DELIVERABLE 3.2 Report on performance evaluation of pro ...
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DELIVERABLE3.2
Reportonperformanceevaluationofpro-totypeENTOMATICTrap
ProjectAcronym ENTOMATIC
ProjectReference: 605073
ProjectTitle: Novel automatic and stand-alone integrated pest manage-menttoolforremotecountandbioacousticidentificationoftheOliveFly(Bactroceraoleae)inthefield
Deliverable3.2– ReportonperformanceevaluationofprototypeENTOMATICTrap
Revision: v7
Authors: FrankSpiller,Hans-UlrichMohr(IMMS)IlyasPotamitis,IraklisRigakis(TEIC)WardBryssinckx,MinaPetric(AVIA)AlbertBel,ToniAdame(UPF)
Receivedamendments/commentsfrom:NicolaosStavrakis(Phyto),GuyLaude(BIOSYS),MiguelChamoun(MTsystem),MehmetArifLaleli(KASIM),CarmenCapiscolPérez(INOLEO),EdaBiricik(AEGEAN),JoãoMira(AJAP),AntonioEstévez(NUT)
Projectco-fundedbytheEuropeanCommissionwithintheICTPolicySupportProgramme
DisseminationLevel
P Public X
C Confidential,formembersoftheconsortiumandtheCommissionServicesonly
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RevisionHistory
Re-vi-sion
Date AuthorOrgani-zation
Description
1 12/12/2016 FrankSpiller IMMS Firstdraft
2 16/12/2016 Hans-UlrichMohr IMMS Amendments
3 19/12/2016 FrankSpiller IMMS Amendmentsofthepartners
4 27/02/2017AntonioEstevezAlcalde,AnaMaríaGarcíaPérez
NutescaAmendmentsaccordingtothecommentsoftheEC
5 28/03/2017 FrankSpiller IMMSAmendmentsaccordingtothecommentsoftheEC
6 30/03/2017 AlbertBel UPF FinalReview
7 27/8/2018 FrankSpiller/AlbertBel IMMS/UPFAmmendmentsaccordingre-viewcomments
Statementoforiginality:
This deliverable contains original unpublished work except where clearly indicated otherwise.Acknowledgement of previously published material and of the work of others has been madethroughappropriatecitation,quotationorboth.
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TableofContents
1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................8
2 Descriptionoftheperformanceevaluationofdifferenttrapsandwithdifferent
attractants.....................................................................................................................................10
2.1 Descriptionofthetests..........................................................................................................10
2.1.1 Test1:comparisonofstandardMcPhailandoptimizedMcPhailwithmulti-holeentrance.......................................................................................................................13
2.1.2 Test2:comparisonofstandardMcPhailwithoptimizedMcPhailwithmulti-holeentrance:..............................................................................................................14
2.1.3 Τest3:comparisonofstandardMcPhailwithoptimizedMcPhailwithmulti-holeentrancewithENTOMELA...................................................................................16
2.1.4 Test4:comparisonofstandardMcPhailwithELKOFONtrapwithENTOMELA..........17
2.2 Results....................................................................................................................................18
2.2.1 Differencesbetweenattractantsused........................................................................18
2.2.2 Differencesbetweenorchards....................................................................................19
2.2.3 Timedistributionofthecapturedfliesbystation.......................................................19
3 DescriptionoftheadvancedMcPhailTRAP..................................................................................22
4 Furtherdevelopmentsandevaluations.........................................................................................27
4.1 FinalconsiderationsaboutthefinalversionoftheENTOMATICtrap...................................27
4.1.1 Lowerpart-thereservoirfortheattractant...............................................................28
4.1.2 Electronicscase...........................................................................................................29
5 ExecutiveSummary.......................................................................................................................33
6 Literature.......................................................................................................................................34
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ListofFigures
Figure1.1:McPhailtrap..........................................................................................................................................8
Figure2.1.LocationofthetestsinAndalucía,Spain.............................................................................................11
Figure2.2.Distributionofthefourtestsatthesixdifferentlocations.................................................................12
Figure2.3.Locationoftrapsinsidetheorchard...................................................................................................12
Figure2.4.Multi-holePlate(left)andmulti-holeplatebuiltintothetrap(right)................................................13
Figure2.5:Std.McPhail(left)vs.Opt.McPhail(right)..........................................................................................13
Figure2.6:Std.McPhailwithammoniumsulphate(left)vs.opt.McPhailwithABplasticring...........................15
Figure2.7:Std.McPhailwithammoniumsulphatevs.Opt.McPhailwithENTOMELA........................................16
Figure2.8:Std.McPhail(left)vs.ELKOFON(right)...............................................................................................17
Figure2.9:Comparisonoftheattractantsusedatthe4tests..............................................................................18
Figure2.10:B.oleaecaughtperorchardtested...................................................................................................19
Figure3.1:ComponentsoftheelectronicMcPhailtrapassembly........................................................................22
