degree voc syllabus completed - Parul...

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PARUL

UNIVERSITY

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DEGREE

VOCATIONAL

EDUCATION

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PARUL INSTITUTE OF VOCATIONAL EDUCATION

DEGREE VOCATIONAL EDUCATION

IST YEAR DETAILED SYLLABUS

VOCATIONAL CONTENT

1. ADVANCED IT SKILLS

2. CPR

3. Anatomy

4. Physiology

5. Biochemistry

GENERAL CONTENT

1. CHEMISTRY

2. MICROBIOLOGY

3. COMPUTER SCIENCE

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Advanced IT Skills

1. Introduction to Computer a) Function and components of a computer b) Types & characteristics of computers c) Input and Output devices d) Auxiliary storage devices

2. Introduction to Windows a) Starting Windows b) Handling the mouse & windows controls c) Using menus and dialog boxes

3. Introduction to MS office a) Microsoft Word b) Basic c) Working with text d) Mail Merging e) Previewing and Printing a Documents f) Microsoft Excel g) Introduction to Electronic Spreadsheets h) Excel Basics i) Formatting the worksheet j) Formula, Function and Graph k) Microsoft PowerPoint l) Introduction to Presentations m) Presentation Basics n) Presentation Packages o) Menus and Toolbars p) Editing, Formatting and Displaying

Note: Practical based on all above topics

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CPR

1. Introduction to Adult CPR 2. Definition of CPR 3. Benefits of CPR for Cardiac Arrest Victims 4. Mechanisms of CPR

a) Compressions for circulation b) Respirations for oxygenation

5. Physiology of Chest Compressions 6. Physiology of Rescue Breathing 7. Indications for CPR 8. Scene Safety 9. Checking for Unresponsiveness 10. When to call for help

If you are a lone rescuer call the required number and retrieve the defibrillator 11. The EMS System 12. The ABC’s

a) Airway b) Breathing c) Circulation

13. Opening the Airway Head tilt chin lift maneuver

14. Checking for Breathing a) Look for chest rise b) Listen for air movement c) Feel if air is moving out of the victim

15. Protective Barriers a) Pocket Mask b) Face Shields

16. Providing Rescue Breaths a) Give 2 breaths b) Give each breath over 1 second c) Take a fresh breath between each breath

17. Providing Chest Compressions a) Correct Hand Position b) Correct Compressions Depth c) Position victim on hard surface d) Push Hard Compress chest 1 to 2 inches, Push Fast Compress at a rate of 100 e) compressions per minute

18. Compression Ventilation Ratio Alternate 30 Compressions with 2 breaths

19. Second Rescuer Alternate frequently to prevent fatigue

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20. When to discontinue CPR When AED arrives and is ready to be attached when emergency care professionals arrive and take over care of the victim when you are too exhausted to continue

Note: Practical based on all above topics

ANATOMY

1. Introduction: Human body as a whole a) Theory:

Definition of anatomy and its divisions. Terms of location, positions and planes. Cell and its organelles. Epithelium: definition, classification, describe with examples, function. Glands: classification, describe serous & mucous glands with examples. Basic tissues: classification with examples

2. Locomotion and support a) Theory:

Cartilage: types with example & histology. Bone: classification, names of bone cells, parts of long bone, microscopy of compact bone, names of all bones, vertebral column, inter-vertebral disc, fontanelles of fetal skull. Joints: classification of joints with examples, synovial joint (in detail for radiology). Muscular system: classification of muscular tissue & histology, names of muscles of the body.

b) Practical: Demo of all bones showing parts, radiographs of normal bones & joints.

Names of important muscles of the body.

3. Cardiovascular system a) Theory:

Heart: size, location, chambers, exterior & interior, blood supply of heart. Systemic & pulmonary circulation, branches of aorta, common carotid artery, subclavian artery, axillary artery, brachial artery, superficial palmar arch, femoral artery, internal iliac artery, peripheral pulse, inferior vena cava, portal vein, porto-systemic anastomosis, great saphenous vein, dural venous sinuses. Briefly about Lymphatic system: cisterna chyli & thoracic duct, names of regional lymphatics, axillary and inguinal lymph nodes in brief.

b) Practical: Demonstration of heart and vessels in the body. tonsil & thymus. Normal chest radiograph showing heart shadows. Normal angiograms.

