRATEGYCCUSProjectregion TextEmissionsources Longitude 1 XcoordinatesofemissionlocationinWGS84decimaldegrees NumericEmissionsources Lattitude 1 YcoordinatesofemissionlocationinWGS84decimaldegrees NumericEmissionsources Status 1 Statusofemissionsource TextEmissionsources CO2reported 1 ThereportedCO2emissionfromthesource tonnes NumericEmissionsources Yearreported 1 Yeartowhichthereportrelates NumericEmissionsources Reportbasis 1 Referencetodatasourceand/ormethodofaveragingifappropriate TextEmissionsources CO2estimated 1 EstimatedCO2emissionfromsourceifactualdatanotavailable tonnes NumericEmissionsources Yearestimated 1 Yeartowhichtheestimaterelates NumericEmissionsources Estimatebasis 1 Estimationmethodorreference TextEmissionsources Emissiontrend 1 Trendinemissionyearonyear TextEmissionsources Trenddriver1 1 Whatisleadingtotrendinemission? TextEmissionsources Trenddriver2 1 Whatisleadingtotrendinemission? TextEmissionsources Decarbonisationalternative1 1 WhatdecarbonisationalternativetoCCSispractical? TextEmissionsources Decarbonisationalternative2 1 WhatdecarbonisationalternativetoCCSispractical? TextEmissionsources Startyear 2 Theyeartheemissionsstarted NumericEmissionsources Shutyear 1 Theyeartheemissionsourceclosedorisprojectedtoclose NumericEmissionsources CO2concentration 2 ConcentrationofCO2inemission,%v/vdrybasis %v/v NumericEmissionsources Composition 2 Ismoreinformationoncompositionofemissionavailable?Y/N TextEmissionsources Watercontent 3 Waterimpuritycontentinfluegas,agreedunit NumericEmissionsources Hydrogencontent 3 Hydrogenimpuritycontentinfluegas,agreedunit NumericEmissionsources Carbonmonoxidecontent 3 Carbonmonoxideimpuritycontentinfluegas,agreedunit NumericEmissionsources Methanecontent 3 Methaneimpuritycontentinfluegas,agreedunit NumericEmissionsources Sulphuroxidescontent 3 SOximpuritycontentinfluegas,agreedunit NumericEmissionsources Nitrogenoxidescontent 3 NOximpuritycontentinfluegas,agreedunit NumericEmissionsources Otherimpuritycontent 3 Informationonotherimpuritycontentinfluegas TextEmissionsources Temperature 2 Temperatureofemission °C NumericEmissionsources Pressure 2 Pressureoffluegaspriortoemission barg NumericEmissionsources Flowrate,average 2 Averagevolumeflowrateoffluegas Nm3/s NumericEmissionsources Flowvariationinformation 2 Isanyinformationonemissionflowvariationprofileavailable?Y/N TextEmissionsources Maximumflow 3 Maximumvolumeflowrateoffluegas Nm3/s NumericEmissionsources Minimumflow 3 Minimumoperationalvolumeflowrateoffluegas Nm3/s NumericEmissionsources Flowvariationprofiledescription 3 Descriptionofflowvariationprofile,ifknown TextEmissionsources Processemissionproportion 2 Approximateproportionofemissionderivedfromprocess,ratherthanenergyuse % NumericEmissionsources Numberofemissionpoints 2 Thenumberofvents/emissionpointsincludedinthefacilitiy'semissionreport NumericEmissionsources Heatavailability 2 Isthereexcessheatavailableatthefacilityorcloseby?Y/N TextEmissionsources Alkalinewasteavailability 2 Isthereanalkalinewatsestreamavailableatthefacilityorcloseby?Y/N TextEmissionsources Capturetechnologyoptions 2 Whatismostappropriatecapturetechnology? TextEmissionsources Proportionatecapturerate 2 ExpectedproportionofCO2thatmeybecapturedfromreportedemission % NumericEmissionsources Captureoptionbasis 2 Referencetoinformationsourceforcapturetechnologyandrate TextEmissionsources Mainproduct 3 Whatisthemainproductofthefacility? TextEmissionsources Production 3 Physicalproductionofmainproductoffacility,unitsinnextentry UoP NumericEmissionsources Unitofproduction 3 Defineusualunitforproduction(UoP)inindustrysector TextEmissionsources Fullloadhours 3 Operationalhoursachievedinreportingyear h NumericEmissionsources Capacity 3 Nameplatecapacityofplant UoP NumericEmissionsources UnitofCapacity 3 Onlyifdifferentfromunitofproduction TextEmissionsources Emissionfactor 3 Emissiontoproductionratio,t-CO2/UoP t-CO2/UoP NumericEmissionsources NetGenerationElectricity 3 NetGenerationElectricity GWh/yr NumericEmissionsources NetGenerationHeat 3 NetGenerationHeat GWh/yr NumericEmissionsources Inhouseloads 3 Inhouseloads GWh/yr NumericEmissionsources Grossgeneration 3 Grossgeneration GWh/yr NumericEmissionsources Co-product1 3 Co-productidentity TextEmissionsources Co-product1production 3 Co-productproduction tonnes/yr NumericEmissionsources Co-product2 3 Co-productidentity,furtherco-productsaddedasrequired TextEmissionsources Utilities,electricity 3 Electricityusage MWh/yr NumericEmissionsources Utilities,water 3 Waterusage m3/yr NumericEmissionsources Utilities, 3 FurtherutilitiesaddedasrequiredEmissionsources Technology 3 Themaintechnologyusedinfacility. TextEmissionsources Mainfuel 2 Mainfuelusedforfacilityenergyrequirement TextEmissionsources Otherfuel 2 Alternativeoradditionalfuelsused TextEmissionsources Fueluse 2 Fuelconsumption-unitneedstoberate,soWatts,notJoules MW NumericEmissionsources Informationsource 1 Primarysource TextEmissionsources Informationsource 1 Alternativeoradditionalsources,noteanycommentsonvalidity TextEmissionsources Remarks 1 Anyrelevantcommentsaboutthefacility,theemissionsortheinformationused Text