Figure3.2:ThenewPCBforoptoelectronicsensorsystem,topandbottomside...............................................23
Figure 3.3: Electronic case with WSN-PCB, battery holder, battery, antenna and sensor housing withenvironmentalsensors..............................................................................................................23
Figure3.4:Housingandbottomplateofenvironmentalsensors.........................................................................24
Figure3.5:Mechanicalpartsof25ENTOMATIC-McPhailtraps............................................................................25
Figure4.1:Increaseofvolumebyincreasingtheoutsidediameter.....................................................................28
Figure4.2:Increaseofvolumebyincreasingtheheightofthereservoirfortheattractant................................28
Figure4.3:SchemeoftheprototypeofcompleteMacPhailtrapwithelectronicbox(left)andproposalforfutureversion............................................................................................................................29
Figure4.4:Ventilationfromthebottomoftheelectronicscase..........................................................................29
Figure4.5:Ventilationviaventsatthecircumference.........................................................................................30
Figure4.6:Separatehousingforenvironmentalsensorsasinthecurrentprototype.........................................30
Figure4.7:SeparatehousingforenvironmentalsensorsmanufacturedinSLS-technology.................................30
Figure 4.8: Housing for environmental sensors and battery holder inside 3D-printer of IMMs (KeyenceAgilista3110W).........................................................................................................................32
Figure4.9:3D-printerofIMMS.............................................................................................................................32
Figure 4.10: Separate housing for environmental sensors and battery holder manufactured as rapidprototypingpartswithIMMS-3D-printerinPolyJet-technology..............................................32
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Indexoftables
Table2.1:Countedflies(M-male,F-female)inTest1..........................................................................................14
Table2.2:Countedflies(M-male,F-female)inTest2..........................................................................................15
Table2.3:Countedflies(M-male,F-female)inTest3..........................................................................................16
Table2.4:Countedflies(M-male,F-female)inTest4..........................................................................................17
Table2.5:Summaryofthetimedistributionofthecapturesperorchardtested................................................20
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ListofAbbreviations
AB Ammoniumplasticdisc
AS Ammoniumsulphate
B.oleae Bactroceraoleae,OliveFly
BP Bi-ammoniquephosphate
CAD computer-aideddesign, is the computer and softwarebased creation,modifica-tion,analysisand/oroptimizationofadesign
FDM FusedDepositionModeling,arapidprototypingprocessfortherapidproductionofmodelsfromCADdata(3Dadditivemanufacturingtechnology)
OSS optoelectronicsensorsystem
PET Polyethylenterephthalat;athermoplasticmaterial,usede.g.formanufacturingofbottles
p.a. perannum,peryear
PCB printedcircuitboard
PolyJet PolyJet-Modeling,arapidprototypingprocessfortherapidproductionofmodelsfromCADdata(3d-printingtechnology)
SLS SelectiveLaserSintering,arapidprototypingprocessfortherapidproductionofmodelsfromCADdata(3Dadditivemanufacturingtechnology)
WSN wirelesssensornetwork
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DefinitionofTerms
3G/4G/5G: 3rd, 4th, 5th generation ofmobile telecommunication standard (UMTS, LTE,
LTE-Advanced)
Bactroceraoleae OliveFly(B.oleae)
Muscadomestica housefly
PLEXIGLAS Poly(methylmethacrylate)(PMMA);transparentthermoplasticmaterial,oftenusedasanalternativetoglass;alsoknownasacrylicoracrylicglassandbythetradenamesPlexiglas,Acrylite,LuciteandPerspexandseveralothers
Vivak® tradenameofthermoplasticcopolyester(PETG/PET-G;Polyethylenetereph-thalate), common thermoplastic polymer resin, used in fibers for clothing,containers for liquids and foods, thermoforming for manufacturing, and incombinationwithglassfiberforengineeringresins
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1 Introduction
ThisdeliverablepresentstheresultsofthefollowingactivitiesfortheENTOMATICtrap:
- performanceevaluation-comparisonbetweendifferenttrapsandwithdifferentattractants
- thedesignofthetrap-mechanicalcomponents
- themanufacturingofmechanicalandelectroniccomponents
- theassemblyofthefunctionalprototypesoftheENTOMATIC
- Newproposalsforthefutureproductionofthetrap
As described in Deliverable 3.1 the McPhailtrap, Figure 1.1, is the basis for the investiga-tionsinthisproject.Thistrapisthemostwide-spread in southern Europe, and most studieson the spread of the olive fly and the use ofpesticides have been performed in the pastwithit.
The McPhail trap is almost a standard andbasedonthestudieswith it theguidelines forfarmers were established. In order to allowcomparability of the results of the measure-mentsbetweenthetraditionalMcPhailandtheENTOMATIC trap, the trap shape was left al-mostunchanged.
Thefocusoftheactivitiesinworkpackage3isthe development of concepts for the ENTO-MATIC trap for the investigations and testsduring the project and a final concept for theutilization at the end of the project. The con-ceptsconsidertherequirementsacquiredinworkpackage1“Systemspecification”forthefollowingmaincomponents
- theoutershellandtheinsectpassagemodule
- theenclosuresforthebioacoustic-ID-system
- the enclosures for the embedded electronics (data acquisition and data processingmodules aswellasthecommunicationmodules)
- thepowersupply(batterypack,ifnecessaryasolarpanel).