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4. Gastro-intestinal system a) Theory:

Parts of GIT, oral cavity, lip, tongue (with histology), tonsil, dentition, pharynx, salivary glands, Waldeyer’s ring, oesophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, radiographs of abdomen.

b) Practical : Demonstration of parts of gastro intestinal system. Normal radiographs of gastro intestinal system. Histology of gastro intestinal system.

5. Respiratory system a) Theory:

Parts of RS, nose, nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, lungs, broncho-pulmonary segments, trachea, lung and pleura, names of paranasal air sinuses.

b) Practical : Demonstration of parts of respiratory system. Normal radiographs of chest. Histology of lung and trachea. 6. Peritoneum

a) Theory: Description in brief.

b) Practical: Demonstration of reflections. 7. Urinary system

a) Theory: Kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, male and female urethra. Histology of kidney, ureter and urinary bladder.

b) Practical: Demonstration of parts of urinary system. Histology of kidney, ureter, urinary bladder. Radiographs of abdomen-IVP, retrograde cystogram. 8. Reproductive system

a) Theory: Parts of male reproductive system, testis, vas deferens, epididymis, prostate (gross). Parts of female reproductive system, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovary (gross). Mammary gland:

b) Practical: Radiographs of pelvis, hystero-salpingogram. 9. Endocrine glands

b) Theory: Endocrine glands: pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, suprarenal glad (gross).

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9. Nervous system

a) Theory: Neuron, classification of nervous system, cerebrum, cerebellum, midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata, spinal cord with spinal nerve (gross & histology), meninges, ventricles & cerebrospinal fluid, names of basal nuclei, blood supply of brain, cranial nerves.

b) Practical:

Histology of peripheral nerve & optic nerve. Demonstration of all plexuses and nerves in the body. Demonstration of all parts of brain. 10. Sensory organs:

a) Theory: Skin: histology, appendages of skin. Eye: parts of eye & lacrimal apparatus. Extra-ocular muscles & nerve supply. Parts of ear: external, middle and inner ear and contents. (Optometry students)

b) Practical:

Histology of thin and thick skin. Demonstration and histology of eyeball. Histology of cornea & retina. 11. Embryology:

a) Theory: Placenta.

b) Practical: Demonstration of models. REFERENCE BOOKS 1. William Davis (P): Understanding Human Anatomy and Physiology MC Graw Hill 2. Chaurasia: A Text book of Anatomy 3. T.S. Ranganathan: A text book of Human Anatomy 4. Fattana: Human anatomy(Description and applied) Saunder’s & C P Prism Publishers,

Bangalore – 1991 5. Ester M Grishcimer: Physiology & Anatomy with Practical Considerations, J.P. Lippin

Cott. Philadelphia. 6. Bhatnagar: Essentials of Human embryology. Revised Edition Orient Blackswan Pvt.

Ltd.

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PHYSIOLOGY Theory 1. Blood Introduction: composition and function of blood. Red blood cells: erythropoiesis, stages of differentiation, function, count, physiological variation. (for MLT students) Structure, function, concentration, physiological variation, methods of estimation of haemoglobin. White blood cells: production, function, life span, count, differential count. Platelets: origin, normal count, morphology functions. Plasma proteins: production, concentration, types, functions, albumin, globulin, fibrinogen, prothrombin. Haemostasis: definition, normal haemostasis, clotting factors, mechanism of clotting, disorders of clotting factors. Blood bank: Blood groups: ABO system, Rh system. Blood grouping & typing, cross matching. Rh system: Rh factor, Rh incompatibility. Blood transfusion: indication, universal donor and recipient concept. Selection criteria of a blood donor, transfusion reactions. Anticoagulants: classification, examples and uses. Anaemias: morphological and etiological classification, effects of anemia on body. Blood indices: colour index, MCH, MCV, MCHC. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and packed cell volume, normal values, definition, determination. Blood volume: normal value, determination of blood volume and regulation of blood volume. Body fluid: pH, normal value, regulation and variation. Lymph: lymphoid tissue formation, circulation, composition and function of lymph. 2. Cardiovascular system Heart: physiological anatomy, Cardiac output (only definition). Heart sounds, normal heart sounds, areas of auscultation.

