DeLaunechapter 02
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Chapter 2 Theoretical Foundations of Nursing Nursing: Standards & Practices, 2E
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Transcript of DeLaunechapter 02
Chapter 2
Theoretical Foundations of Nursing
Fundamentals of Nursing: Standards & Practices, 2E
Copyright 2002 by Delmar, a division of Thomson Learning 2-2
What is a Concept?
A concept is the basic building block of a theory.
A concept labels a phenomenon. Concepts assist us in formulating a
mental image about an object or situation.
A conceptual framework is a structure that links global concepts together.
Copyright 2002 by Delmar, a division of Thomson Learning 2-3
What is a Proposition?
A proposition is a statement that proposes a relationship between concepts.
A proposition is the structural element of a theory.
Propositional statements in a theory represent the theorist’s view of which concepts fit together.
Copyright 2002 by Delmar, a division of Thomson Learning 2-4
What is a Theory?
A theory is a set of concepts and propositions that provide an orderly way to view phenomena.
The purpose of a theory is description, explanation and prediction.
A theory helps us to organize our thoughts and ideas.
Theories guide research.
Copyright 2002 by Delmar, a division of Thomson Learning 2-5
Importance of Nursing Theories
Theories provide a framework for thought in which to examine situations.
Theories provide a structure for communicating with other nurses and other health team members.
Copyright 2002 by Delmar, a division of Thomson Learning 2-6
Theories assist the nursing discipline in clarifying beliefs, values, and goals.
Theories help to define the unique contribution of nursing in the care of clients.
Copyright 2002 by Delmar, a division of Thomson Learning 2-7
Scope of Theories
Grand theoryMiddle-range theoryMicro-range theory
Copyright 2002 by Delmar, a division of Thomson Learning 2-8
Knowledge Development in Nursing
The Metaparadigm of Nursing• Metaparadigm concepts provide the
boundaries and limitations of a discipline.• Disciplines are distinguished from each
other by differing metaparadigm concepts.• The major concepts that provide structure to
the domain of nursing are person, environment, health, and nursing.
Copyright 2002 by Delmar, a division of Thomson Learning 2-9
What is a Paradigm?• It is a particular way of viewing the
phenomena of concern that have been delineated by the metaparadigm of the discipline.
Copyright 2002 by Delmar, a division of Thomson Learning 2-10
Two individuals with different paradigmatic views can look at the same phenomenon and each will view the phenomenon differently.
The prevailing paradigm in a discipline represents the dominant viewpoint of particular concepts.
Copyright 2002 by Delmar, a division of Thomson Learning 2-11
A paradigm revolution is the turmoil and conflict that occur in a discipline when a competing paradigm gains acceptance over the dominant paradigm.
Copyright 2002 by Delmar, a division of Thomson Learning 2-12
A paradigm shift refers to the acceptance of the competing paradigm over the prevailing paradigm or a shifting away from one worldview toward another worldview.
Copyright 2002 by Delmar, a division of Thomson Learning 2-13
Two Paradigms in Nursing:• Totality Paradigm• Simultaneity Paradigm
Copyright 2002 by Delmar, a division of Thomson Learning 2-14
Nursing Theorists
Florence Nightingale• considered nursing to be both an art and a
science.• stressed the importance of caring for the ill
person rather than the illness.• thought a person’s health was the direct
result of environmental influences (cleanliness, light, pure air, pure water, efficient drainage).
Copyright 2002 by Delmar, a division of Thomson Learning 2-15
Early Nursing Theorists:• Hildegard Peplau• Virginia Henderson• Faye Abdellah• Joyce Travelbee• Josephine Paterson and Loretta
Zderad
Copyright 2002 by Delmar, a division of Thomson Learning 2-16
Contemporary Nursing Theorists• Myra Levine• Dorothea Orem• Sister Callista Roy• Martha Rogers• Rosemarie Parse
Copyright 2002 by Delmar, a division of Thomson Learning 2-17
Theories for the New Worldview of Nursing
They describe, explain, and predict the phenomena of concern to nursing from a more holistic perspective.
The client has primacy. The client-environment interaction is of
utmost importance. Theories include those by Jean Watson,
Martha Rogers, Rosemarie Parse.
Copyright 2002 by Delmar, a division of Thomson Learning 2-18
Theory of Human Caring
Developed by Jean Watson in the 1980s Offers a new way of conceptualizing
human-to-human transactions that occur daily in nursing practice
Composed of 10 curative factors which are classified as nursing actions or caring processes
Copyright 2002 by Delmar, a division of Thomson Learning 2-19
The Science of Unitary Human Beings
Developed by Martha RogersThe person is viewed as a unified
whole and seen as greater than, and different from, the sum of the parts.
Copyright 2002 by Delmar, a division of Thomson Learning 2-20
The person is a human energy field that interacts with the environmental energy field resulting in the process of life.
Nursing aims to repattern the rhythm and organization of energy fields so that the person’s integrity is heightened.