62

STRATEGYCCUSTask2.1 Filename: StratCCUS_T2-1_Appendix_A.xlsx

Basedon: StratCCUS_T2-1_Cluster_Data_V051.xlsx

Suggesteddatarequirementsforcollectionnetworkscoping Update: 30/08/19

By: PAB

Fourareasofinformationthatmayneedtobetreateddifferentlyfordatabase

a)Informationanddatarelatedtotheclusterareaandcollectionnetworkasawhole-onesetofdataperclusterarea,firstgroupinlistbelow

b)InformationanddataonCO2collectionoptionsforeachemitterconsidered-asetofdataforeachemitterselectedfor"Level2"information,secondgroup

c)Insomecases(particularlyforpipelines)thesameclassofinformation/dataisneededforbothgeneralandspecificconsiderations-datafieldsduplicatedinsecondgroup

d)Forexistingpipleinesthatmaybereused,specificinformationanddataisneededforthepipeline-thirdgroup

Thecolumn"DataGroup"referencesFigure4.4ofmainreport,theblockdiagramshowinglayoutofdatatables.

DataGroup Collectionnetworkattributename Description/explanationofattributeoroptions Unit Fieldtype

Generaltoarea/networkClusterarea Emitterdistribution Emitterlocationmap(s),withindicationofphasingand/ordifferentscenarios Text

Clusterarea Estimatedclustercapturevolumes Totals,relatedtophasingand/ordifferentscenarios Mt Numeric

Huboptions Collectionhublocationoptions Huboptions,mayrelatetophasingorscenarios Text

Huboptions Processingrequirementathub Purification,drying,compression,liquefaction,pumping,warming,cooling,refrigeration Text

Huboptions Resourceavailabilityathublocationoptions Coolingwater(ifliquefactionneeded),excessheat(ifrewarmingneeded),electricity Text