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Blood pressure: definition, normal value, clinical measurement of blood pressure. Physiological variations, regulation of heart rate, cardiac shock, hypotension, hypertension. Pulse: jugular, radial pulse, triple response. Heart sounds: normal heart sounds, causes, characteristics and significance, heart rate. Electrocardiogram (ECG) significance.

3. Digestive System Physiological anatomy of gastro intestinal tract, functions of digestive system. Salivary glands: structure and functions, deglutition: stages and regulation. Stomach: structure and functions. Gastric secretion: Pancreas: structure, function. Functions of liver. Bile secretion, composition, function, regulation of bile secretion, bilirubin metabolism, types of bilirubin, , jaundice: types, significance. Functions of gall bladder. Small intestine: functions, digestion, absorption, movements. Large intestine: functions, digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, lipids, defecation 4. Respiratory system Functions of respiratory system, physiological anatomy of respiratory system, respiratory tract, respiratory muscles. Respiratory organs: lungs, alveoli, respiratory membrane, stages of respiration. Transportation of respiratory gases: transportation of oxygen: direction, pressure gradient, forms of transportation, oxygenation of Hb. Quantity of oxygen transported. Lung volumes and capacities Regulation of respiration: Applied physiology and respiration: hypoxia, cyanosis, asphyxia, dyspnea, dysbarism, artificial respiration, apnoea.

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5. Endocrine System (for MLT students) Definition, classification of endocrine glands & their hormones, properties of hormones. Thyroid gland hormone: physiological anatomy, hormone secreted, physiological function, regulation of secretion, disorders: hypo and hyper secretion of hormone. Adrenal cortex: physiological anatomy of adrenal gland, adrenal cortex, cortical hormones, functions and regulation. Adrenal medulla: hormones, regulation and secretion. Functions of adrenaline and nor adrenaline. Pituitary hormones: anterior and posterior pituitary hormones, secretion, function. Hormones of pancreas. Insulin: secretion, regulation, function and action. Diabetes mellitus: regulation of blood glucose level. Parathyroid gland: function, action, regulation of secretion of parathyroid hormone. Calcitonin: function and action. 6. Special senses (for OPTOMETRY students)

Vision: structure of eye, function of different parts. Structure of retina. Hearing: structure and function of ear, mechanism of hearing.

7. Nervous system Brief description 8. Excretory System

Functions of kidneys, structure and function. Mechanism of urine formation: Properties and composition of normal urine, urine output. Abnormal constituents in urine, mechanism of urine concentration. Counter-current mechanisms : micturition, cystourethrogram. Diuretics : water, diuretics, osmotic diuretics, artificial kidney, renal function tests: plasma clearance, Renal function tests.

9. Reproductive system

Function of reproductive system, puberty. Male reproductive system: functions of testes, spermatogenesis:

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Female reproductive system: ovulation, menstrual cycle: physiological changes during pregnancy, pregnancy test. Lactation:

10. Muscle nerve physiology – brief description 11. Skin

Structure and function, body temperature measurement, physiological variation, regulation of body temperature by physical chemical and nervous mechanisms. Role of hypothalamus, hypothermia and fever.

Practicals

Haemoglobinometry. White blood cell count. Red blood cell count. Determination of blood groups. Leishman’s staining and differential WBC count. Determination of packed cell Volume. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). Calculation of blood indices. Determination of clotting time, bleeding time. Blood pressure recording. Auscultation for heart sounds. Artificial respiration. Determination of vital capacity.

REFERENCE BOOKS 1. Guyton (Arthur): Text Book of Physiology.Latest Ed. Prism publishers. 2. Chatterjee CC: Human Physiology Latest Ed.Vol-1, Medical Allied Agency. 3. Choudhari Sujith K: Concise Medical Physiology Latest Ed. New Central Book. 4. Ganong William F: Review of Medical Physiology. Latest Ed. Tata McGraw Hill.

