DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL TAPI

CLASS X P0ST MID INTERNALS ASSESSMENT

SUBJECT: SOCIAL SCIENCS KEY

DATE: ___/12/19 TOTAL MARKS:

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Jharia is a neighbourhood in Dhanbad Dhanbad Sadar subdivision of Dhanbad district in Jharkhand state, India.

Jharia was the fifteenth-largest town in the state of Jharkhand. (More than one town in India shares this name.) Jharia is famous for its rich coal resources, used to make coke. Jharia plays a very important role in the economy and development of Dhanbad City, and can be considered as a part of Dhanbad City.

The coal field lies in the Damodar River Valley, and covers about 110 square miles (280 square km), and produces bituminous coal suitable for coke. Most of India's coal comes from Jharia. Jharia coal mines are India's most important storehouse of prime coke coal used in blast furnaces, it consists of 23 large underground and nine large open cast mines.

The mining activities in these coalfields started in 1894 and had really intensified in 1925. The first Indians to arrive and break monopoly of British in Coal mining were Gujarati.

After the mines were nationalized in 1971, due to easy availability of coal, many steel plants are set up in close proximity to Jharia.

Jharia is famous for a coal field fire that has burned underground for a century. The first fire was detected in 1916. According to records, it was the Khas Jharia mines of Seth Khora Ramji, who was a pioneer of Indian coalmines, whose mines were one of the firsts to collapse in underground fire in 1930. Two of his collieries, Khas Jharia and Golden Jharia, which worked on maximum 260-foot-deep shafts, collapsed due to now infamous underground fires, in which their house and bungalow also collapsed on 8 November 1930, causing 18 feet subsidence and widespread destruction. The fire never stopped despite sincere efforts by mines department and railway authorities and in 1933 flaming crevasses lead to exodus of many residents. The 1934 Nepal–Bihar earthquake led to further spread of fire and by 1938 the authorities had declared that there is raging fire beneath the town with 42 collieries out of 133 on fire.

In 1972, more than 70 mine fires were reported in this region. As of 2007, more than 400,000 people who reside in Jharia are living on land in danger of subsidence due to the fires, and according to Satya Pratap Singh, "Jharia township is on the brink of an ecological and human disaster". The government has been criticized for a perceived lackadaisical attitude towards the safety of the people of Jharia.Heavy fumes emitted by the fires lead to severe health problems such as breathing disorders and skin diseases among the local population.

Kalinganagar is in the state of Odisha, India. Ever since 1990 the state government began acquiring land from the locals with the aim to put up an industrial complex “Duburi Industrial complex”. It was later on renamed as Kalinga Nagar Integrated Industrial Complex (KNIIC) . The main idea of setting up this complex in the area was to invite industrial houses to establish industries like Iron, Steel and Allied industries. The acquisition was done with the aim to provide job opportunities for the locals and thereby generating employment for them. The government even promised reasonable compensation along with a proper road map for their resettlement.

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However most of the promises made by the government remained unfulfilled. The locals were often turned away on the pretext of inadequate education and filled the higher posts by recruiting outsiders and the elites in the locality. The compensation provided by the government was also meager. This led to a revolt by the tribals of the area who saw the situation as a threat to their livelihoods and were anguish over their loss of land. Hope this helps. “The promise of employment to the natives remained largely unfulfilled. While most of the higher level posts are occupied by the elites in the locality and outsiders, the diseased community was often denied such jobs citing insufficient education”, said Narendra Mohanty, state convener of Indian Social Action Forum, while speaking to Newsclick. “The compensations offered by the government were very less. Earlier it was just Rs 35,000 per acre of land and the government increased the amount to Rs 1 lakh after continuous demands and protests. Still, the people, who were thrown out of their land, are suffering to make their lives”, Narendra added. 1) A factory produces aluminium saucepans with plastic handles. It obtains aluminium from a smelter and a plastic component from another factory. All the manufactured saucepans are sent to a warehouse (i)(a) Which raw material is likely to be most expensive to transport and why? (b) Which raw material is likely to be the cheapest to transport and why? (ii) Do you think the cost of transporting the finished products after packaging is likely to be cheaper or more expensive than the cost of transporting aluminium and plastic? Why? Answer: (i)(a) Aluminium, because it is heavier than plastic, and also the saucepan body is bulkier than the handle. (b) Plastic is cheaper for the same reasons given in (ii) Cost of transporting finished products after packaging will be cheaper because they are likely to be enclosed in rectangular packing boxes, which can be easily transported in larger quantities by proper stacking, either by goods train or by truck. Pg: 73 Why is the per capita consumption of steel so low in India?

Per capita consumption of steel in India is low due to the following reasons: ... v.) Lack of development in remote areas, poor infrastructure in remote areas, lack of adequate means of transport makes it difficult to deliver steel in backward areas.

Pg: 75 Where would it be economically viable to set up the cement manufacturing units? It would be economically viable to set up the cement manufacturing units in Gujarat because this industry requires bulky and heavy raw materials like limestone, silica, alumina and gypsum. Coal and electric power are needed apart from rail transportation. The names of the major companies in cement industry and locations of their major cement plants in India are given below Name of Company Locations of Cement Manufacturing Plants

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India Cements 4 plants in Andhra Pradesh at Yeramguntia, Chilcimkur, Vishnupuram and Malkapur. 3 plants in Tamil Nadu at Sank;ir Nagar, Dalavoi and Sankari.

Jaypee Group Century Cement Cluster of plants at Satna, Madhya Pradesh Plants at (i) Baikunth, Dist. Raipur in Chhattisgarh,

(ii) Sarlanagar, Dist. Satna, in Madhya Pradesh (iii) Gadchandur, Dist. Chandrapur, Maharashtra (iv) Sagardighi, Dist. Murshidabad, Paschim Banga

L & T Cement 5 plants at (i) Jafrabad, Gujarat (ii) Hirmi, Chhattisgarh (iii) Chandrapur, Maharashtra (iv) Tadipatri, Andhra Pradesh

(v) Arakonam, Tamil Nadu ACC Cement 17 plants spread over the states of Chhattisgarh, Himachal Pradesh

Jharkhand, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and Paschim Banga

Cement Corporation of India 41 plants all over India Ambuja Cement 16 plants spread over the states of Gujarat, Paschim Banga,

Chhattisgarh, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Kerala and Maharashtra

JK Cement Gotan, Mangrol and IMiimbahera, all in Rajasthan

Pg; 80 Answer:

(i)Power (ii)Worker (iii) Market (iv) Retailer

(v) Product (vi) Manufacture (vii) Pollution

Chapter: 5 Mineral and Energy Resources Minerals:

(I) Iron ore mines: Mayurbhanj, Durg, Bailadila, Bellary, Kudremukh (II) Mica mines: Ajmer, Beawar, Nellore, Gaya, Hazaribagh (III) Coal mines: Raniganj, Jharia, Bokaro, Talcher, Korba, Singrauli, Singareni, Neyvali (IV) Oil Fields: Digboi, Naharkatia, Mumbai High, Bassien, Kalol, Ankaleshwar (V) Bauxite Deposits: The Amarkantak plateau, Maikal hills, The plateau region of Bilaspur-Katni, Orissa Panchpatmali deposits in Koraput district (VI) Mica deposits: The Chota Nagpur plateau, Koderma Gaya-Hazaribagh belt of Jharkhand, Ajmer Nellore mica belt 27

Power Plants: (Locating and Labelling only) (a) Thermal: Namrup, Talcher, Singrauli, Harduaganj, Korba, Uran, Ramagundam, Vijaywada, Tuticorin (b) Nuclear: Narora, Rawat, Bhata, Kakrapara, Tarapur, Kaiga, Kalpakkam Chapter 6: Manufacturing Industries Locating and Labelling Only

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(1) Cotton Textile Industries: Mumbai, Indore, Ahmedabad, Surat, Kanpur, Coimbatore, Madurai (2) Iron and Steel Plants: Burnpur, Durgapur, Bokaro, Jamshedpur, Raurkela, Bhilai, Vijaynagar, Bhadravati, Vishakhapatnam, Salem (3) Software Technology Parks: Mohali, Noida, Jaipur, Gandhinagar, Indore, Mumbai, Pune, Kolkata, Bhubaneshwar, Vishakhapatnam, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Mysore, Chennai, Thiruvananthapuram Chapter 7 Lifelines of National Economy Golden Quadrilateral, North-South Corridor, East-West Corridor. National Highways: NH-1, NH-2, NH-7 Locating and Labelling: Major Ports: Kandla, Mumbai, Jawahar Lal Nehru, Marmagao, New Mangalore, Kochi, Tuticorin, Chennai, Vishakhapatnam, Paradip, Haldia, Kolkata International Airports: Amritsar (Raja Sansi), Delhi (Indira Gandhi International), Mumbai (Chhatrapati Shivaji), Thiruvananthapuram (Nedimbacherry), Chennai (Meenam Bakkam), Kolkata (Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose), Hyderabad (Rajiv Gandhi)