Thefurtherdevelopmentof thetrapwasbasedontheexperienceof theSMEsandSME-AGsfromPortugal, Spain and Turkey participating in the consortium. In addition, a performance evaluation
Figure1.1:McPhailtrap
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was carriedout comparing thevarious trapsandattractantsused in the southernEuropean coun-tries,chapter2.ThefollowingchapterspresenttheresultsofthefurtherdevelopmentofthemaincomponentsoftheENTOMATICtrapinthesecondyear:
- Chapter3:resultsoftheconceptualdesign,themechanicaldesignandthemanufacturingprocessofthecurrentprototypetrap.Thesetrapsarecurrentlyusedforlaboratoryandfieldtests.
- Chapter4:integrationofallcomponents,evaluationofthetrap,anddiscussionofsomeideasforfurtherdevelopments.
Inordertohaveanideaofthereal-timeoperationoftheelectronicENTOMATICtrapitispossibletoviewashortfilmonYouTube:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IdWVaCyHEVI
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2 Description of the performance evaluation of different traps and withdifferentattractants
Asapreconditionforthefurtherdevelopmentofthetrapsomepreliminaryinvestigationswerecar-riedoutbythepartnerNUTESCAin2015.Theseperformanceevaluationsincludethecomparisonofdifferenttrapsaswellasthecomparisonoftheeffectsofdifferentattractants.
Fourdifferenttestswerecarriedoutduring2015season.Themainobjectiveofthetestsperformedcanbesummarizedinthreepoints:
• capabilityofattractingB.oleaefliesofdifferentattractantsusedbyourconsortiumpartners
• differencesofattractingofdifferentstandardtrapsused/manufacturedbyourconsortium
partners
• benefitsofamulti-holeentrancetonotcaptureChrysopaflies
Inthenextsubsections,wewillpresentthedifferenttestsperformed,locationofthem,mainresultsachieved,andconclusionsthatwillbenefittheENTOMATICdesignofthetrap.
2.1 Descriptionofthetests
Asmentionedabove fourdifferent testswerecarriedoutduring2015season.The four testswerereplicatedin5differentoliveorchardsinAndalucia,aregioninthesouthofSpain.Thecontrolofthisregion is regulated by the Red de Alerta e Información Fitosanitaria(http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/agriculturaypesca/raif). This regional office depends on the localgovernmentofAndalucia.
The5orchardsselected, shown inFigure2.1,belong to thatcontrolnetworkofplaguesandhasavarietyofclimates(someofthemarelocatedinthehill,andothersinvalleys)thathasbeenhelpfultoobservedifferencesinthegrowandpropagationoftheolivefruitfly.
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Figure2.1.LocationofthetestsinAndalucía,Spain.
Thedistributionof the tests follows thedistribution shown in Figure2.2.A total of 80 trapswereused divided in 6 field stations that are under supervision of the Junta de Andalucía. Themanualcountingofthemwasdoneevery5-7days.
LasEscuelas
LaVega
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Figure2.2.Distributionofthefourtestsatthesixdifferentlocations.
ThetrapsweredistributedasshowninFigure2.3.Eachtrapwassettledevery5olivetreesandthecontroltrapsweresettled3olivetreesawayfromthetrapfromtheright.Bytrapwemeantoneofthe versions used, and for control trap the other, i.e., in the first experiment thatwe compare astandardMcPhail trapwithanENTOMATIC trap,wehave set theENTOMATICas the trapand thestandardMcPhailastheControltrap.
Figure2.3.Locationoftrapsinsidetheorchard
IBROS
Test 1- 4 traps
Test 2- 4 traps
Test 3- 4 traps
Test 4- 4 traps
LINARES
Test 1- 2 traps
Test 2- 2 traps
Test 3- 2 traps
Test 4- 2 traps
TORREBLASCOPEDRO
Test 1- 2 traps
Test 2- 2 traps
Test 3- 2 traps
Test 4- 2 traps
LAS ESCUELAS
Test 1- 4 traps
Test 2- 4 traps
Test 3- 4 traps
Test 4- 4 traps
JIMENA
Test 1- 4 traps
Test 2- 4 traps
Test 3- 4 traps
Test 4- 4 traps
LA VEGA
Test 1- 4 traps
Test 2- 4 traps
Test 3- 4 traps
Test 4- 4 traps
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2.1.1 Test1:comparisonofstandardMcPhailandoptimizedMcPhailwithmulti-holeentrance
Oneproblemwithmanualcountingofthetrappedfliesisthelargenumberofcaughtinsects.Forthisreason,afirsttestwasusedtoinvestigatetheideaofchangingthetrapfunnelinsuchawaythatatleast large insects, likebeneficial insects suchasChrysopa,canno longer fly into the trap.For thispurpose,amulti-holeplatewasinsertedintotheentrance,seeFigure2.4.
Forthecomparison10traps,eachwithandwithoutamulti-holeplate,wereused(seeFigure2.5).ThetrapscontainedthesameattractantAmmoniumsulphate2%andtheyweresuspendedinpairs,withandwithoutamulti-holeplate,ontreesintheolivegrove.