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BIOCHEMISTRY Theory: 1. Specimen collection: Pre-analytical variables. Collection of blood. Collection of CSF & other fluids. Urine collection. Use of preservatives. Anticoagulants. 2. Introduction to laboratory apparatus Pipettes: different types (graduated, volumetric, Pasteur, automatic etc). Calibration of glass pipettes. Burettes, beakers, petri dishes, depression plates. Flasks: different types (volumetric, round bottomed, Erle Meyer conical etc). Funnels: different types (conical, Buchner etc). Bottles: reagent bottles – graduated and common, wash bottles – different type specimen bottles 3. Measuring cylinders, porcelain dish Tubes: test tubes, centrifuge tubes, test tube draining rack. Tripod stand, wire gauze, bunsen burner. Cuvettes, significance of cuvettes in colorimeter, cuvettes for visible and UV range. Cuvette holder racks: bottle, test tube, pipette, dessicator, stop watch, timers, scissors. Dispensers: reagent and sample. Maintenance of lab glass ware and apparatus. Glass and plastic ware in laboratory. Use of glass: significance of boro silicate glass, care and cleaning of glass ware, different cleaning solutions of glass. Care and cleaning of plastic ware, different cleaning solution. 4. Instruments (Theory and demonstration) Diagrams to be drawn Use, care and maintenance of: water bath, oven & incubators, water distillation plant, water de ionisers, refrigerators, cold box, deep freezers, reflux condenser, centrifuge, balances, colorimeter, spectrophotometer, pH meter and electrodes. Centrifuges: definition, principles, Svedberg unit, centrifugal force, centrifugal field, RPM, conversion of G to RPM and vice versa, different types of centrifuges. Manual balances: single pan, double pan, triple balance, direct read out electrical balances. Guideline to be followed and precautions to be taken while weighing. Weighing different types of chemicals, liquids, hygroscopic compounds etc. Colorimeter, spectrophotometer, pH meter, electrodes, salt bridge solution: principles, parts, types, guidelines to be followed and precautions to be taken while using. 5. Safety of measurements

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6. Conventional and SI units 7. Theory & Practicals: for all the following under this section: molecular weight, equivalent weight of elements and compounds, normality, molarity. Preparation of molar solutions (mole/litre solution) eg: 1 M NaCl, 0.15 M NaCl, 1 M NaOH, 0.1 M HCl, 0.1 M H2S04 etc. Preparation of normal solutions. eg, 1N Na2CO3, O.1N Oxalic acid, 0.1 N HCl, 0.1N H2S04, 0.66 N H2S04 etc., percent solutions. Preparation of different solutions: v/v w/v (solids, liquids and acids). Conversion of a percent solution into a molar solution. 8. Dilutions Diluting solutions: e.g. preparation of 0.1 N NaCl from 1 N NaCl & from 2N NaCl etc, preparing working standard from stock standard, body fluid dilutions, reagent dilution techniques, calculating the dilution of a solution, body fluid reagent etc, saturated and supersaturated solutions. Technique for preparation of standard solutions eg: glucose, urea, etc, significance of volumetric flask in preparing standard solutions. Volumetric flasks of different sizes, preparation of standard solutions of deliquescent compounds (CaCl2, potassium carbonate, sodium hydroxide etc). Preparation of standards using conventional and SI units acids, bases, salts and indicators. 9. Acids and Bases Definition, physical and chemical properties with examples., ionisation of water, buffer, pH value of a solution. Preparation of buffer solutions using pHmeter. Salts: definition, classification, water of crystallization, definition and different types, deliquescent and hygroscopic salts. 10. Acid- base indicators: (Theory and Practicals) Theory Definition, concept, mechanism of dissociation of an indicator, colour change of an indicator in acidic and basic conditions, use of standard buffer solution and indicators for pH determinations, preparation and its application, list of commonly used indicators and their pH range, suitable pH indicators used in different titrations, universal indicators. Practicals Titration of a simple acid and a base (preparation of standard solution of oxalic acid and using this solution finding out the normality of a sodium hydroxide solution. Acid to be titrated using this base Calculation of normality of an acid or a base after titration, measurement of hydrogen ion concentration. 11. Quality control Accuracy, precision. Specificity, sensitivity, limits of error allowable in laboratory, percentage error.