Q2. The process of rapid integration or interconnection between countries through free trade, free mobility of capital and labour is called (a) Foreign trade (b) Liberalisation (c) Globalisation (d) Privatisation Answer: c Q3. What was the main channel connecting countries in the past? (a) Labour (b) Religion (c) Technology (d) Trade Answer: d Q4. ‘The impact of Globalisation has not been fair.’ Who among the following people have not benefitted from globalisation? (a) Well off consumers (b) Small producers and workers (c) Skilled and educated producers (d) Large wealthy producers Answer: b Q5. What is the main motive behind the investments of MNCs? (a) The main motive is to increase their assets and earn profits. (b) The main motive is the welfare of the poor people. (c) The main motive of an MNCs is to offer financial support to the government of their country. (d) The main motive is to benefit foreign countries. Answer: a Q6. “MNCs keep in mind certain factors before setting up production”. Identify the incorrect option from the choices given below (a) Availability of cheap skilled and unskilled labour (b) Proximity to markets (c) Presence of a large number of local competitors (d) Favourable government policies

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Answer: c Q7. Which Indian company was bought over by Cargill Foods—a large American MNC? Pick out the name from the alternatives provided (a) Amul (b) Fun Foods Ltd. (c) Agro Tech Foods Ltd. (d) Parakh Foods Answer: d Q8. Which organisation supports liberalisation of foreign trade and investments in India? (a) International Labour Organisation (ILO) (b) World Bank (c) World Trade Organisation (WTO) (d) International Monetary Fund (IMF) Answer: c Q9. In which year did the government decide to remove barriers on foreign trade and investment in India? (a) 1993 (b) 1992 (c) 1991 (d) 1990 Answer: c Q10. Which of the following industries have been hard hit by foreign competition? (a) Dairy products (b) Leather industry (c) Cloth industry (d) Vehicle industry Answer: a Q1: Define money? Ans: It is defined as medium of exchange. Q2: What does money serve? Ans: Money serves as :
a. a unit of accounting
b. a store of value or purchasing power c. a standard of deferred payment Q12: How does banks facilitate transfers of money? Ans: Through cheques, demand drafts, credit/debit cards, ATMs and internet banking.

1. Who is known as father of green revolution in India? A. MS Swaminathan B. Vikram Sarabhai C. Somnath Desai D. S. Radhakrishnan Ans: A

2. In which year Indian Council of Agricultural Research institution was established in India? A. 1919 B. 1929 C. 1939 D. 1949 Ans: B

3. What was Tinkathia system during British rule in India? A. To cultivate Indigo on 3/20th of land B. To cultivate Tea on 3/20th of land C. To cultivate Indigo on half of land D. None of the above Ans: A

4. The scientific study of soil is known as?

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A. Sociology B. Pedology C. Soil Science D. Soil culture Ans: B

5. Which is the largest cotton growing State in India? A. Gujarat B. Bihar C. Tamilnadu D. Karnataka Ans: A

6. Which of the following is a not cash crop in India? A. Sugarcane B. Cashew C. Tobacco D. Wheat Ans: D

7. The Minimum Support Price (MSP) for Food Grains was introduced in the year? A. 1954 B. 1964 C. 1974 D. 1984 Ans: B

Agro-Based Industries in India 8. Under which plan did the Government introduce an agricultural strategy which gave rise to Green Revolution? A. First five year plan B. Second five year plan C. Third five year plan D. Fourth five year plan Ans: C

9. National Horticulture Mission (NHM) promoted by Government of India was launched under which five-year plan? A. 9th five-year plan B. 10th five-year plan C. 5th five-year plan D. 6th five-year plan Ans: B

10. The National Bamboo Mission was launched in 2006-07 is a completely? A. Centrally sponsored scheme B. State sponsored scheme C. Center and state funded scheme D. None of the above Ans: A

Chapter-4 Agriculture TYPES OF FARMING

Very Short Answers:- 1. What proportion of India’s population is engaged in agricultural activities? Ans. 60 c, 2.Which millet is rich in iron, calcium, other micro-nutrients and roughage? Ans. Raga 3.Which state of India is the leading producer of jute? Ans. West Bengal is the largest producer of jute in India. 4.Which position does India rank in terms of rice production in the world?

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Ans. India is the second largest producer of rice in the world. 5.Describe `Humming cultivation’ in one sentence. Ans. Slash and burn agriculture is locally called Humming in the north-eastern states like Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Manipur and Nagaland. 6.’Slash and burn’ farming comes under which type of farming?

Or Which type of agriculture is ‘slash and burn’ agriculture? Ans. Humming farming. 7.Which describes a system of agriculture where a single crop is grown on a large area? Ans. Plantation agriculture 8.What percentage of world’s coffee production does India produce? Ans. 3.2% Short Answers:- 1. What are millets? Give brief description of the climatic conditions and producing states of the millets grown in India. Ans. (1) The three food grains also used as fodder, is called as millets. The three food grains are mower, bare and raga. These are also known as the coarse grains, because of the presence of high nutritional values and roughage. (2) It is a khaki crop mostly grown in the moist areas without much need of irrigation. Baja grows well on sandy soils and shallow black soil. (3) In the drier western India mainly; raga is a crop of dry regions and grows well on red, black, sandy, loamy and shallow black soils. 2. Mention any three features each of intensive subsistence farming and commercial farming. Or Distinguish between intensive subsistence farming and commercial farming. Ans. (1) Intensive subsistence farming: (i) It is practiced in areas of high population pressure on land. (ii) It is labour-intensive farming. (iii) High doses of biochemical inputs and Production. (2) Commercial farming: (1) Higher doses of modern inputs like HYV seeds, chemical fertilizers are used. (ii) The main aim is to obtain higher productivity. (iii) Crops are grown mainly for sale in the market. Long Answers:- 1.With the example of sugarcane, explain the interdependence of all the three sectors of the economy. Ans. (1) Sugarcane is the cash crop produced as a tropical crop in both North India and South India. (2) It is the raw material for the sugar industries and many other beverage cola producing industries. Sugar mill produces the sugar crystals by crushing the sugarcane stems. (3) The left over material after crushing is called biogases, which can be a good ingredient for paper industry (4) The service of transportation of the sugarcanes after harvesting to the factory sites is very important; otherwise the juice can get dried up.

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(5) That is why, the role of service sector is so vital to make the connection of agricultural and industrial sectors strongly bonded. g. 2. Give any three points of distinction between primitive subsistence agriculture and commercial agriculture.

Or Compare primitive subsistence farming and commercial farming. Ans. Primitive Subsistence Farming Commercial Farming (1) It is practiced on small patches of land. (1) The size of farm is comparatively large. (2) This type of farming depends upon (2) Higher doses of modern inputs HYV monsoon and natural fertility of soil, seeds, and chemical fertilizers are used to obtain higher productivity. (3) Farmers produce food crops to sustain (3) Crops are grown mainly to sell in the family market. (4) Land is cultivated with the help of (4) Modern tools like tractors, harvesters primitive tools like hoe, Dao and digging are used for cultivation sticks. (5) In this type of agriculture land (5) Land productivity is very high productivity is low. 3. Describe any five types of farming practiced in India. Ans. Major farming systems practiced in different parts of India are: (1) Primitive Subsistence Farming: This type of farming is mainly practiced by tribal groups. It is practiced on small patches of land with the help of primitive tools and also lacks in capital and irrigational facilities. (2) Intensive Subsistence Farming: This type of farming practiced in the areas of high population pressure on land. In this type of farming, high doses of biochemical inputs and irrigation are used for obtaining higher production. (3) Commercial Farming: In commercial farming, higher doses of modern technology are used. It uses High Yielding Variety (HYV) of seeds, chemical fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides in order to obtain higher productivity. The main objective of this type of farming is to earn money and foreign exchange. (4) Plantation Agriculture: Plantation farming is a type of commercial farming where crops are grown largely for the purpose of sale or trade. In this type of farming, a single crop is grown on a large scale. It involves large capital investment and application of modem science and technology. (5) Humming: Slash and burn agriculture is locally called `Humming’ in north- eastern states like Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland. In this type of farming, farmers clear a patch of land and produce cereals and other food crops to sustain their family. 4. Describe the main features of Indian agriculture. Ans. (1) nearly two-thirds of our total population is engaged in agricultural activities. (2) It is the main source of employment in India. It provides livelihood to about 50% of the total labor force. (3) Agricultural sector produces various crops such as wheat, rice, millets, pulses, etc. Thus, it ensures food security for the country. (4) Various cash crops like cotton, sugarcane, coffee, jute are grown. In this way, agriculture provides raw materials to Agro-based industries. (5) Various agriculture products like tea, coffee, spices are exported. This helps to earn foreign exchange. 5. What is Intensive Subsistence Farming? Write three features of this type of farming. Ans:-(1) In Intensive Subsistence Farming, land is intensively is consumed mainly by the farmers’ family. There is hardly any surplus left to be sold or traded. (2) The landholdings are small and scattered due to ‘right of inheritance’.