Huboptions Transportconnectionsatcollectionhuboptions Whatconnectionsareavailable:Road,rail,seaport,existingpipeline,pipelinecorridor Text

Clusterarea Trunktransportoptions Shipping,existingpipeline,newpipeline Text

Storageoptions Storagelocationoptions Text

Clusterarea Permittedroadtankerload Generalroadtransportrestriction tonnes Numeric

Clusterarea Availablerailtank-carcapacity Thismaybefixeddata-onlyawareofonesupplier-VTG m3 Numeric

Clusterarea Railtank-carlength m Numeric

Clusterarea Permittedtrainlength Regional,nationalorinternationalrailsystemlimits m Numeric

Networkpipelines Existingpipelineavailability Compatability,MoC,condition,age,usage,availability, Text

Clusterarea Existingpipelineroutes Includeinclustermapaslayer? Text

Networkpipelines Existingpipelinecapacity,estimate AsCO2 Mt/yr Numeric

Clusterarea Pipelinecorridors Includeinclustermapaslayer? Text

Networkpipelines Pipelinecorridorusage-type Arethereanyincompatibleuses? Text

Networkpipelines Pipelinecorridorusage-space Howis"capacity"ofcorridordefined? Text

Clusterarea Planningzones Includeinclustermapaslayer? Text

Clusterarea Landuse Includeinclustermapaslayer? Text

Clusterarea Topography Includeinclustermapaslayer? Text

Clusterarea Crossings transport,otherpipelines,waterfeatures-rivers,lakes,marshes,estuarys,sea Text

Clusterarea Constraints Anyconstraintsbeyondplaningrestrictions,e.g.publicconcerns Text

Clusterarea Industryinterestgroup IsthereanexistingindustrystakeholdergroupwithinterestinCCS?Y/N Text

SpecifictoeachfacilityandindividualconnectiontonetworkCaptureconnections Facilitylocation Facilitylocation,capturefacilityiflocationidentified,otherwiseemitter Text

Captureconnections Estimatedcapturevolume Estimateofpotentialcapturevolumeatfacility t/yr Numeric

Captureconnections Spaceavailabilityatfacility Beyondthatforcapturefacility,fore.g.compressor,liquefactionplant,bufferstotrage Text

Captureconnections ExpectedCO2conditionatfacility Pressure,temperature-dependsoncapturechoices. Text

Captureconnections Roadaccessatfacility ConfirmHGVaccess.Y/N Text

Captureconnections Existingbulkliquidloadingatsite Y/N Text

Captureconnections ExistingCO2loadingstationnearby Ifso,howsupplied,whatstoragevolume?Y/N+textifY Text

Captureconnections Permittedroadtankerload Anylocation-specificrestricition tonnes Numeric

Captureconnections Roadtransportconstraint planningconstraints,physicalconstraints,trafficconsraints Text

Captureconnections Railaccessatfacility Potentialrailaccess?Y/N Text

Captureconnections Statusofrailbranch Operational,mothballed,derelict-trackinplace,derelict-trackremoved Text

Captureconnections Distancetobranchfromcapturefacility km Numeric

Captureconnections Existingrailterminalatsite Y/N Text

Captureconnections Existingbulkliquidloadingatsite Y/N Text

Captureconnections Waterwayaccessatfacility Potentialwateraccess?Y/N Text

Captureconnections Porttype river,canal,estuary,coastal Text

Captureconnections Portentryconstraint entrysize,draft,entrylock,tidalgate,weatherexposure,trafficconstraint,other Text

Captureconnections Ship/bargesizelimit length,beam,draft(3valuesortext?) m Numeric

Captureconnections Ship/bargeweightlimit deadweighttonnageorequivalent DWT Numeric

Captureconnections Maximumship/bargecapacity CO2capacity,estimated/calculated tonnes Numeric

Captureconnections Distancetoportfromcapturefacility km Numeric

Captureconnections Existingbulkliquidloadingatport Y/N Text

Captureconnections ExistingCO2terminalatport Y/N Text

Captureconnections Quay/jettyspaceavailability Y/N+texttoqualify Text

Captureconnections Landspaceavailabilityatport forbufferstorage,loadingpumps.Y/K+text Text