Figure2.5:Std.McPhail(left)vs.Opt.McPhail(right)
Figure2.4.Multi-holePlate(left)andmulti-holeplatebuiltintothetrap(right)
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Table2.1:Countedflies(M-male,F-female)inTest1
Date StandardMcPhail OptimizedMcPhail
Bactrocera Chrysopa Bactrocera Chrysopa
15/09/15 8M3F 219 10M7F 15
22/09/15 16M30F 249 17M15F 10
29/09/15 56M60F 368 108M85F 17
06/10/15 54M79F 197 54M72F 11
13/10/15 1M5F 24 8M11F 0
20/10/15 64M76F 34 47M42F 0
27/10/15 40M54F 100 56M30F 1
03/11/15 18M18F 114 35M21F 1
10/11/15 49M41F 84 33M34F 6
TOTAL306M371F 1389 368M317F 61
677 685
FromtheresultsshowninTable2.1weextractedtwomainconclusions:
• Bothsolutions,achieved,approximately,similarresultsintermsofcaughtflies.
• Thenumberofchrysopastrappedbythestandardtraparemuchhigherthantheoptimized
version.
Thisresultconfirmsthehypothesisthatwehadatthebeginningofthetests.Theuseofamultiholefunnelhaspreventedtheentranceofotherinsectsinsidethetrap,whilethenumberofB.oleaebe-comesthesame.
Thepreventionof theentranceofChrysopaswasagoodnew,as this insect isanaturalenemyofPraysandBactroceraoleaeandotherinsectsthatattackolivetrees.Hence,preventingthetrappingofchrysopasbecomesbeneficialtotheolivegrowers.
2.1.2 Test2:comparisonofstandardMcPhailwithoptimizedMcPhailwithmulti-holeentrance:
In thisoccasion,wecomparethesametrapsasbeforebutwithdifferentattractants: thestandardMcPhailwithAmmoniumsulphate2%andtheoptimizedversionwithanABplasticdiscandethyleneglycol/waterasdrawingliquid(seeFigure2.6).
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Figure2.6:Std.McPhailwithammoniumsulphate(left)vs.opt.McPhailwithABplasticring
Themainconclusionontheresultsfromthetestshowninarethattheattractantusedintheopti-mizedversion(theABplasticring),hasattractedalowernumberofoliveflies.Hence,itseffectivitywaslowerthanAmmoniumphosphate.Thenumberofchrysopasarestilllowerwhenamultiholeisused.
Table2.2:Countedflies(M-male,F-female)inTest2
Date Std. McPhail Opt. McPhail
Bactrocera Chrysopa Bactrocera Chrysopa
15/09/15 6 M / 9 F 167 1 M / 4 F 1
22/09/15 10 M / 16 F 176 4 M / 3 F 1 29/09/15 49 M / 52 F 249 25 M / 17 F 2 06/10/15 44 M / 60 F 130 17 M / 22 F 1 13/10/15 3 M / 5 F 9 0 0 20/10/15 45 M / 56 F 33 7 M / 4 F 0 27/10/15 27 M / 23 F 31 5 M / 1 F 0 03/11/15 3 M / 2 F 59 1 M 0 10/11/15 30 M / 38 F 48 5 M 0
217 M / 261 F 902 65 M / 51 F 5
478 116
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2.1.3 Τest3:comparisonofstandardMcPhailwithoptimizedMcPhailwithmulti-holeentrancewithENTOMELA
Thisthirdtest(seebothtrapsinFigure2.7)hashelpedustotesttheattractantcapacityofanotherliquidveryusedinGreeceandprovidedbyourpartnerPHYTOPHYL,theENTOMELA.
Figure2.7:Std.McPhailwithammoniumsulphatevs.Opt.McPhailwithENTOMELA
TheresultssummarizedinTable2.3shownagainabetterperformanceoftheAmmoniumsulphate2%usedinthestandardMcPhail.Thefirstattractantisabletoattractmoreoliveflies(byafactorof25).
Table2.3:Countedflies(M-male,F-female)inTest3
Date Std. McPhail Opt McPhail
Bactrocera Chrysopa Bactrocera Chrysopa
15/09/15 2 M / 5 F 255 2 F 3
22/09/15 4 M / 9 F 183 4 M / 4 F 25 29/09/15 44 M / 53 F 289 1 F 33 06/10/15 19 M / 28 F 198 1 M / 2 F 6 13/10/15 4 M / 9 F 30 0 0 20/10/15 36 M / 38 F 27 0 1 27/10/15 30 M / 25 F 57 0 0 03/11/15 10 M / 9 F 43 0 1 10/11/15 14 M / 18 F 44 0 0
163 M / 194 F 1126 5M / 9 F 69
357
14
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2.1.4 Test4:comparisonofstandardMcPhailwithELKOFONtrapwithENTOMELA
Thelasttestwastocomparetwokindoftraps,showninFigure2.8,thestandardMcPhailwithAm-moniumSulphate2%(verypopular inthetestingregionofAndalucía)versustheELKOFONtrap(inthisoccasionequippedwithamultiholeentrance)withENTOMELA(verypopularinGreeceandpro-videdbyPHYTOPHYL).
Figure2.8:Std.McPhail(left)vs.ELKOFON(right)
Althought,inthisoccasiontheENTOMELAusedinanELKOFONtrapattractedmoreflies(88versus14ofprevioustest),thedifferencebetweentheAmmoniumsulphatewasalsohigh,moreconcretelythestandardMcphailhastrapped6timesmorethantheELKOFON.