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(3) The farmers continue to take maximum output from the limited land in the absence of alternative source of livelihood. (4) It is labour-intensive farming, where high doses of biochemical inputs and litigation are used to obtain higher yields. (5) Thus, there is enormous pressure on agricultural land. 6. Write about the features of Commercial Farming in India. Ans. (1) Commercial farming: In this type of farming crops are grown largely for the purpose of sale or trade. Mainly cash crops are grown because they fetch much higher prices in the market. (2) Features of commercial farming: (I) Higher doses of modern inputs are used (ii) It uses High Yielding Variety (HYV) of seeds, chemical fertilizers, insecticides and pest higher productivity (iii) Modern techniques and scientific methods of cultivation are practiced. Productivity as high. It is a mechanized and commercialized farming. Is (iv) The main objective of this farming is to earn money and foreign exchange. (v) The degree of commercialization of agriculture varies from one region to another. For example, rice is a commercial crop in Haryana and Punjab, while in Odessa, it is a subsistence crop. 7. Distinguish between primitive subsistence farming and intensive subsistence farming. Ans. Primitive Subsistence Farming – (1) This type of farming is practiced in areas of high population pressure on land. (2) It is practiced on small patches of land for obtaining higher production. (3) There is no pressure on agricultural (4) In this type of farming, agricultural productivity is high. (5) Farmers shift and clear a fresh patch output from limited land. Intensive Subsistence Farming – (1) This type of farming is practiced few pockets of India. (2) In this type of farming, high doses of with the help of primitive tools and also bio-chemical inputs and irrigation are used lacks in capital and irrigational facilities. (3) There is enormous pressure on land agricultural land. (4) In this type of farming, agricultural productivity is low. (5) The farmers continue to take maximum of land for cultivation. 8. Why is subsistence agriculture still practiced in certain parts of the country? Give four reasons. Ans. Subsistence agriculture is still practiced in certain parts of the country for the following reasons : (1) There is small piece of land. (2) Farmers are poor and don’t have fertilizers and High Yielding Variety of seeds. (3) Storage facilities are inadequate. (4) Agriculture mainly depends on monsoon rains. (5) Means of transport are inadequate. (6) Facilities like electricity and irrigation are generally not available to them. (7) Most of the food production is for their own consumption. Very Short Answers:- 1. Which two areas of India produce orange mainly?

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Ans. Nagpur and Cherrapunjee 2. Which crop is used both as food and fodder? Ans. Maize is a crop which is used both as food and fodder. 3. Name any one leguminous crop. Ans. Ural, mooing and maser 4. Which state is the leading producer of mower? Ans. Maharashtra is the leading producer of mower in India. 5. Which country does produce 13 per cent of the world’s vegetables? Ans. India produces about 13 per cent of the world’s vegetables. 6. What is the agricultural term used for cultivation of Recoil?

Or By which name is specialized cultivation of fruits and vegetables known?

Or What is the term used for specialized cultivation of fruits and vegetables? Ans. Horticulture is the term used for cultivation of fruits and vegetables. 7. Which is the leading coffee producer state in India? Ans. Karnataka is the leading coffee producer state in India. 8. What is the rank of India among the natural rubber producing countries of the world? Ans. India ranks fourth among the world’s natural rubber production. 9. Which crop is commercial crop in one state while subsistence crop in another state? Ans. Rice is a commercial crop in Haryana and Punjab, but subsistence crop in Odessa. 10. Which type of soil is ideal for growing cotton? Ans. Black soil is ideal for growing cotton. 11. Mention two rabbi crops.

Or Name any one rabbi crop. Ans. Two rabbi crops are: wheat, barley, peas, gram, and mustard. Short Answers:- 1. Differentiate between the two major cropping seasons of India.

Or Distinguish between rabbi and khaki cropping seasons of India with regard to sowing,

Or Which are the two main cropping seasons in India? Mention their growing and harvesting periods. Ans. Rabi Cropping Season (1) Rabi crops are sown from October to December.

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(2) They are harvested in summer from April to June. (3) Important rabbi crops are: wheat, barley, peas, gram and mustard. (4) These crops are grown in Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, J & K, Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh. (5) Availability of precipitation during winter months due to western temperate cyclones helps in success of these crops. Kharif Cropping Season- (1) Sharif crops are grown with the onset o1 monsoon. (2) These crops are harvested in September’ October. (3) Important khaki crops are: paddy, maize’ mower, Baja, etc. (4) These crops are grown mainly in Assam’ West Bengal, Odessa, Andhra Pradesh, Tao’ Nadu, Kerala, Bihar. (5) These crops are irrigated mainly through monsoon rains. 2. Give any three features of Said Season.

Or Explain `ZAID’ cropping season of India with examples. Ans. (1) said Season: In between the rabbi and the khaki seasons, there is a short season during the summer months known as the Said Season. (2) They require dry weather for major growth period and longer day length for flowering. (3) In the Indian sub-continent, the crops are grown on irrigated lands which do not wait for monsoon. (4) Some of the crops produced during `Said’ are watermelon, muskmelon, cucumber, vegetables and fodder crops. (5) Sugarcane takes almost a year to grow. Long Answers:- 1. Mention two geographical conditions required for the growth of Maize crop in India. Describe three factors which have contributed to increase maize production. Ans. Geographical conditions required for the growth of maize are as under: (i)It needs an average temperature between 21°C and 27°C. (ii) An annual rainfall of around 75 cm is required. (iii) It grows well in old alluvial soil. Factors which have contributed to increase maize production: (i) HYV seeds — It means High Yielding Variety of seeds. These seeds make it possible to produce much greater amount of grain on a single plant. They help in increasing the total production. (ii) Fertilizers and pesticides—use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in increasing production and producing best results. (iii) Irrigation—Due to well-developed irrigation facilities, the production of maize is also increased. 2. Name the important beverage crop introduced by the British in India. Explain the geographical conditions needed for its cultivation. Write any two important states where it is grown. Ans. Tea is the important beverage crop introduced by British in India. Geographical conditions needed for the cultivation of tea are as under: (i) Tea plant grows well in tropical and sub-tropical climates. (ii) Deep, fertile and well-drained soil is needed. (iii) Soil rich in humus and organic matter is required. (iv) It requires warm and moist frost-free climate throughout the year. (v) Frequent showers, evenly distributed over the year ensure continuous growth of tender leaves.

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(vi) Tea is labour intensive industry. So, it requires abundant, cheap and skilled labour. (3) Important states where it is grown are Assam and West Bengal. 3. Which is the staple food crop of India? Explain the growing conditions required for the same.

Or What are the growing conditions required for the main staple food crop of India? Mention the main growing regions.

Or Which is the staple food crop of a majority of the people in India? Mention any two regions where this crop is mainly grown. Ans. (1) The two most important staple food crops of India are rice and wheat. (2) Rice: (i) India is the second largest producer of rice in the world after China. (ii) It is a khaki crop. (iii) It requires high temperature (above 25°C) and humidity with annual rainfall -L_ ‘wove 100 cm. (iv) Major areas where rice is grown are: West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Odessa, and Andra Pradesh. Wheat: (i) It is the main food crop in north and north-western parts of the country. It is a rabbi crop. (ii) It requires a cool growing season and a bright sunshine at the time of ripening. It also requires 50 to 75 cm of annual rainfall. (iii) It is grown in alluvial and loamy soil. (iv) Major areas where wheat is grown are: Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. 4. Describe the geographical conditions required for the growth of sugarcane and tea, Mention two important states of each.

Or Describe any four geographical conditions required for the growth of sugarcane. Name any two major sugarcane producing states of north India. Ans. Geographical conditions required for the growth of sugarcane are as follows: (i) It is a tropical as well as sub-tropical crop. (ii) It requires hot and humid climate with a temperature of 21°C to 27°C. (iii) It requires an annual rainfall between 17 to 100 cm. (iv) It can be grown on a variety of soil. Major sugarcane producing states are : Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab, Haryana, etc. Major tea producing states are : Assam, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Kerala. 5. Explain any two geographical conditions required for the cultivation of pulses. Name any two important pulses producing states. Ans. (1) Geographical conditions required for the cultivation of pulses: (i) Pulses need less moisture and survive even in dry conditions. (ii) Temperature is required from 25°C to 30°C. (iii) Pulses grow well in the areas of 50-75 cm rainfall. (iv) These can be grown on all types of soil but dry light soil is the best suited. (v) Pulses are leguminous crops which help in restoring soil fertility by fixing nitrogen from the air. Thus, pulses are mostly grown in rotation with other crops. (2) Major pulses producing states are: Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Karnataka.

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6. Write any four climatic conditions required for the cultivation of rubber. Mention any two states which are the leading producers of rubber in India. Ans. (1) Climatic conditions required for the cultivation of rubber are as follows: (i) Rubber is grown in equatorial, tropical and sub-tropical climatic regions. (ii) It requires moist and humid climate. (iii) Temperature is required above 25° C. (iv) More than 200 cm rainfall is needed. (2) Kerala, Tamil Nadu are the leading producers of rubber in India. 7. What are Rabi crops’? In which period of the year are they sown and harvested in India? Mention any four states where these crops are grown mainly.

Or Explain `rabi’ cropping season of India with examples. Ans. Rabi crops: (1) Crops grown in winter months are called rabbi crops. (2) Some of the important rabbi crops are wheat, barley, peas, gram and mustard. (3) Rabi crops are sown in the winter from October to December. (4) These crops are harvested in the summer from April to June. (5) These crops are grown in large parts of India. Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir are the main rabbi crops producing states of India. 8. Which crop is known as the ‘golden fibre’? Explain two geographical conditions essential for the cultivation of this crop. Mention any four uses.