Captureconnections Portdevelopmentconstraints space,planningzones,safetyzones,otherdevelopments Text

Captureconnections Potentialforpipelineaccessatfacility Potentialpipelineaccess?Y/N Text

Captureconnections Existingpipelineavailability Compatability,MoC,condition,age,usage,availability, Text

Clusterarea Existingpipelineroutes Includeinclustermapaslayer? Text

Captureconnections Existingpipelinecapacity,estimateasCO2 Specifictoapipelineavailabletothecapturefacility Mt/yr Numeric

Clusterarea Pipelinecorridors Includeinclustermapaslayer? Text

Captureconnections Pipelinecorridorusage-type Specifictoapipelineavailabletothecapturefacility Text

Captureconnections Pipelinecorridorusage-space Specifictoapipelineavailabletothecapturefacility Text

Captureconnections Distancetopipeline/corridorfromcapturefacility Specifictoapipelineavailabletothecapturefacility m Numeric

ForexistingpipelinesidentifiedNetworkpipelines NameofPipeline Text

Networkpipelines Descriptionofthepipeline P1/P2/P3 Text

Networkpipelines

Infrastructurefactorforcrossingdifferenttypesof

Pipelines Numeric

Networkpipelines CurrentOperator Text

Networkpipelines Fluidconveyed Oil/Gas/Other/Nodata Text

Networkpipelines Isthepipelineonoroffshore Onshore/Offshore Text

Networkpipelines Diameterofthepipe m Numeric

Networkpipelines Isthepipelineexposed Yes/No/Unknown Text

Networkpipelines

Whetherthepipeiscurrentlyactive,notinuse,

plannedetc Active/Proposed/Pre-commission/Notinuse/Unknown Text

Networkpipelines Doesthepipepiggybackanother Yes/No/Unknown Text

Networkpipelines Isthepipelineinabundle Yes/No/Unknown Text

Networkpipelines

Anyadditionalinformation(i.e.moredetailsof

fluidconveyedifOtherenteredinFluid_Conv

attributefield). Text

Networkpipelines Country CountryCodei.e.PT=Portugal,MO=Morocco,SP=Spain Text


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STRATEGYCCUSTask2.1 Filename: StratCCUS_T2-1_Appendix_A.xlsxBasedon: StratCCUS_T2-1_Cluster_Data_V051.xlsx

Suggesteddatarequirementsfortrunktransportscoping Update: 30/08/19By: PAB

Thecolumn"DataGroup"referencesFigure4.4ofmainreport,theblockdiagramshowinglayoutofdatatables.

DataGroup Collectionnetworkattributename Description/explanationofattributeoroptions Unit Fieldtype

GeneralroutingHuboptions Collectionhub/pipelinenodelocationoptions Hub/nodeoptions,mayrelatetophasingorscenarios Text

Huboptions TransportconnectionsatcollectionhuboptionsWhattrunkconnectionsareavailable:seaport,existingpipeline,pipelinecorridorother,none Text

Storageoptions Storagelocationoptions TextTrunkroute Onshoreroutesections Y/N TextTrunkroute Onshoreroutelength km NumericTrunkroute Offshoreroutesections Y/N TextTrunkroute Offshoreroutelength km NumericTrunkroute Routenodes? Arethereanyclearpointstheroutemustinclude,egjunctionswithotherroutes, TextClusterarea Estimatedclustercapturevolumes Totals,relatedtophasingand/ordifferentscenarios Mt NumericHuboptions ExpectedCO2conditionatcollectionhub Pressure,temperature-dependsoncollectionsystemchoicesandtrunkoptions TextStorageoptions Storagetoleranceforintermittentinjection Dependsonreservoirproperties/injectiondesign Text