Table2.4:Countedflies(M-male,F-female)inTest4
Date Std. McPhail ELKOFON
Bactrocera Chrysopa Bactrocera Chrysopa
15/09/15 2 F 181 3 M / 4 F 18
22/09/15 10 M / 13 F 155 9 F 8 29/09/15 57 M / 119 F 325 4 M / 7 F 28 06/10/15 11 M / 40 F 194 12 M / 20 F 14 13/10/15 1 M / 2 F 20 0 4 20/10/15 44 M / 81 F 25 7 M / 7 F 1 27/10/15 29 M / 26 F 91 1 M 0 03/11/15 22 M / 11 F 88 0 0 10/11/15 37 M / 30 F 40 10 M / 4 F 0
211 M / 324 F 1119 37 M / 51 F 73
545
88
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2.2 Results
Inthissection,wewillsummarizetheresultsobtainedandwewillofferdifferentanalysisextractedfromthetestsperformed.
2.2.1 Differencesbetweenattractantsused
Figure2.9:Comparisonoftheattractantsusedatthe4tests
Asstatedbefore,thebestattratactantusedintermsoffliescaughtbythetrapstestedisAmmoniumsulphateat2%,thathasobtainedatotalnumberof685fliescaught.
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AS- Ammonium sulphateEG- Ethylene glycolENT1- Entomela (multihole)ENT2- Entomela (ELKOFON)
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2.2.2 Differencesbetweenorchards
Jimenastation,Figure2.10,wasthefieldstationwherethehighestnumberofB.oleaewasdetected.Itisbecausethisstationislocatedinamountainarea,thatisthesuitablehabitatforthisinsect.Fur-thermore,thisstationisnottreatedwithchemicalproducts.
LinaresstationwasthefieldstationwherethelowestnumberofB.oleaewasdetected.Itisbecausethisstationhasalotofyoungolivetreeswithoutolives,sotheB.oleaepopulationislow.
2.2.3 Timedistributionofthecapturedfliesbystation
Theresultsofthetimedistributionofthefliescaughtbythetrapsinstalledatthedifferentlocationsissummarizedinthetablebelow(Table2.5).Init,weshowtheresultspereachtestedorcarhdandasummaryoftheobservedresults.
Figure2.10:B.oleaecaughtperorchardtested
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Table2.5:Summaryofthetimedistributionofthecapturesperorchardtested
ThehighestnumberofflieswasdetectedattheendofOctober.It isbecausethetemperatureswere high and suitable for the fly. While thelowest number of flies was detected at themiddleofSeptember,whentheweathercondi-tionswerenotthesuitabletotheflyprolifera-tion
Inthisstation,thelowestnumberofflieswasde-tectedat themiddleofSeptember.However, thehighest numberof flywasdetected at thebegin-ningofNovember
Thehighestnumberof flieswasdetectedneartotheendofOctober.AndthelowestnumberofflywasdetectedatthemiddleofSeptemberliketherestofstations
We can see that the highest number of flieswasdetectedattheendofSeptember
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In thisstation, thehighestnumberofflieswasdetected at the end of September, this is thesame in Las Escuelas station. It is because thetwo stations are near, so both have the sameweatherconditions
Becauseoftheweatherconditions,therewasnotpossibletotakeinformationabouttheflynumberduringtwodays.So,wehavelessinformationthantheother stations.However,we can see that thehighest numberof flieswasdetectednear to theendofOctober.ItisthesameinTorreblascopedrostation
OthertestscomparingMcPhailStandardtrapswithfirstversionsoftheelectronicMcPhailtrap(EN-TOMATICtrap)weremadebyTEICinlabandinthefield.Thesetestsaredescribedindeliverable2.2aspartoftheevaluationofthedesignedbioacusticsensortorecognizetheolivefruitfly.
Weobserve that in two field stations, thepresenceofB.oleae ishigherduringSeptember that inOctoberinNovember,whileintheothercases,itistheopposite.Thesedifferencesarebecausethelocationandcharacteristicsofeachfield,thusshowingtheimportancetoadaptthesamplingtoeachspecificorchard.
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22
219
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
15-set
17-set
19-set
21-set
23-set
25-set
27-set
29-set
1-oct
3-oct
5-oct
7-oct
9-oct
11-oct
13-oct
15-oct
17-oct
19-oct
21-oct
23-oct
25-oct
27-oct
29-oct
31-oct
2-nov
4-nov
6-nov
8-nov
10-nov
Num
ber o
f Bractocera o
leae
Dates
Distribution of B.oleae: Jimena station
5
11
26
119
43
19
11
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
15-set
17-set
19-set
21-set
23-set
25-set
27-set
29-set
1-oct
3-oct
5-oct
7-oct
9-oct
11-oct
13-oct
15-oct
17-oct
19-oct
21-oct
23-oct
25-oct
27-oct
29-oct
31-oct
2-nov
4-nov
6-nov
8-nov
10-nov
Num
ber o
f Bractocera o
leae
Dates
Distribution of B.oleae: La Vega station
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3 DescriptionoftheadvancedMcPhailTRAP1
Thetechnical requirements for thetrapsandthe firstvariantsof theoptoelectronicsensorsystem(OSS)weredescribedindeliverable3.1.Basedontherequirementsandthefurtherdevelopmentofthe optoelectronic sensor system (OSS) described at the deliverable 2.2, and the further develop-ment of the ENTOMATICWireless Sensor Network (WSN), described in deliverable 4.2, two newhousings/casesweredeveloped.