Or What is known as ‘golden fibre’? Where is it grown in India and why? Describe various uses of this fibre. Ans. (1) Jute is called golden fibre. (2) Geographical conditions for its cultivation are as follows: (i) Jute grow well in well-drained fertile soil of the floodplains where the soil is renewed every year. (ii) High temperature is required during the time of growth. (3) It grows well on well-drained fertile soils in the floodplains. (4) Therefore, it is grown in West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Desha and Meghalaya. (5) Uses: It can be used to manufacture gunny bags, mats, ropes, yarn, carpets and other artifacts. 9. Mention four geographical conditions required for the growth of tea in India. Name any two tea growing states of South India.

Or What are the soil type, climatic conditions and rainfall conditions required for the cultivation of tea? Write two states of India where tea grows.

Or Mention geographical conditions required for tea cultivation. Ans. (1) Some of the geographical conditions for the growth of tea are as follow: (a) Temperature: It requires hot and wet climate. The ideal temperature for the growth of tea bushes and leaf varies between 20°C to 30°C. If temperature either rises above 35°C or goes below 10°C, it would be harmful for the growth of tea bushes and leaves. b)Rainfall: As mentioned above tea requires a good amount of rainfall ranging between 150-300 cm and the annual rainfall should be well distributed throughout the year. Long dry spell is harmful for tea.

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(c) Soil: Tea bush grows well in well drained, deep, friable loamy soil. However, virgin forest soils rich in humus and iron content are considered to be the best soils for the tea plantation. Tea is a shade loving plant and grows better when planted along with shady trees. (2) Major tea producing states of South India are: (1) Tamil Nadu (ii) Kerala (iii) Andhra Pradesh. 10. Name any four oil seeds produced in India. Explain the importance of oil seeds in our day-to- day life.

Or Describe the importance of oil seeds. Describe the significance of oil seeds. Ans. (1) (i) Groundnut, (ii) Mustard, (iii) Coconut, (iv) Sesame (v) Soybean (vi) sunflower. (2) Importance of oil seeds: (i) Most of these are edible in the form of oil and are used for cooking foods. (ii) These are also used as raw materials for manufacturing paints, varnishes, ‘yak, perfumes, cosmetics, etc. (iii) Oil cake is used as excellent cattle feed. Oil cake is also used as fertilizer. 11. Compare the geographical conditions required for the two major cereal crops inning rice and wheat. Give one major area where they are grown.

Or Which is the second most important cereal crop cultivated in India? In which regions is it grown? Explain the growing conditions for the same.

Or Describe the geographical conditions required for the cultivation of wheat in India

Or “Wheat and rice farming in India is fairly different from each other.” Support the statement with five suitable examples.

Or Describe four geographical conditions required for the growth of wheat. Mention the two major wheat producing zones of India. Or Describe the suitable environmental conditions required for the growth of rice in India.

Or Explain the geographical conditions required for the production of rice. Also mention the major rice-producing states of India.

Or Mention any three geographical conditions required for the rice cultivation. Ans. (1) The two staple food crops of India are rice and wheat. (2) Geographical conditions for rice and wheat: Rice –(i) It requires high temperature, (above 25°C). (ii) It requires high humidity with annual rainfall above 100 cm. (iii) In the areas of less rainfall, it grows with the help of irrigation. (iv) It is grown in alluvial and loamy soil. (v) It is grown in the plains of north and north-eastern parts of India. Wheat –(i) Wheat requires a cool growing season. (ii) It requires a bright sunshine at the time of ripening. (iii) It also requires 50 to 75 cm of annual rainfall evenly distributed over the growing season. (iv) It is grown in alluvial and loamy soil: (v) It is grown in the Ganga-Satluj plants of north-western and black soil region (3) (i) Major areas where rice Andhra Pradesh. (ii) Major areas where wheat is grown are: Punjab, Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh.

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12. Name two important bevel rage crops grown in India. Who introduced these crops t the country? What type of agriculture is followed for their cultivation? Ans. (1) Tea and coffee are the two important beverage crops grown in India. (2) Iva was initially introduced by the British in India. The Arabica variety of coffee initially brought from Yemen is produced in the country. (3) Plantation agriculture is followed for their cultivation. 13. Study the given diagram and answer the questions given below: Dipped goods, 4.1% others, 4.7% Latex foam, 4% Belts and Hoses, 4.6% Auto tires and tubes, 62.2% Footwear’s, 6.6% Camel back, 4.6% Cycle tires and tubes, 9.2% (1) Which crop is used for making the goods listed in the diagram? (2) Which types of goods occupy the highest percentage? (3) Mention any one climatic condition required for the growth of this crop. (4) Name any two major producing states of this crop. Ans. (1) Rubber (2) Auto tires and tubes (62.2%). (3) (i) It is grown in tropical and sub-tropical areas. (ii) It requires moist and humid climate with rainfall of more than 200 cm. (iii) Temperature should be above 25°C. (4) Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Andaman and Nicobar Islands. 14. Explain any three geographical conditions required for the growth of rice in India. How is it possible to grow rice in areas of less rainfalls?. Explain with examples. Rice is the staple crop of India. It is grown well in hot and moist climate. The geographical conditions for Rice Cultivation are: 1.Temperature: 16°C – 27°C and rainfall 100 cm to 200 cm is ideal for rice growing. But rainfall during harvest times is harmful. Annual coverage temperature around 24°C is ideal. 2.Soil: rice is grown well on the alluvial soil or on the fertile river basins. It is also grown in mixed soil or loamy and clayey soil. 3.Land: Plain lands or gentle slopes are suitable for the production of rice. Because stagnancy of water is a must for the cultivation of rice. (2) In areas of less rainfall, it grows with the help of artificial irrigation such as in Punjab, Haryana, and Western Uttar Pradesh etc. 15. With reference to oil seeds, answer the following questions: (a) Which is the main oil seed produced in India? (b) Which state is the leading producer of that oil seed? (c) Name two oil seeds which are grown as rabbi as well as khaki crop. Ans. (a) Groundnut (b) Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. (c) (i) Sesame is a khaki crop in north and rabbi crop in south India. (ii) Castor seed is also grown both as rabbi and khaki crop. 16. How is it possible to grow rice in areas of less rainfall? Explain with examples.

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Ans. (1) In areas of low rainfall, it is grown with the help of irrigation. (2) Development of dense network of canal irrigation and tube wells has made it possible to grow rice in areas of less rainfall. (3) In Punjab. Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh and parts of Rajasthan rice produced with canal irrigation and tube wells.

TECHNOLOGICAL AND INSTITUTIONAL REFORMS Very Short Answers:- 1.Which state is known as the harbinger of ‘Green? Revolution’ India joy Ans. Punjab is known as the harbinger of ‘Green Revolution’ in India. 2.Write another name for ‘White Revolution’. Ans. Another name of White Revolution is Operation Flood. 3.Who initiated Bhoodan-Gramdan Movement? Ans. Viola Behave initiated Bhoodan-Gramdan Movement. 4.Write the full form of ICAR. Ans. Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR). Long Answers:- 1.What is the main contribution of agriculture to the national economy? Explain any five steps taken by the government of India to modernize agriculture.

Or “Agriculture is the mainstay of Indian economy.” Explain the statement. Ans. (1) (i) Agriculture is the backbone or the mainstay of the Indian economy. It has been contributing significantly in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). From 1951 onwards I the share of agriculture sector in GDP has registered a declining trend. In 2010-11 about 52 per cent of the total work force was employed by the form sector which makes more than half of the Indian population dependent on agriculture for sustenance. (ii) Besides providing livelihood and employment it also provides raw materials to agro- based industries and fodder to country’s vast livestock. (2) Considering the importance of agriculture in Indian economy, the Government of India made serious efforts to modernize agriculture in the following ways : (i) Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) was established. (ii) Agricultural universities, veterinary colleges and universities have been setup. (iii) Animal breeding centers, horticulture development, research and development in the field of meteorology have been established. (iv) Weather forecast are also given priority. (v) Steps are taken for improvement of rural infrastructure. 2.Describe the technical and institutional reforms occurred in Indian agriculture.

Or Describe any five technological and institutional reforms initiated to improve the standard of agriculture in India. Or Describe the institutional and technical changes introduced in the field of agriculture in India in the recent years. Ans. (1) The government provides HYV seeds and fertilizers.

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(2) Special weather bulletins and agricultural programmed for farmers are introduced on radio and television. (3) Government provides technical assistance and training for farmers. (4) Soil testing facilities, cold storage and transportation facilities are provided by government for farmers. (5) Veterinary services, animal breeding centers, horticulture development like facilities are provided by the government for farmers. 3.Describe any five steps taken by the government of India to increase the productivity of agriculture in India. Or Explain any three institutional reforms introduced by the government in the interest of farmers.

Or Explain any four institutional reforms programmed introduced by the government in the interest of farmers.