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Normal values and Interpretations. 12. Special Investigations Serum electrophoresis, immunoglobulins, drugs: digitoxin, theophyllines, regulation of acid base status, Henderson Hasselbach equations, buffers of the fluid, pH regulation, disturbance in acid base balance, anion gap, metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, basic principles and estimation of blood gases and pH, basic principles and estimation of electrolytes, water balance, sodium regulation, bicarbonate buffers, nutrition, nutritional support with special emphasis on parental nutrition, calorific value, nitrogen balance, respiratory quotient, basal metabolic rate, dietary fibers, nutritional importance of lipids, carbohydrates and proteins, vitamins. PRACTICALS

Analysis of normal urine. Composition of urine. Procedure for routine screening. Urinary screening for inborn errors of metabolism. Common renal disease. Urinary calculus. Urine examination for detection of abnormal constituents. Interpretation and diagnosis through charts. Liver function tests. Lipid profile. Renal function test. Cardiac markers. Blood gas and electrolytes. Estimation of blood sugar, blood urea and electrolytes. Demonstration of strips, demonstration of glucometer.

REFERENCE BOOKS

1. Varley: Clinical chemistry 2. Teitz: Clinical chemistry 3. Kaplan: Clinical chemistry 4. Ramakrishna S, Prasanna KG, Rajna: Text book of Medical Biochemistry. Latest Ed.

Orient longman Bombay –1980

5. Vasudevan DM, Sreekumari,S: Text book of Biochemistry for Medical students, Latest Ed

6. Das, Debajyothi): Biochemistry, Latest ED, Academic, Publishers, Calcutta – 1992 7. Rajagopal G & Ramakrishna, 1983: Practical Biochemistry for Medical Students

Oriental Blackswan Pvt. Ltd. 8. Rajagopal: Practical Biochemistry for Medical students-, Orient Longman PVT Ltd.

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Chemistry Paper I Inorganic Chemistry – I I Atomic Structure

Idea of de Broglie matter waves, Heisenberg uncertainty principle, atomic orbitals, Schrodinger wave equation, significance of and 2, quantum numbers, radial and angular wave functions and probability distribution curves, shapes of s, p, d orbitals.

II Periodic Properties Atomic and ionic radii, ionization energy, electron affinity and electronegativity - definition, methods of determination or evaluation, trends in periodic table.

III Chemical Bonding A. Covalent Bond - Valence bond theory and its limitations, directional characteristics of

covalent bond, various types of hybridization and shapes of simple inorganic molecules and ions. Valence shelf electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory to NH3, H3O+ , SF4 , CIF3, ICl2

- and H2O . MO theory, homonucfear and heteronuclear (CO and NO) diatomic molecules, mutt(center bonding in electron deficient molecules, bond strength and bond energy, percentage ionic character from dipole moment and electronegativity difference.

B. Ionic Solids - ionic structures, radius ratio effect and coordination number, limitation of

radius ratio rule, lattice defects, semiconductors, lattice energy and Born-Haber cycle, solvation energy and solubility of ionic solids.

C. Weak Interactions - Hydrogen bonding, van der Waals forces

IV p-Block Elements Comparative study (including diagonal relationship) of groups 13-17 elements, hydrides of boron-diborane and higher boranes, borazine, fuJlerenes, carbides, fluorocarbons, silicates(structural principle).

V Chemistry of Noble Gases Chemical properties of the noble gases, chemistry of xenon, structure and bonding in xenon compounds.

PAPER II Organic Chemistry – I I Structure and Bonding

Hybridization, bond lengths and bond angles, bond energy, localized and delocalized chemical bond, van der Waals interactions, inclusion compounds, clatherates, charge transfer complexes, resonance, hyperconjugation, aromaticity, inductive and field effects, hydrogen bonding.