- Thefirstelectroniccase,installedontopofthetrap,Figure3.1,containsallthecontrolandpro-cessingelectronicsoftheopto-electronicsensorsystem,Figure3.2,theZolertiaRemotegatewayand thebatteries, Figure3.3. This case ismadeofwhitePlexiglas®XT toprotect theelectroniccomponentsagainstdirectsunlight.
- The second housing, Figure 3.4,mounted lateral at the first electronic case, contains the envi-ronmentalsensorsfortheWSN.Therearetemperature,humidityandluminancesensorsonthesmallPCB.Thesensorhousinghasbeenmanufacturedbyusing3D-printingtechnologywithDura-formProXmaterial. It isdesignedasaseparatehousing inordertobeabletodetectthemeas-ured data independently of the trap and allowing a better acquisition of these environmentalmagnitudes.
The design of the housings involved some challenges and constraints. The placement of OSS andWSNinsidethetrapisnotpossible,because:
1Thisinformationiscomplementingthefirstdesignedversióncoveredatdeliverable3.1.
Figure3.1:ComponentsoftheelectronicMcPhailtrapassembly
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- Achangeintheinternallifeofthetrapwouldnothavepermittedacomparabilityoftheresultsofthemeasurements, thenumberof caughtolive flies,betweena standardMcPhail trapand theelectronicMcPhailtrap.
- Thetransparenttrapheatsupinthesunlight;thehightemperaturecandamagetheelectronics
Figure3.2:ThenewPCBforoptoelectronicsensorsystem,topandbottomside
Figure3.3:ElectroniccasewithWSN-PCB,batteryholder,battery,antennaandsensorhousingwithenvironmentalsensors
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andthebatteries.
- A separate housing for the environ-mental sensors is necessary in orderto avoid the influence of the trap(hightemperatures)onthemeasuredvalues.
- The users require the ease of opera-bilityforthefieldtests,e.g.tochangethebatteries.
Concludingtheseandotherrequirementsforthetesttrap:
- The creation of an entity of trap andOESS as well as WSN as a rainproofhousingisnotpossible.
- The remote placement of the OESSandtheWSNonthetopofthetrapisa convenient solution for the testtraps.
- The separate housing for the envi-ronmentalsensors isanadequatesolutionusedinthousandsofmeteorologicalstationsallovertheworld.
Nowadaystrapshavealifetimeoftheattractantoftwoweeksduetotheevaporation.Therefore,afurther requirement isa larger reservoir thatwill containmoreattractantandallow increasing theautonomyofthetrap.ThesefurtherrequirementsoftheSMEsandSMEAGscanbeeasilyintegratedinthenextre-designaftertheupcomingfieldtests.
Thehousingwasdesignedusing a cylindrical tube, anupper andabottomplate aswell as lateralattachedsensorhousing.Somemoredetailedinformationaboutthehousings:
- Thehousingpartsarewhiteandabsorbvisiblelightupto56%,UVcompletely.
- Theupperandthebottomplateoftheelectroniccasewereproducedusinglasercuttingtechnol-ogyincludingthemanufacturingofgrooveanddrillholes.
- Electricalnon-conductivespacersweredesignedforreceivingtheOSS-PCBtopreventerrorcur-rent.
- Thegroovesofthespacersandtherecessesinthecircuitboardaredesignedinsuchawaythattheyallowaneasyassembly.
- Thesubassembliesbatteryholder,Zolertiaremoteundantennaaremountedatthecoverplateoftheelectroniccase.
Figure3.4:Housingandbottomplateofenvironmentalsensors
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- Theantennaisfixedbyusingamoisturechamberfeedthrough.
- Thesensorhousingismountedonthesideoftheelectroniccase,betweenbothpartsaresiliconeO-ringsforsealing.
- Thesensorhousingislateralpartiallyopen,itisaweather-protectedstructurefortheinteriorlife,sothataircanflowthroughit;lightcanenter,butnorain.
- Thesensorcaseisclosedby4knurledscrews.Thescrewscanbeopenedbyhandwithouttools,sothatabatterychangecanbecarriedoutwithouttools.Forsealingpurposes,asiliconesealislocatedinagroove.
- Theopto-electronicsensorshangattwotubesinsidethetrap.ThecablesareguidedthroughthetubestotheOSS-PCB.
- TheelectroniccaseismadeofPlexiglas®XTandallthesensorhousingpartsandthebatteryhold-erweremadebyadditivemanufacturingfromDuraformProX.
- Thesuspension for theTrap isahexagonheadscrewwithadrilling.Thus, the trapcanbesus-pendedonatreeasaconventionaltrapusingawire.