Or Describe any five reforms brought in the Indian agriculture after independence through the efforts of the Indian Government.

Or Suggest two technological and three institutional reforms taken by the government to ensure the increase in agricultural production. Ans. (1) The right of inheritance has led to fragmentation of land holdings. Therefore, collectivization, consolidation of land holdings, cooperation and abolition of zamindari system, etc. are given priority to bring about institutional reforms. (2) The Green Revolution based on the use of package technology was initiated to improve Indian agriculture. (3) Land development programmed was initiated, which included provisions for crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, fire and diseases, establishment of Graeme Banks, Cooperative Societies, etc. (4) Kiss an Credit Card (KCC), Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PATS) were also introduced for the benefit of farmers. (5) Special weather bulletins and agricultural programmed for farmers are run on the radio and television. (6) To check the exploitation of farmers by speculators and middlemen, the government announces Minimum Support Price, remunerative and procurement prices for important crops.

VALUE BASED QUESTIONS 1.Two boys from your school visited two different villages and presented the reports mentioning the features of agriculture practiced there. These features are listed below : (1) Small land piece (2) Poor farmers (3) Rich farmers (4) Availability of fertilizers and pesticides (5) Use of traditional equipment’s of agriculture (6) Use of combine and thresher machines (7) Low production (8) Developed irrigation system (9) Adequate means of transport (10) Monsoon-based irrigation. One of the students reported that there was subsistence agriculture practiced in the village he visited. What do you think which are the features in the above list which he is talking about ? Ans. (1) Small land piece (2) Poor farmers

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(3) Use of traditional equipment’s of agriculture (4) Low production (5) Monsoon-based irrigation. 2.”In India, agriculture production is under pressure.” In the light of the above statement, mention a few challenges before Indian agriculture. Ans. (1) Lack of irrigation facilities (2) Dependence on monsoon (3) Inadequate marketing and storage facilities (4) Competition with global market prices of agriculture products (5) High cost of HYV seeds, chemical fertilizers and pesticides. (6) Lack of modern agricultural equipments and technology.

Geography Chapter-5 Mineral and Energy Resources

Short Answers:- 1.How do geologists define minerals? Give one example each of the hardest and the softest minerals. [1] Ans. (1) Geologists define minerals as a “homogenous, naturally occurring substance with a definable internal structure”. (2) Minerals are found in varied forms in nature. (3) The hardest form of mineral is diamond and softest is talc. 2.Distinguish between rocks and minerals. Give one example of each. Ans. Rocks–(1) Rocks are combinations of homogeneous occurring substance with a definable internal structure. (2) Majority of rocks consist of several in nature, ranging from the hardest diamond to the softest talc. (3) For example, granite, sandstone. Minerals – (1) Minerals are homogeneous naturally substances called minerals. (2) Minerals are found in varied forms minerals in varying proportions. (3) For example, iron, manganese. 3.Describe any three points of importance of minerals in our daily life. [3] Ans. Minerals are an indispensable part of our lives. For example; (1) The railway lines and the tarmac of the roads, our implements and machinery are made from minerals. (2) Cars, buses, trains, aero planes are manufactured from minerals. (3) From a tiny pin to a towering building or a ship, all are made from minerals (4) In all stages of development, human beings have used minerals for their livelihood, decoration, festivities, religious and ceremonial rites, etc. 4.What is the difference in approach of Geographers and Geologists in the study of mineral resources? [3] Ans. (1) (i) Geographers study minerals as part of the earth’s crust for a better understanding of land forms. (ii) The distribution of mineral resources and associated economic activities are of great interest to Geographers. (2) (i) A Geologist is interested in the formation of minerals, their age and physical and chemical composition. (ii) They define minerals as a homogeneous naturally occurring substance with a definable internal structure.

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(iii) The formation of minerals depends upon the physical and chemical conditions under which the material forms. This results in a wide range of colors, hardness, crystal forms, lustier and density that a particular mineral possesses. Geologists use their properties to classify the minerals.

CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS

Short Answers:- 1.Classify minerals into the three groups. Give one example of each. Ans. Classification of minerals: Metallic minerals: These can be classified into: (i) Ferrous (containing iron): For example, iron ore, manganese, nickel, cobalt, etc. (ii) Non-ferrous minerals: For example, copper, lead, tin, bauxite, etc. (iii) Precious: For example, gold, silver, platinum, etc. (2) Non-metallic minerals: For example, mica, salt, potash, granite, limestone, etc. (3) Energy minerals: For example, coal, petroleum, natural gas, etc.

MODE OF OCCURRENCE OF MINERALS Very Short Answers:- 1.Why has aluminum metal great importance? [1] Ans. Aluminum metal has great importance because it combines the strength of metals such as iron, with extreme lightness and also with good conductivity and great malleability. 2.Name the minerals formed as ‘placer deposits’. Ans. Gold, silver, tin and platinum. 3.How are minerals formed in sedimentary rocks? Ans. They formed as a result of deposition, accumulation and concentration in horizontal strata. 4.Name the two types of iron-ore found in India. Ans. (i) Magnetite, (ii) Hematite. 5.Name any two minerals obtained from veins and lodes. Ans. Two minerals obtained from veins and lodes are : copper and zinc. 6.Name the mineral for which the Blight mines of Madhya Pradesh are famous. Ans. Blight mines of Madhya Pradesh are famous for copper. 7.What is at-Hole Mining’? Ans. Coal mining in Jokai and Cherapunjee is done by family members in the form of a long narrow tunnel, known as tat-Hole Mining’. 8.Where are Bilabial hills located and why are they called so? [1] Ans. Bilabial hills are located in the Bestir district of Chhattisgarh. They are called so because the range looks like the hump of an ox. 9.Which factors affect the economic viability of a reserve? Ans. (1) The concentration of mineral in the ore. (2) The ease of extraction.

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(3) Closeness to the market. 10.What is Hematite? Ans. Hematite is a type of iron ore. 11.In which places of Odessa-Jharkhand belt is iron-ore found? Ans. (1) In Odessa, iron ore is found in Badampahar mines in the Mayurbhanj and Kandahar districts. (2) In Jharkhand, iron ore is mined in Guam and Normandy. 12.In which form do minerals occur in the sedimentary rocks? Ans. Beds or layers 13.Which is the basic mineral and the backbone of industrial development in India? Ans. Iron ore 14.How is gypsum formed? Ans. It is formed as a result of evaporation especially in arid regions. 15.Which type of iron ore has the content of iron up to 70%? Ans. Magnetite 16.Which iron ore deposits is known to be one of the largest in the world? Ans. The Kudermukh iron ore deposits it. 17.Which is the largest manganese producing state of India? Ans. Odessa 18.Which minerals provide a strong base for the development of metallurgical industries? Ans. Ferrous minerals 19.Which mine in Karnataka is a 100% export unit of iron ore? Ans. Kudermukh 20.India is critically deficient in the reserve and production of which mineral? Ans. Copper 21.Koderma-Gaya-Hazaribagh belt of Bihar-Jharkhand is the leading producer of which mineral? Ans. Mica Short Answers:- [3] 1.Explain veins and lodes. Which minerals are found in them? Ans. (1) In igneous and metamorphic rocks, minerals may occur in the cracks, crevices, faults or joints. The smaller occurrences are called veins and the larger are called lodes. (2) In most cases, they are formed when minerals in liquid/molten and gaseous forms are forced upward through cavities towards the earth’s surface. They cool and solidify as they rise. (3) Major metallic minerals like tin, copper, zinc and lead, etc. are obtained from veins and lodes.

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2.What type of mineral is limestone? Describe its uses and distribution Ans. (1) Limestone is a non-metallic mineral. It is found in association with rocks composed of calcium carbonates or calcium and magnesium carbonates Uses of limestone: (i) It is the basic raw material for cement industry. (ii) It is essential for smelting iron ore in the blast furnace. (3) Distribution: It is produced in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, etc. 3.Why is mica considered the most important mineral in electric and electronics industries? Give reasons.

Or “Mica is an indispensable mineral in the electronic industry.” Evaluate. Ans. (1) Mica is a non-metallic mineral made up of a series of plates or leaves. (2) It can split easily into thin sheets. These sheets can be so thin that a thousand can be layered into a mica sheet of a few centimeters high. (3) Due to its excellent did-electric strength, low power loss factor, insulating properties and resistance to high voltage, it is used in electric and electronic industries. 4.Name the rock mineral which is the basic raw material for a cement industry. State its composition and use. Ans. (1) Limestone is the basic raw material for the cement industry. (2) It is found in association with rocks composed of calcium carbonates or calcium and magnesium carbonates. (3) It is used for smelting iron ore in the blast furnace. 5. State the facts about iron-ore found in India with reference to following: (i) Two types of iron-ore (ii) Two exporting ports (iii) Two major destinations of the exports. Ans. (1) Two types of iron-ore: (a) Magnetite, (b) Hematite. (ii) Two exporting ports: (a) Vishakhapatnam. (b) Mangalore. (iii) Two major destinations of the exports :Japan, (b) South Korea. 6.What is an ore? Name any two ores of iron. Ans. (1) The term, ore is used to describe an accumulation of any mineral mixed with other elements. Two ores of iron: (i) Magnetite, (ii) Hematite. 7.Describe the position of India regarding the non-ferrous minerals with their importance. Ans. (1) India’s reserves and production of non-ferrous minerals are not very satisfactory. (2) These minerals include copper, bauxite, lead, zinc and gold. (3) They play a vital role in a number of metallurgical, engineering and electrical industries. 8.Explain the formation of Bauxite and name the metal obtained from it. [1] Ans. (1) Formation of bauxite involves the decomposition of surface locks, and the removal of soluble constituents, leaving a residual mass of weathered material containing ores. (2) Aluminum is extracted from bauxite.