OnshoresectionsTrunkpipelines Existingpipelineavailability Compatability,MoC,condition,age,usage,availability, TextTrunkpipelines Existingpipelineroutes Includeintrunktransportmapaslayer? TextTrunkpipelines Existingpipelinecapacity,estimate AsCO2 Mt/yr NumericTrunkroute Pipelinecorridors Includeintrunktransportmapaslayer? TextTrunkroute Pipelinecorridorusage-type Arethereanyincompatibleuses? TextTrunkroute Pipelinecorridorusage-space Howis"capacity"ofcorridordefined? TextTrunkroute Planningzones Includeintrunktransportmapaslayer? TextTrunkroute Landuse Includeintrunktransportmapaslayer? TextTrunkroute Topography Includeintrunktransportmapaslayer? TextTrunkroute Crossings transport,otherpipelines,waterfeatures-rivers,lakes,marshes,estuarys,sea TextTrunkroute Constraints Anyconstraintsbeyondplaningrestrictions,e.g.publicconcerns Text

Offshoresections-shippingoptionTrunkroute Porttype river,canal,estuary,coastal TextTrunkroute Portentryconstraint entrysize,draft,entrylock,tidalgate,weatherexposure,trafficconstraint,other TextTrunkroute Shipsizelimit length,beam,draft(3valuesortext?) m NumericTrunkroute Shipweightlimit deadweighttonnageorequivalent DWT NumericTrunkroute Maximumshipcapacity CO2capacity,estimated/calculated tonnes NumericTrunkroute Distancetoportfromliquefactionfacility km NumericTrunkroute Existingbulkliquidloadingatport Y/N TextTrunkroute ExistingCO2terminalatport Y/N TextTrunkroute Quay/jettyspaceavailability Y/N+texttoqualify TextTrunkroute Landspaceavailabilityatport forbufferstorage,loadingpumps.Y/K+text TextTrunkroute Portdevelopmentconstraints space,planningzones,safetyzones,otherdevelopments Text

Trunkroute DestinationtypePort,directoffshoreinjection,offshoresurfacestorage/conditioningunit,offshoresurfaceconditioningunit Text

Trunkroute Shipequipmentrequired Pumping,heating,dynamicpositioning Text

Offshoresections-pipelineoptionTrunkpipelines Existingpipelineavailability Compatability,MoC,condition,age,usage,availability, TextTrunkpipelines Existingpipelineroutes Includeintrunktransportmapaslayer? TextTrunkpipelines Existingpipelinecapacity,estimate AsCO2 Mt/yr NumericTrunkroute Compressiorstationlocation TextTrunkroute Shorecrossinglocation TextTrunkroute Otherseabeduserinteractions TextTrunkroute Othermarineuserinteractions TextTrunkroute Marineplanningzones Includeintrunktransportmapaslayer? TextTrunkroute Seabedtopography Includeintrunktransportmapaslayer? TextTrunkroute Seabedsurfacetype rock,boulders,gravel,sand,mud,clay, TextTrunkroute Crossings cables,otherpipelines, TextTrunkroute Constraints Anyconstraintsbeyondplaningrestrictions,e.g.publicconcerns Text

ForexistingpipelinesidentifiedTrunkpipelines NameofPipeline TextTrunkpipelines Descriptionofthepipeline P1/P2/P3 Text

TrunkpipelinesInfrastructurefactorforcrossingdifferenttypesofPipelines Numeric

Trunkpipelines CurrentOperator TextTrunkpipelines Fluidconveyed Oil/Gas/Other/Nodata TextTrunkpipelines Isthepipelineonoroffshore Onshore/Offshore TextTrunkpipelines Diameterofthepipe m NumericTrunkpipelines Isthepipelineexposed Yes/No/Unknown Text

TrunkpipelinesWhetherthepipeiscurrentlyactive,notinuse,plannedetc Active/Proposed/Pre-commission/Notinuse/Unknown Text

Trunkpipelines Doesthepipepiggybackanother Yes/No/Unknown TextTrunkpipelines Isthepipelineinabundle Yes/No/Unknown Text

Trunkpipelines

Anyadditionalinformation(i.e.moredetailsoffluidconveyedifOtherenteredinFluid_Convattributefield). Text



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AppendixB.Databasetabledescriptions

Thisisanextractfromthespreadsheet“WP2–CaptureandTransportdatadescription.xlsx”,which

describestheeleventablesthatformthedatabasedevelopedbyPauloMesquitaofUniversidadede

Évora.ThefullspreadsheetisavailabletomembersoftheSTRATEGYCCUSProjectfromWork

Package2Leader,JúlioCarneiro,UniversidadedeÉvora.