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II Mechanism of Organic Reactions Curved arrow notation, drawing electron movements with arrows, half-headed and double-headed arrows, homolytic and heterolytic bond breaking. Types of reagents-electrophiles and nucleophiles.Types of organic reactions. Energy considerations. Reactive intermediates - carbocations, carbanions, free radicals, Carbones, arynes and nitrenes (with examples).

III Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds

Concept of isomerism.Types of isomerism. Optical isomerism - elements of symmetry, molecular chirality, enantiomers, stereogenic contra, optical activity, properties of enantiomers, chiral and achiral molecules with two stereogeniccentres, diastereomers, threo and erythrodiastereomers, meso compounds, resolution of enantiomers, inversion, retention and racemization. Relative and absolute configuration, sequence rules, D&L and R&S systems of nomenclature. Geometric isomerism –Basic Concept

IV Alkanes and Cycloalkanes

IUPAC nomenclature of branched and unbranched alkanes, methods of formation (with special reference to Wurtz reaction, Kolbe reaction, Corey-House reaction and decarboxylation of carboxylic acids), physical properties and chemical reactions of alkanes. Mechanism of free radical halogenation of alkanes: orientation, reactivity and selectivity. Cycloalkanes - nomenclature, methods of formation, chemical reactions.

V Alkenes, Cycloalkenes, Dienes and Alkynes Nomenclature of alkenes, methods of formation, mechanisms of dehydration of alcohols and dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides, regioselectivity in alcohol dehydration. The Saytzeff rule, Hofmann elimination, physical properties and relative stabilities of alkenes. Chemical reactions of alkenes - mechanisms involved in hydrogenation, electrophillic and free radical additions, Markownikoff's rule, hydroboration-oxidation, oxymercuration-reduction. Epoxidation, ozonolysis, hydration, hydroxylation and oxidationwith KMnO4.Polymerization of alkenes. Methods of formation, conformation and chemical reactions of cycloalkenes. Nomenclature and classification of dienes: isolated, conjugated and cumulated dienes. Diels-Alder reaction. Nomenclature, structure and bonding in alkynes. Methods of formation.Chemical reactions of alkynes, acidity of alkynes.Mechanism of electrophilic and nucleophilic addition reactions. VI Arenes and Aromaticity Nomenclature of benzene derivatives.The aryl group.Aromatic nucleus and side chain. Structure of benzene: molecular formula and Kekule structure. Stability and carbon-

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carbonbond lengths of benzene, resonance structure, MO picture. Aromaticity: the Huckel rule, aromatic ions. Aromatic electrophitic substitution - general pattern of the mechanism, role of s- and P- complexes.Fredel-Crafts reaction. Activating and deactivating substituents,orientation and ortho/para ratio. Birchreduction. Methods of formation and chemical reactions of alkylbenzenes VII Alkyl and Aryl Halides Nomenclature and classes of alkyl halides, methods of formation, chemical reactions. Mechanisms of nucleophilic substitution reactions of alkyl halides, SN2 and SN1 reactionswith energy profile diagrams. Polyhalogen compounds: chloroform, carbon tetrachloride.

Methods of formation of aryl halides, nuclear and side chain reactions. PAPER III-Physical Chemistry – I I Mathematical Concepts and Computers Mathematical Concepts

Logarithmic relations, curve sketching, linear graphs and calculation of slopes, differentiation of functions like kx, ex, xn, sin x, log x; maxima and minima, partial differentiation and reciprocity relations. Integration of some useful/relevant functions; permutations and combinations. Factorials. Probability.

II Gaseous States

Postulates of kinetic theory of gases, deviation from ideal behavior, van def Waals equation of state. Critical Phenomena : PV isotherms of real gases, continuity of states, the isotherms of vander Waals equation, relationship between critical constants and van der Waals constants,the law of corresponding states, reduced equation of state.

Molecular velocities: Root mean square, average and most probable velocities. Qualitativediscussion of the Maxwell's distribution of molecular velocities, collision number,meanfree path and collision diameter. Liquification of gases (based on Joule- Thomson effect). III Liquid State Intermolecular forces, structure of liquids (a qualitative description). Structural differences between solids, liquids and gases.

Liquid crystals: Introduction.