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9.Mention any three properties of copper. Name three mines from which copper is extracted. Ans. Copper is: (1) malleable, (2) ductile and (3) good conductor of heat and electricity. Copper is extracted from: (1) Blight mines in Madhya Pradesh. (2) Sing hum district in Jharkhand. (3) Cheri mines in Rajasthan. 10.State any two uses of limestone and name any two states which are the major producers of limestone.

Or State two uses of limestone and also the states where it is produced. Ans. (1) Two uses of limestone: (i) It is the basic raw material for cement industry. (ii) It is essential for smelting iron ore in the blast furnace. (2) It is produced in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat’ Tamil Nadu, etc. Long Answers:- 1.Define mineral. How are minerals formed in igneous and metamorphic rocks? Explain any three types of formations in which minerals occur.

Or Name any three forms in which minerals are found.

Or Explain the mode of occurrence of minerals in igneous and metamorphic rocks with examples. Ans. (1) Mineral is a homogeneous, naturally occurring substance with a definable internal structure. Minerals occur in different types of formations: (i) In igneous and metamorphic rocks, minerals may occur in the cracks, crevices, faults or joints. The smaller occurrences are called veins and larger are called lodes. Tin, copper, zinc, lead are obtained from veins and lodes. In most cases, they are formed when minerals in liquid/molten and gaseous forms are forced upward through cavities towards the earth’s surface. They cool and solidify as they rise. (ii) In sedimentary rocks, a number of minerals occur in beds or layers. Coal and some forms of iron ore have been concentrated as a result of long periods under great heat and pressure. Another group of sedimentary minerals include gypsum, potash salt and sodium salt. (iii) Another mode of formation involves the decomposition of surface rocks, and the removal of soluble constituents, leaving a residual mass of weathered material containing ores. (iv) Certain minerals may occur as alluvial deposits in sands of valley floors and the base of hills. Gold, silver, tin and platinum are most important among such minerals. (v) The ocean waters contain vast quantities of minerals. Common salt, magnesium and bromine are derived from ocean waters. The ocean beds are also rich in manganese nodules. 2.Highlight any three factors which play an important role in turning a mineral resource into a mine. Ans. The factors which play important role in turning a mineral reserve into a mine are: (1) Concentration of mineral in the ore: If concentration of minerals is more, then only it is economical to extract them. (2) The ease of extraction: Some mineral resources occur on the earth’s surface while others may occur deep under the earth’s surface. It is difficult to mine beyond a depth of about 2,000 m. (3) Closeness to the market: If the mine is close to the market then, transportation cost also reduces. If the market is far off then cost of mineral increases. It also leads to wastage in loading and unloading of mineral resources.

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(4) The place where it occurs: The minerals available in regions of harsh climate or rugged topography are difficult to extract. (5) The cost of processing it: The cost of processing the minerals also determines its total cost. Thus, it plays an important role in determining whether reserve should be converted into a mine or not. 3.Name any three major iron ore belts found in India. Write main features of each.

Or Explain the distribution of iron-ore in India. Ans. The major iron ore belts in India are: (1) Odessa-Jharkhand belt: In this belt, high grade hematite ore is found. The major mines of this belt are Mayurbhanj, Kandahar, and Sing hum. (2) Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur belt: It lies in Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra. Very high grade hematites are found in the famous Bilabial range of hills. This range comprises 14 deposits of super high grade hematite iron ore. (3) Bellary-Chitradurga-Chikmaglur-Tumkur belt: It lies in Karnataka. It has large reserves of iron ore. Kudermukh deposits are known to be one of the largest in the world. (4) Maharashtra-Goa belt: This belt is located in the state of Goa and Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra. Ores found here are not of very high quality. Here, iron ore is exported through Maragos port. 4.Which type of minerals has provided a strong base for the development of metallurgical industries in India? Explain with the help of examples. Ans. (1) Ferrous minerals like iron ore, manganese has provided a strong base for the development of metallurgical industries in India. (2) Iron ore is the basic mineral and the backbone of industrial development. (3) Magnetite (a type of iron ore) has excellent magnetic qualities, especially valuable in the electrical industry. (4) Manganese is mainly used in the manufacturing of steel and Ferro-manganese alloy. (5) It is also used in manufacturing bleaching powder, insecticides and paints. 5.Explain any three reasons for variation in the distribution of minerals in India. Or How minerals are unevenly distributed in India? Explain with examples. Ans. (1) Variation in the distribution of minerals in India is because of (i) the differences in the geological structure (ii) Processes (iii) time involved in the formation of minerals. (2) Peninsular rocks contain most of the reserves of coal, metallic minerals and mica. (3) Sedimentary rocks on the western and eastern flanks of peninsula have petroleum deposits. (4) Alluvial plains of north India are devoid of economic minerals. 6. “Minerals found in the ocean waters mostly are not of economic significance.” Give one reason. Name any two minerals derived from ocean water. Ans. Minerals found in the ocean waters mostly are not of economic significance because: (i) These are too widely diffused. (ii) The higher cost and environmental constraints of marine mining. (iii) Mining is hampered by technological constraints (depth of ocean). Two minerals derived from ocean water: (i) Common salt (ii) Magnesium (iii) Bromine (iv) Manganese nodules.

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7.Name a clay like substance from which alumina and later aluminum is obtained. Give its formation, uses and distribution. Ans. (1) Bauxite. (i) Formation-Bauxite deposits are formed by the decomposition of a wide variety of rocks rich in aluminum silicates. (ii) Uses-It combines the strength of metals such as iron, with extreme lightness and also with good conductivity and great malleability. (iii) Distribution—Bauxite deposits are found in the Amarkantak plateau, Magical hills and the plateau region of Bilaspur-Katni. 8.Mention any four mineral resources in which India is fairly rich. By which mineral resource does India earn foreign exchange? Explain.

Or “India is fortunate to have fairly rich and varied mineral resources.” Elaborate the statement. Ans. (1) Four mineral resources in which India is fairly rich are: (i) Iron ore, (ii) Manganese, (iii) Bauxite, (iv) Mica. (2) India earns foreign exchange by iron ore. Very high grade hematite’s (a type of iron ore) are found in the famous Bilabial range of hills in the Bestir district of Chhattisgarh. The range of hills comprise of 14 deposits of super high grade hematite iron ore. It has the best physical properties needed for steel-making. Iron ore from these mines is exported to Japan and South Korea via Vishakhapatnam port. 9.Explain the mode of occurrence of minerals in sedimentary rocks, with examples. Ans. (1) In sedimentary rocks, a number of minerals occur in beds or layers. (2) They have been formed as a result of deposition, accumulation and concentration in horizontal strata. (3) Coal and some forms of iron ore have been concentrated as a result of long periods under great heat and pressure. (4) Another group of sedimentary minerals include gypsum, potash salt and sodium salt, These are formed as a result of evaporation especially in arid regions. 10.Name the mineral formed by decomposition of surface rocks. Which metal is extracted out of it? Which two properties of this metal make it very important? Ans. (1) Bauxite is formed by the decomposition of surface rocks. (2) Aluminum is extracted out of it. (3) (i) Aluminum is important metal because it combines the strength of metals such as iron with extreme lightness. (ii) It has good conductivity and great malleability. 11.Name the iron-ore mines of Karnataka located in Western Ghats. List any two features of these mines.

Or Name the largest iron-ore mines of Karnataka located in Western Ghats. Write any two features of these mines. Ans. (1) Kudermukh iron ore mines of Karnataka are located in Western Ghats. (2) (i) These mines are a 100 per cent export unit. (ii) These are known to be one of the largest in the world. (iii) The ore is transported as slurry through a pipeline to a port near Mangalore. 12.Name the finest quality of iron-ore with a high content of iron and state any two characteristics of it.

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Or Which is the finest quality of iron-ore? Write any two characteristics of it.

Or Name the most important industrial iron-ore in terms of quantity. Write any two characteristics of it. Ans. (1) Magnetite is the finest quality of iron ore. (2) (i) It has a very high content of iron up to 70 per cent. (ii) It has excellent magnetic qualities. (iii) It is valuable in the electrical industry. 13.Diatribe the two main qualities of iron ore deposits of India. State the two types of iron ore mainly found in the country. Identify the major areas known for the production of iron ore.