STRATEGIC PLANNING OF REGIONS AND TERRITORIES IN EUROPE FOR LOW-CARBON ENERGY AND INDUSTRY THROUGH CCUS

WP2 - Mapping the technical potential of promising start-up regions

Worksheet Name Description

E.SourcesL1 EmissionsourcesLevel1Level1:Basicinformationonindustrialfacilities,locationandemissionneededforinitialemissionanalysis.Thisislikelytobeavailablefrompublicsourcesandistheinitialinformationneededforclusterdefinition.

E.SourcesL2 EmissionsourcesLevel2

Level2:Basictechnicalinformationonprocessesandcurrentfluegaspropertiesneededfordevelopingcaptureclusteroptions,plusanyknowledgeofappropriatecapturetechnologies.Thisinformationunlikelytobeavailablepublicly,maytaketimetoobtainthroughengagementwithselectedemitters.

E.SourcesL3 EmissionsourcesLevel3

Level3:Moredetailedtechnicalandproductioninformationneededfortechno-economicandlifecycleanalysisonselectedindustrialfacilities.Thisisonlyneededforthesefurtherstudies,butusefultocollectifreadilyavailable.Someislikelytoneedindustryengagementforactualdata,ormaybeassumedfromliteratureforTEA/LCAmodellingpurposes.

C.Facilities CapturefacilitiesInformationonpotentialCO2capturefacilitiesrelatedtoemissionsources,includinginformationonthesiteandexistingorpotentialtransportconnections.

P.CollectionHubs PotentialcollectionhubsInformationonpotentialhubsforcollectionofCO2withintheclusterarea,includingprocessingrequirements,andontheoptionsforonwardtransporttostoragearea.

ClusterArea ClusterareaGeneralinformationontheclusterarea,andonexistingorpotentialtransportinfrastructureinthewiderregion,foronwardtransporttostoragearea.

Ports Ports InformationonportsandshippingforclusterswherewatertransportofCO2maybeanoption.

E.Pipelines ExistingpipelinesInformationonexistingpipelinesforclusterswherere-useofpipelineinfrastructureforCO2transportmaybeanoption.

P.Corridors PipelinecorridorsInformationondesignatedpipelinecorridorsexistinginaclusterarea,orbetweenacollectionhublocationandastoragelocation.

SpatialData Spatialdatafiles Spatialinformationdescribingtheclusterareaandexistingorpotentialtransportroutes.

OptionsLists Optionslists Optionstofillspecificattributes.


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AppendixC.Briefguidancefordatacollectionanduseofmethodology

Thisguidancefollowsthemainstepsofthemethodologyassetoutinflowchart(Fig.4.3ofmainreport)andtheblockdiagramofdatatablestructure(Fig.4.4),togetherwiththespreadsheetofdatadescriptions“WP2–CaptureandTransportdatadescription.xlsx”.

C.1DeterminingwhatCO2maybecaptured

C.1.1Emissionsinventoryandanalysis

Datatable:EmissionSourcesLevel1.

• Informationcollectedforthistableformsabasiclistofemittersandinventoryofemissions.• Usethistoanalyseemissionsintermsofquantityandlocation.Ranksitesbyemissionquantity

andidentifyareasofgreatestemissiondensity.

Outputs:emissionsinventory,emissionsanalysis.

C.1.2InfluencesonemissionsavailableforCCS


Otherinputs:knowledgeoflocalindustry,marketsandpolicies.