Fortheupcomingfieldtests25trapswereproduced,Figure3.5,andshippedtopartnerTEIC.TEIChascompletedthetrapswiththeOSSandhasperformedafunctionaltest.Duringnextweeks,theconsortiumwill perform different lab and field tests of the electronicMcPhail trap developed byTEIC,IMMSandUPFtoverifytheperformanceofacompletenetworkoftraps.Moreover,itwillbetestthefunctionalityofthewebapplicationwiththedatacollectedbythedifferentinformationob-
Figure3.5:Mechanicalpartsof25ENTOMATIC-McPhailtraps
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tainedfromthetestperformedbythewholeconsortium.
Theelectronic integration isbeingsupervisedbytheSMEMTSYSTEMSthatshouldevaluatethefu-tureviabilityof the finalelectronicsolutionof theENTOMATICtrap.Theirexperience in thedevel-opmentofelectronicPCBswillbeahelpfulsupporttoobtainafinalversionoftheprototype.
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4 Furtherdevelopmentsandevaluations
ThetestsofthecompleteprototypesoftheENTOMATICtrap(thatwillbecoveredindeliverable8.8)willshowtheinteractionofthesubcomponentsunderrealambientconditions(fieldtests).Thetestsareperformedtofindpossiblesourcesofproblemsorerrorsandtoensurereliabilityandlifetimeoftrapofatleastfor7to10years.
Another point to be examinedwithin the investigations is the stability of the communication be-tweenthetrapsandthesufficientlongevityofthebatteriesoftheprototypetraps.
Theexecutionofthedifferenttestseriesallowsasophisticatedevaluationofthetrapeffectivenessandthederivationoftasksforfurtherdevelopmentaswellasacrosscomparisonwithconventionaltrapstomakesurethatthenewdesignisequallyeffectiveintrappingtheinsects.Thesetestsarethepreconditionfortheintegrationofallfunctionsfromallseparatedevelopedmodules.
The present design proposals for the shape of the trap for the later serial production have beenworkedoutinconsiderationofthemanufacturingprocessesdependingonthenumberofpiecestobeproduced.Newrequirements,suchastheexpansionofthecapacityofattractant,arealsoconsid-ered.
4.1 FinalconsiderationsaboutthefinalversionoftheENTOMATICtrap
ThefinalENTOMATICtrapwillconsistof3parts
- anewlowerpart-thereservoirfortheattractant-withanenlargedreservoirforattractants
- anupperpartwhichisredesignedregardingtheaccommodationoftheelectronicsboxand
- theelectronicsboxitself.
Therearethefollowingconsiderationsfortheproductionindifferentquantities:
- Rapidprototypingprocesses(3Dprinting)areusedforsmallquantities.Theyallowaveryflexibledesign of the housings and a fast production, but are very expensive compared to the othermethods.
- Averageunitnumberscanbeproducedonthebasisofsemi-finishedproducts.Theyarenotquiteasexpensiveas3Dprinting,buttimeconsumingandnotsoflexible.
- Plastic injectionmoldingprocessesareusedfortheproductionof largeseries.Forthispurpose,thepartstobeproducedmustbedesignedverysimply.Thepartsthemselvesareverycheapinhighquantitiesthen.
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Ifweassumethat the trap isproduced invery largenumbers,plastic injectionmoldingwillbe themanufacturingprocesstobeused.Thenaseparateinjectionmoldingtoolisrequiredforeachofthe3housingparts.
4.1.1 Lowerpart-thereservoirfortheattractant
Theenlargementofthereservoircanbeachievedbyincreasingthediameterand/ortheheight.
With theenlargementof thediameter,asubstantialenlargementof theevaporation-effectivesur-facecanbeobserved.Becausethisalsoresults in increasedevaporation,anenlargementofthedi-ameterisnotadvisable,Figure4.1.
Theenlargementoftheoverallheightbyunchangeddiametersseemstobemoreappropriate.It isshownfor3differentvolumes,Figure4.2.Thesegeometricchangeshardlyaltertheappearanceofthetrap,sothisisunlikelytoaffectthebehavioroftheBactroceraoleae.
Figure4.1:Increaseofvolumebyincreasingtheoutsidediameter
Figure4.2:Increaseofvolumebyincreasingtheheightofthereservoirfortheattractant
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4.1.2 Electronicscase
Theelectronicscaseofthecurrentlyusedprototypeisabox,whichismountedontopoftheupperpartoftheMcPhail.Itisplannedthattheelectronicscasewillbeproducedinlarge-scaleproductionasahoodsimilartothepresentshelloftheupperpartofMcPhail.Itisthenmounteddirectlyontothetrap.Duetotheintegrationofthevariouselectronicmodulesandthereductiontoonebattery,theheightoftheelectronichoodcanbecomemuchmorecompactcomparedtotheprototype.
Thenewelectronicscasehouses thenaPCB,abatteryand the integratedantenna.Thereare twopossibilities for the implementation of the environmental sensors. On the one hand, they can beintegrated directly into the electronic module, which thenmust be well-ventilated. On the otherhand,theycangetaseparatehousingasinthecurrentprototype.
For mounting of the electronics case onto thetraparevarioussolutionspossible:
- connect both assemblies by screwing, as atthecurrentprototype
- bayonet cap, comparable to the connectionof the top andbottomparts of theMcPhail
Figure4.3:SchemeoftheprototypeofcompleteMacPhailtrapwithelectronicbox(left)andpro-posalforfutureversion
Figure4.4:Ventilationfromthebottomoftheelectronicscase
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trap
- screwingofbothhousingpartswithintegratedthreads
- Snap-inconnection.