Or Describe the qualities of two types of iron ore found in India. Mention the major areas known for the production of iron ore. Ans. (1) (i) India is endowed with fairly abundant resources of iron ore. (ii) India is rich in good quality iron ores. (2) Two types of iron ore mainly found in the country are: (i) Magnetite (ii) Hematite. (3)The major areas known for the production of iron ore: (i) Odessa (ii) Jharkhand (iii) Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur in Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra. (iv) Bellary-Chitradurga-Chikmaglur-Tumkur in Karnataka. 14.Which state is the largest producer of manganese in India? Mention any four uses of manganese.

Or Write any three uses of manganese. Ans. (1) Odessa is the largest producer of manganese in India. (2) Uses of manganese: (i) It is used in the manufacturing of steel. (ii) It is used in the manufacturing of Ferro-manganese alloy. (iii) It is also used in manufacturing of bleaching powder. (iv) It has its uses in insecticide and paint industries. 15.Which is the basic mineral and is the backbone of industrial development? Give its main features. Ans. (1) Iron ore is the basic mineral and the backbone of industrial development. (2) (i) It provides a strong base for the development of metallurgical industries. (ii) Hematite has the best physical properties needed to steel-making. (iii) Iron has excellent magnetic qualities, especially valuable in the electrical industry (iv) Various other industries are dependent for their tools and equipment on this mineral. 16.Explain the importance of iron, manganese, mica, bauxite, copper. Ans. (1) Iron ore is the basic mineral and the backbone of industrial development Magnetite iron ore has excellent magnetic qualities, especially valuable in the electrical industry. (2) Manganese is mainly used in the manufacturing of steel and Ferro-manganese alloy. It is also used in manufacturing of bleaching powder, insecticides and paints. (3) Mica is one of the most indispensable minerals used in electric and electronic industries It has excellent did-electric strength, low power loss factor, insulating properties and resistance. to high voltage.

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(4) From bauxite aluminum is obtained. It combines the strength of metals such as iron, with extreme lightness and also with good conductivity and great malleability. (5) Copper is malleable, ductile and a good conductor to heat and electricity. It is mainly used in electrical cables, electronics and chemical industries. 17.What is a mineral? Distinguish between ferrous and non-ferrous minerals.

Or Distinguish between ferrous minerals and non-ferrous minerals. Give two examples of each. Ans. (1) Mineral is a homogeneous, naturally occurring substance with a definable internal structure. (2) Difference between ferrous and non-ferrous minerals: Ferrous Minerals – (i) The minerals which do not contain iron are known as ferrous minerals. (ii) They have their own utility and are used it They also provide strong base for electrical, electronic, chemical, engineering metallurgical industries. (iii) Ferrous minerals account for about of the total value of the satisfactory production of metallic minerals. (iv) Iron, manganese, cobalt are the examples. Non-Ferrous Minerals – (i) The minerals containing iron-content content are known as non-ferrous minerals (ii) They are used in iron and steel industry industries. (iii) India’s reserves and prccluction of non-fern: three-fourths minerals are not veil (iv) Copper, bauxite, lead, zinc, gold are the examples. 18.Name a non-metallic mineral made up of a series plates or leaves. Give its characteristics, use, and distribution.

Or Name the non-metallic mineral which can split easily into thin sheets. Mention its uses Ans. (1) Mica is the non-metallic mineral made up of a series of plates or leaves. (2) Mica can split easily into thin sheets. These sheets can be so thin that a thousand c be layered into a mica sheet of a few centimeters. (3) Characteristics : It has excellent did-electric strength, low power loss factor, insulating properties, resistance to high voltage. (4) Uses : It is used in electric and electronic industries. (5) Distribution : (i) Mica deposits are found in the northern edge of the Chita Nagpur plateau. (ii) Koderma-Gaya-Hazaribagh belt of Jharkhand is the leading producer. (iii) Ajmer in Rajasthan. (iv) Nellore in Andhra Pradesh. 19.Explain the impact of mining on the health of miners and the environment? Suggest any one solution.

Or How is the mining activity injurious to the health of the miners and environment? Explain. Ans. (1) Mining activity is often called a ‘Killer Industry’ due to high risks involved. (2) The dust and poisonous fumes inhaled by the miners make them vulnerable pulmonary diseases. (3) The extraction of minerals from nature often creates imbalances, which adversely affect the environment. (4) The key environmental impacts of mining are on wildlife and fishery habitats, the water balance, local climates and the pattern of rainfall, sedimentation, the depletion of forests and the disruption of the ecology. (5) Effects of mining on environment in India : (i) The operations of Kudermukh Iron ore company in the Western Ghats in Karnataka state have caused large scale destruction of the hills, pollution of groundwater and affected Kudermukh National Park. (ii) The miners face health hazards arising out of on-site pollution due to dust gases, noise and polluted water.

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(iii) In Hair and Ranging coal fields in Jharkhand, there are more than 500 abandoned mines covering about 1800 hectares. 20.Differentiate between metallic and non-metallic minerals with examples. Ans. Metallic minerals–(1) Metallic minerals are those from which metals are obtained. (2) These minerals are, malleable and ductile. (3) These minerals occur in igneous and metamorphic rocks. (4) Metallic minerals show luster. (5) For example, iron ore, manganese, copper, tin etc. Non-metallic minerals –(1) These minerals do not contain metals. (2) Non-metallic minerals are non-malleable and non-ductile. (3) These minerals occur in sedimentary rocks. (4) Non-metallic minerals do not show luster. (5) For example, gypsum, potash, salt, etc.

CONSERVATION OF MINERALS

Long Answers: 1.Explain the objectives of conservation of minerals. Why is it essential for future economic growth? Explain. Or Explain the importance of conservation of minerals. Highlight any three measures to conserve them. Ans. (1) We need to conserve mineral resources because: (i) Minerals are finite and non-renewable. (ii) They are extremely valuable but short-lived possessions. (iii) Continuous extraction of ores leads to increasing cost of minerals. Mineral extraction comes from greater depths along with decrease in quality. (2) We can conserve minerals in the following ways: (i) We should use resource in planned and sustainable manner. (ii) Recycling of metals by using scrap. (iii) Improved technology to allow use of low grade ores. (iv) Using other substitutes. 2.What efforts are required to use mineral resources in a planned and sustainable Meitner? Explain in three points.

Or Suggest some measures to conserve the minerals. Ans. (1) Recycling of metals: Ferrous metals like steel is one of the most recycled materials. The most recycled items are containers, coins, automobiles appliances and construction materials. It is cheaper to recycle steel than to mine iron ore. Steel does not lose any of its inherent physical properties during recycling process. (2) Use of substitutes or alternative resources: Since metals and fossil fuels are available in a fixed quantity therefore, using substitutes or alternative resources is the need of the hour. (3) Resource planning: Resource planning is another important aspect. Resource should be used in such a way that future generations may not face problems. Priorities need to be fixed in advance so that resources can be used accordingly. (4) Important technology needs to be improved to avoid wastage during different processes of extracting minerals from the ores.

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CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY Very Short Answers:- 1.Why is natural gas considered as environment friendly? Ans. Natural gas is considered as environment friendly fuel because of low carbon dioxide emissions. 2.Which type of coal has the highest content of moisture? Ans. Lignite 3.Which is the oldest oil producing state in India? Ans. Assam 4.Which type of coal is used for generation of electricity? Ans. Lignite 5.Which oilfield produces more than 50% of India’s petroleum? Ans. Mumbai High 6.Identify the popular liquid fuel used for vehicles which is environmental friendly. Ans. CNG Short Answers:- 1.Highlight the importance of petroleum. Explain the occurrence of petroleum in India. Or Mention any three uses of the petroleum. Ans. Importance of Petroleum: 1.Petroleum is the major energy source in India. 2. Provides fuel for heat and lighting. 3. Provides lubricant for machinery. 4. Provides raw material for a number of manufacturing industries. 5. Petroleum refineries act as nodal industry for synthetic, textile, fertilizer and chemical industries. Its occurrence: (a).Most of the petroleum occurrences in India are associated with anticlines and fault traps. (b).In regions of folding, anticline or domes, it occurs where oil is trapped in the crest of the upfold. (c).Petroleum is also found in fault traps between porous and non-porous rocks. 2.Describe the distribution of natural gas reserves in India. Ans. (1) Natural gas is considered an environment-friendly fuel because of low carbon dioxide emissions. (2) Large reserves of natural gas have been discovered in the Krishna-Godavari basin. (3) Along the west coast the reserves of the Mumbai High and allied field are supplemented by finds in the Gulf of Cambay. (4) Andaman and Nicobar islands are also important areas having large reserves of natural gas. (5) The power and fertilizer industries are the key users of natural gas. 3 Why is coal the most important energy source in India even today? Give three reasons. Ans. (1) Coal is the main source of energy as it provides about 67% of energy needs in our country. (2) Coal is used as a fuel in households, thermal power plants and in industry.