• Lookatyear-on-yeartrendsofemissionfromeachsiteandassesswhatisdrivingthetrend.• Considertheindustrysectorandthespecificsiteandassesswhatalternativeoptionsfor

decarbonisingmaybeappropriate.

Outputs:understandinglikelychangestoemissionsinventory;viewsonappropriatedecarbonisationoptions;thiscontributestoinitialestimateofpotentialCO2capturequantityfromcluster.

C.1.3SuitabilityofemissionsforCCS


Otherinputs:generalunderstandingofCO2capturetechnologies.

• InformationinthistablecontributestoselectionofemittersassuitableforusingCCS.• Thisinformationismoredifficulttoobtainandislikelytoneedengagementwithcompanies.• UsetheinformationtoassesssuitabilityofemittingsitefordevelopmentofCCS.• Makeinitialassessmentofappropriatecapturetechnologyoptions.• Makeinitialroughestimateofpotentialcapturequantityfromemittingsite.

Outputs:initialscreeningofsitessuitableforCCS,initialestimateofpotentialCO2quantityfromcluster.

Parallelactivity:identifyingCO2storagesiteoptionswithcapacitymatchedtoestimate.


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C.1.4Techno-economicandlife-cycleanalysis

ThisdoesnotformpartofthemethodologyforinitialCCSclusterdefinitionbutispartofthewiderSTRATEGYCCUSProject.


• Informationinthistablehasbeenrequestedforuseintechno-economicandlife-cycleanalysesbyWorkPackage4;itwillalsobeneededfordetaileddesignofcapturefacilitiesforselectedsites.

• ItisnotessentialforinitialCCSclusterdefinitionbutsomedetailsmaybeusefultohelpselectionofclusterparticipants.

• Pleaserecordanyinformationthatisavailableandaddtoitasknowledgeofspecificemittersdevelopsthroughengagementactivities.

C.2DetermininghowCO2willbecaptured,collectedandtransportedSomeofthedataandinformationforthissectioncanbeobtainedfrompublicandindustrysources;somewillbederivedordeducedthroughtheprocessofthismethodologyasittransitionsfromdatacollectiontoidentificationofoptionsandformulationofproposals.

Thefirstfoursub-sectionsbelowinteractstronglytogether;theoutputsarecombined.

C.2.1SelectionofemittersforICCScluster

Datatables:EmissionSourcesLevel1,2&3,CaptureFacilities,ClusterArea.

Otherinputs:othersectionsofthisprocess,engagementwithstakeholdersinthearea.

• DevelopasetofselectioncriteriaforemitterstoparticipateintheCCScluster.Thisneedstobetailoredtothespecificareaandflexible–seemainreport.

• Generateashort-listofemittersthatmayparticipate.Considerpotentialdifferentphasesofdevelopment,ordifferentscenarioswithdifferentlistsofemitters;useseparaterowsindatainputtableforClusterAreatosegregatephases/scenarios.

C.2.2Emitterdetails

Datatables:EmissionSourcesLevel1,2&3,CaptureFacilities.

• Foremittersbeingconsideredforselection,ensureallinformationatLevel1&2isavailable.• IdentifyfactorsthatmayreducecostsofCO2captureortransportforspecificfacilities.• IdentifyfactorsthatmayenablecollectionofCO2fromspecificfacilities.

C.2.3Capturetechnologyoptions


• Foremittersbeingconsideredforselection,confirmmostappropriatecapturetechnology.• Foreachemitterdetermineorestimateproportionofemissionthatmaybetreatedbycarbon

capture,andestimatethelikelycapturerate(efficiency).


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C.2.4PotentialCO2capturequantity

Datatables:CaptureFacilities,ClusterArea.

• Foreachselectionofemittersgenerated,produceupgradedestimateoftotalCO2quantitythatmaybecaptured.