4.1.2.1 Variants for the environmentalsensorarrangement
The environmental sensors shall be installed insuch away that theirmeasured values are notinfluencedbye.g.heataccumulation.
Variant1:Sensors integrated intotheelectron-icsboard
Variant1a:Ventilationfrombelow
Theelectronicscaseisdesignedinsuchawaythatconvectionispossibleviaslots.Theelectronicsisalsocirculatedbyambientair,Figure4.4.Thedisadvantageofthisvariantisthatdustcanalsocomeintocontactwiththeelectronics.
Variant1b:Ventilationfromtheside
Inthisvariant,slotsareformedinasimilarshapetothesensorhousingoftheprototype.Theyallowairtocirculatebutnowatergetsin,Figure4.5.Theelectronicsisalsocirculatedbyambientair.Thedisadvantageofthisvariantistoo,thatdustcancomein.
Variant2:Sensorsinseparateventilatedhousing,Figure4.6andFigure4.7.
Variant3:Hybridvariantofvariant1band2.
Figure4.7:SeparatehousingforenvironmentalsensorsmanufacturedinSLS-technology
Figure4.5:Ventilationviaventsatthecircum-ference
Figure4.6:Separatehousingforenvironmentalsensorsasinthecurrentproto-
type
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Comparisonofvariants
Advantages Disadvantages
Variant 1a;Figure6-4
- 1simplehousingpart
- coolingofelectronicsbyconvection
- Less protection of the electronics frompenetratingofdustandmaybeinsects
Variant 1b;Figure6-5
- 1housingmorecomplicatedpart
- coolingofelectronicsbyconvection
- Less protection of the electronics frompenetratingofdustandmaybeinsects
Variant 2;Figure6-6
- Good protection when sealing be-tween upper part and sensor hous-ing
- 2injectionmoldsnecessary
- sealingnecessary
Variant3 - Inconspicuous shape thanks to inte-gratedsensorhousing
- Good protection when sealing be-tweenhoodandsensorhousing
- Complicated and expensive injectionmold
- Without protection between hood andsensorhousing,lowprotection
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Figure4.10:SeparatehousingforenvironmentalsensorsandbatteryholdermanufacturedasrapidprototypingpartswithIMMS-3D-printerinPolyJet-technology
Figure4.9:3D-printerofIMMS
Figure4.8:Housingforenvironmentalsensorsandbatteryholderinside3D-printerofIMMs(KeyenceAgil-
ista3110W)
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5 ExecutiveSummary
Theinvestigationshaveshownthatmanyfactorsaffectthenumberofcaughtflies,suchas:
- thetypeoftrap
- thetypeandconcentrationofattractant
- thedesignoftheentrance(withorwithoutmulti-holeplate)
- theweatherconditions
TheMcPhailtrapisalmostastandardandthefarmershavealotofexperiencewithit.Andthere-sultsoftheinvestigationsshow,thatthestandardMcPhailtrap(withoutmulti-holeplat)isbestsuit-edforfurtherdevelopmentastheB.oleaeisabletodiscernbetweenfliesandotherinsects(suchasthechrysopa).TheMcPhailtrapisawidespreadmethodoftrappingintheMediterraneanregionandhasahighacceptanceamong farmers, itssizecanbechangedeasilyand it is largeenoughfor theintegrationoftheENTOMATICsensorsystem.That’swhytheconsortium,basedontheexperienceofSMEsandSMEAGscriteria,decidedtouseMcPhailtrapasthebaseoftheENTOMATICtrap.
Theconsortiumdecidedonthisbasisthatthebasicdesignofthetrapremains.Thetrapisonlymodi-fiedinsuchawaythatthesensorsystemisplaceddirectlynexttotheentrance,abovethefunnel,andtheelectronicsandtheenvironmentalsensorsareaccommodated inseparatehousings.Thesefurtherdevelopmentsweredescribedinthisreport,chapter4.
Theresultingprototypeswillbeusedinfieldtestsin2017andindemonstrationactivitiesofthecon-sortium.Withthefieldtestsandindemonstrationactivitiestheevaluationsofthefurtherdevelopedtrapwill take place. The validation of thewhole systemwill be reported, as planned, at theWP8DemonstrationoftheENTOMATICsystem.
Inaddition,furtherconceptsforthefunctionalintegrationoftheelectroniccomponentswillbede-velopedandinvestigationsconcerningthedesignofthetrapforalow-costproductionwillbecarriedout.ThisshouldhelptheSMEsandSME-AGstostarttheproductdevelopmentdirectlyafterthere-searchprojectinordertoallowfortherapidimplementationoftheprojectresults.
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6 Literature
[1] GeorgeC.Steyskal:HistoryandUseoftheMcPhailTrap.TheFloridaEntomologist;
Vol.60,No.1(Mar.,1977),pp.11-16;Publishedby:FloridaEntomologicalSociety;
DOI:10.2307/3494476;StableURL:http://www.jstor.org/stable/3494476