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(3) Coal is used in manufacture of fuel gases like coal gas. 4 “Coal is an exhaustible resource. There is a great need to conserve it.” Suggest and explain five measures to reduce dependence on coal. Ans. We can reduce the dependence on coal in the following ways: (1) The mining techniques should be improved so that the wastages are cut down and optimum production is got. (2) As a fuel for industries, we should try to generate more power from renewable sources like hydroelectricity and atomic energy. (3) Coal is extensively used as domestic fuel. This can be substituted by natural gas, biogas and to some extent, solar energy, etc. Smokeless Cholas are also useful. (4) Till the recent past, Indian Railways were mainly using coal to run their steam engines. The electrification of railway and use of diesel engines has cut down the consumption of coal. (5) We should take a serious account of the coal situation and try to use it judiciously so that we may enjoy its benefits for a longer time. 5. “Natural gas is considered an environment friendly fuel.” Explain the statement in two points. Ans. (1) Natural gas is considered an environment friendly fuel because of low carbon dioxide emissions. (2) It does not cause air pollution or environmental degradation. Thus, it is the fuel for the present century (3) The power and fertilizer industries are the key users of natural gas. 6.What are the two main ways of generating electricity? How are they different from each other? Explain.

Or Name three methods of generation of electricity? Explain how electricity is generated using these method? Ans. Electricity is generated mainly in two ways: 1.(i) By running water which drives hydro turbines to generate hydro-electricity (ii) Hydro-electricity is generated by fast flowing water, which is a renewable resource (2) (i) Thermal power is generated by burning other fuels such as coal, petroleum and natural gas to drive turbines to produce electricity. (ii) Thermal power stations use non-renewable fossil fuels for generating electricity, 7.’The conventional sources of energy are fast getting depleted, if we are not careful, there will be an acute shortage.’ Support the statement with examples. Ans. (1) India is becoming increasingly dependent on fossil fuels such as coal, oil for energy production. (2) It has led to the depletion of conventional energy resources. (3) Rising prices of oil and gas and their potential shortages have raised uncertainties about the security of energy supply in future. (4) To fulfill the energy demands the energy resources are over exploited. (5) Increasing use of fossil fuels also causes serious environmental problems. 8.Why is energy required for all activities? How can energy be generated? Exp

Or “Energy is required for all activities.” Support the statement with examples. Ans. (1) (i) Energy is a basic requirement for economic development. (ii) Every sector of the national economy — agriculture, industry, services — needs inputs of energy

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(iii) The economic development plans require increasing amount of energy to remain operational. (2) (i) Energy can be generated from fuel minerals like coal, petroleum, natural gas, uranium and from electricity. (ii) In the recent years, energy has also been started generating from non-conventional sources like solar, wind, tidal, geothermal, biogas, etc. 9.In which two main geological ages does coal occur in rock series in India? Mention any two features of coal of each age.

Or Describe about Godwin and Tertiary coals in India.

Or Describe the rock series of two main geological ages of occurrence of coal in India. Ans. (1) Godwin coal is a little over 200 million years in age. The major resources of Godwin coal which are metallurgical coal are located in Deodar Valley, Hair, Flanagan; and Bokhara. The Godavari, Mahanadi, Son and Wareham valleys also contain coal deposits. (2) Tertiary coal deposits are only about 55 million years old. Tertiary coals occur in the north-eastern states of Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland. 10.Classify the energy resources and write any three characteristics of each.

Or Classify the energy resources into two categories. Mention any two features of each. Ans. (1) Energy resource can be classified into two types — conventional and non-conventional. Conventional energy resources: (i) The sources of power like coal, petroleum, natural gas are called conventional energy resources. (ii) They have been in use for a long time. (iii) They have limited reserves and are likely to get exhausted. Non-conventional energy resources: (i) Solar, wind, geo-thermal, tidal and biogas are called non-conventional energy resources. (ii) This energy is abundant, renewable, pollution free and eco-friendly. (iii) It can be more easily supplied to rural, urban and remote areas. Thus, it is called the ‘energy of the future’. 11.Identify the second most important energy resource in India after coal. Mention its two uses along with its deposits in India.

Or Which is the second most important energy resource in India after coal? Mention its importance as a source of energy and as a source of raw material. Ans. (1) Petroleum or mineral oil is the next major energy source in India after coal. Two uses of petroleum: (i) It provides fuel for heat and lighting, lubricants for machinery and raw materials for a number of manufacturing industries. (ii) Petroleum refineries act as a nodal industry for synthetic textile, fertilizer and numerous chemical industries. (3)Deposits of petroleum: (i) Ankeleshwar in Gujarat. (ii) Igbo, Naharkatiya and Moran-Ugrian in Assam.

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12.What are the major sources of energy in rural household of India? Identify the major problems faced due to these sources. Give suggestions to solve these problems. Ans. (1) Firewood and cattle dung cake are the major sources of energy in rural household of India. (2) Major problems faced due to these sources are: (i) using cow dung is discouraged because it consumes most valuable manure which could be used in agriculture. (ii) Continuation of these sources of energy is increasingly becoming difficult due to decreasing forest area. (3) Suggestions to solve these problems: (i) Awareness must be developed in the rural areas regarding the non-conventional sources of energy like solar energy, wind energy etc. It will minimize the dependence of rural households on firewood and dung cakes, which in turn, will contribute to environmental conservation and adequate supply of manure in agriculture. (ii) Government should take initiatives in setting up the biogas plants in rural areas. 13.Where does petroleum occur under the earth? Mention the major producing centers of petroleum in India.

Or Describe the occurrence of petroleum in India. Ans. (1) (i) The occurrence of petroleum in India is associated with anticlines and fault traps in the rock formations of the tertiary age. (ii) In regions of folding, anticlines or domes, it occurs where oil is trapped in the crest of the unfold. The oil bearing layer is a porous limestone or sandstone through which oil may flow. The oil is prevented from rising or sinking by intervening non-porous layers. (iii) Petroleeum is also found in fault traps between porous and non-porous rocks. (2) (i) Major petroleum producing centers in India : Mumbai High (63%), Gujarat (18%), Assam (16%). (ii) Ankeleshwar is the most important field of Gujarat. (iii) Igbo, Naharkatiya and Moran-Ugrian in Assam are important oil fields in the state. 14.How is energy a basic requirement for the economic development of the country? Explain with examples. Ans. Energy is the basic requirement for economic development. (1) Every sector of the national economy—agriculture, industry, service needs inputs of energy. Energy is required to run machines in industries, agricultural equipments, transport, communications, etc. (2) The economic development plans implemented since independence necessarily required increasing amounts of energy to remain operational. (3) To run our international trade or to export, import various goods, efficient transport system is required which again requires energy resources. 15.Explain the distribution and importance of petroleum. Or Explain the role of petroleum in the economy of our country. Highlight its distribution. Ans. (1) Petroleum is important because: (i) It provides fuel for heat and lighting. (ii) It provides lubricants for machinery. (iii) It provides raw materials for a number of manufacturing industries. (iv) Petroleum refineries act as a nodal industry for synthetic textile, fertilizer and numerous chemical industries.

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(2) Four oil fields of India are : (i) Ankeleshwar (Gujarat), (ii) Mumbai High, (iii) Igbo and Naharkatiya (Assam) and (iv) Moran-Ugrian (Assam). 16.Give three differences between hydro and thermal electricity. Which one of the two is better and why? Ans. (1) Difference between hydro and thermal electricity: Hydro-electricity-(1) Hydro electricity is generated by fast flowing water. (2) Hydro power station uses water to generate electricity which is a renewable resource. (3) It is pollution free. (4) Dams are helpful not only in generating electricity but also serve various other purposes like irrigation, etc. Thermal electricity- (1) Thermal electricity is generated using coal, petroleum and natural gas. (2) The thermal power stations use non-renewable fossil fuels for generating electricity. (3) It pollutes the atmosphere. (4) In thermal power plants only electricity is generated. (2) Hydro-electricity is better because it is generated by fast flowing water which is a renewable resource. The multi-purpose projects which are constructed to generate electricity are also useful for various other purposes like irrigation, controlling floods, fisheries, etc. 17.Describe the features of different types of coal found in India.

Or Which is the most abundantly available fossil fuel in India? Assess the importance of its different forms. Ans. Coal is the most abundantly available fossil fuel in India. (1) Peat: Decaying plants in swamps produce peat. It has a low carbon and high moisture contents and low heating capacity. (2) Lignite is a low grade brown coal, which is soft with high moisture content. The principal lignite reserves are in Naively in Tamil Nadu and are used far generation of electricity. (3) Coal that has been buried deep and subjected to increased temperatures is bituminous coal. It is the most popular coal in commercial use. Metallurgical coal is high grade bituminous coal which has a special value for smelting iron in blast furnaces. (4) Anthracite is the highest quality hard coal. (5) In India, coal occurs in rocks series of two main geological ages, namely Godwin, a little over 200 million years in age and in tertiary deposits which are about 55 million years old. Godwin coal is located in Deodar Valley. Tertiary coals occur is Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland.

NON-CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY

Very Short Answers:- 1.How are to bar gas plants’ beneficial to the farmers? Ans. Goober gas plants provide twin benefits to the farmers in the form of energy and improved quality of manure. 2.Why should the use of cattle cake as fuel be discouraged? Ans. The use of cattle cake as fuel should be discouraged because it consumes most ‘equable manure which could be used in agriculture. 3.What is contained in the monazite sand?

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Ans. Thorium is contained in the monazite sand. 4.Name two places where geo-thermal projects are located in India. Ans. Parfait Valley in Himachal Pradesh and Pug Va