Outputsoftheabovefoursub-sections:

• Oneormorelist(s)ofselectedemittersthatmayparticipateinCCScluster.• Ifmultipleselectionlists,definitionofwhattheyeachrepresentintermsoftimephasingor

differentscenarios.• Identificationofappropriatecapturetechnologyforsitesineachlist.• EstimateoftotalCO2capturequantityandflowprofileforeachselectionlist.• IdentificationofspecificfactorsthatsupportorenabletheCCSclusterdevelopment.

Parallelactivity:reviewmatchingofCO2storagesitecapacitywithrevisedtotalcapturequantityestimate,takingaccountoftimephasingordifferentscenarios.

Thenextfivesub-sectionsbelowinteractstronglytogether;theoutputsarecombinedinthesub-sectionsonproposalsforcollectionnetworkandcollectionhub.

C.2.5Transportoptionsforselectedfacilities

Datatable:CaptureFacilities.

• ForeachCO2capturefacilityneededfortheselectedemittersparticipatinginthecluster,identifythepotentialCO2transportlinksforthesite.

• Considerroad,rail,waterwayandpipelinebutdon’tprogresstothedetailifamodeisobviouslynotappropriate.

• CatalogueanyexistingCO2transportinfrastructurenearthecapturefacilityanddetermineanypotentialtousethisforcapturedCO2.

• Identifyspaceavailabilityattheemittingsite,bothforcapturefacility,butalsoforequipmentrelatedtotransportmodechoice(e.g.liquefactionplant).

C.2.6Generalinformationonclusterarea

Datatables:SpatialData,ClusterArea.

• AssembleGISspatialdataandinformationcoveringtheclusterarea.• Obtainanyrelevantregion-wideinformation,includingconstraints,ontransportmodesbeing

consideredforCO2collection.

C.2.7Informationontransportinclusterarea

Datatables:CaptureFacilities,PotentialCollectionHubs,ClusterArea,Ports,ExistingPipelines,PipelineCorridors,SpatialData.

• Collectsufficientinformationonrelevant,existingtransportsystemsintheclusterareawithpotentialtobeusedtoformanetworkforCO2transport.


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• Considerroad,rail,waterwayandpipelinebutdon’tprogresstothedetailifamodeisobviouslynotappropriate.

C.2.8Collectionnetworkproposalsand…

C.2.9Collectionhubproposals

Thesearethecombinedoutputsofthisgroupofsub-sectionsofthemethodology.

Parallelactivity:Considerthepotentialmodes(shipping,existingornewpipeline)fortrunkCO2transportfromtheclusterareatoproposedstoragelocation.

Inputs:informationcompiledontheCO2transportoptionsfortheclusterarea,knowledgeoftheclusterarea,andengagementwithstakeholdersinthearea.

• Makeaproposalforthetransportmode,orcombinationofmodes,tobeusedfortheCO2collectionnetworkservingtheICCScluster.

• Makeaproposalforthelocationofthecollectionpointorhubforthenetwork.• Definenetworkroutesandrequiredcapacityofnetworksectionsandbranches.• Defineanysharedorcentralisedfacilitiesrequiredtooperatetheproposednetwork(e.g.

compression,reconditioning,purification),takeaccountofspaceneededforsuchfacilitieswhenproposinglocation.

Thefinaltwosub-sectionsinteractstronglyandarecombined.

C.2.10Trunktransportrouteoptionsand…

C.2.11Trunktransportmodeoptions

Datatables:CaptureFacilities,PotentialCollectionHubs,ClusterArea,Ports,ExistingPipelines,PipelineCorridors,SpatialData.

Inputs:totalclusterCO2capturequantityandprofile,proposedcollectionhublocation,proposed

CO2storagesitelocation.

• Consideroptionsandproposemode,orcombinationofmodes(shipping,existingornewpipeline)fortrunkCO2transport.

• Takeaccountoftimephasingandanyalternativescenariosidentified.• Consideroptions;proposeroutesanddefinerequiredcapacityfortrunksystem.• Identifyapproximateoperatingconditionsfortrunktransport.

Parallelactivity:Definitionofconditionsrequiredatstoragesitewellhead.

PeteBrownsortSCCS,Edinburgh27thSeptember,2019(Appendix)

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