IV Solid State Definition of space lattice, unit cell. Laws of crystallography - (i) Law of constancy ofinterfaciaf angles (ii) Law of rationalityofindices (iii) Law of symmetry. Symmetry elements in crystals. X-ray diffraction by crystals. Derivation of Bragg equation. Determination of crystal structure of NaCl and CsCl (Laue’s method and Powder method.

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V Colloidal State Definition of colloids, classification of colloids. Solids in liquids (sols): properties - kinetic, optical and electrical; stability of colloids, protective action, Hardy-Schulze law, gold number. Liquids in liquids (emulsions): types of emulsions, preparation. Emulsifier.

Liquids in solids (gels): classification, preparation and properties, inhibition, general

VI Chemical Kinetics and Catalysis Chemical kinetics and its scope, rate of a reaction, factors influencing the rate of a

reaction - concentration, temperature, pressure, solvent, light, catalyst. Concentration dependence of rates, mathematical characteristics of simple chemical reactions – zero order, first order, second order, pseudo order, half life and mean life. Determination of theorder of reaction - differential method, method of integration, method of half life period andisolation method. Effect of temperature on rate of reaction, Arrhenius equation, concept of activation energy. Simple collision theory based on hard sphere model, transition state theory (equilibrium hypothesis). Catalysis, characteristics of catalysed reactions, classification of catalysis, miscellaneous examples.

PAPER IV Laboratory Course I Inorganic Chemistry

Semimicro Analysis - cationanalysis,.separation and identification of ions from Groups I,II, III, IV, V and VI. Anion analysis.

Organic Chemistry

Determination of melting point

Naphthalene 80 – 82o, Benzoic acid 121.6 -122o Urea 152.5 – 133o, Succinic acid 184.5-185o

Determination of boiling points(any two)

Ethanol 78o, Cyclohexane 81.4o, Toluene 110.6o, Benzene 80o Mixed melting point determination Urea-Cinnamic acid mixture of various compositions (1:4, 1:1, 4:1) Distillation Simple distillation of ethanol-water mixture using water condenser Distillation of nitrobenzene and aniline using air condenser

Crystallization (any two) Concept of induction of crystallization Phthalic acid from hot water (using fluted filter paper and stemless funnel) Acetanilide from boiling water

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Naphthalene from ethanol Benzoic acid from water

Decolourisation and crystallization using charcoal Decolorisation of brown sugar (sucrose) with animal charcoal using gravity filtration. Crystallization and decolorisation of impure naphthalene (l00 g of naphthalene mixed with 0.3 g of Congo Red using 19 decolorising carbon) from ethanol.

Qualitative Analysis Detection of extra elements (N, S and halogens) and functional groups (phenolic, carboxylic, carbonyl, esters, carbohydrates, amines, amides, nitro and anilide) in simple organic compounds.

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY Chemical Kinetics

1. To determine the specific reaction rate of the hydrolysis of methyl acetate/ethyl acetate catalyzed by hydrogen ions at room temperature.

2. To study the effect of acid strength on the hydrolysis of an ester. Distribution Law

To study the distribution of iodine between water and CCI4. Viscosity, Sur/ace Tension

1. To determine the percentage composition of a given mixture (non interacting systems) by viscosity method.

2. To determine the percentage composition of `a given binary mixture by surface tension method (acetone & ethyl methyl Ketone)

OR Simultaneous measurements of surface tension and viscosity with Survismeter.

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Microbiology FUNDAMENTALS OF MICROBIOLOGY SECTION-A

1. History, development, scope and applications of Microbiology.

2. Methods of Microbiology isolation of pure cultures, theory and practice of sterilization.

3. Microscopic examination of micro-organism, bright field microscopy, dark field microscopy, phase contrast microscopy, electron microscopy.

4. Staining of microbes, theory of Gram staining. 5. Nature of Microbial World: Prokaryotes and eucaryotes, growth pattern in microbes.

SECTION-B

1. Morphology & fine structure of bacteria, fungi, actinomycete and algae. 2. Organization of cell wall, cell membrane, flagella and capsules in bacteria. 3. Morphogenesis in bacteria, formation of spores and cysts. 4. Animal Viruses: Morphology, cultivation and viral disease cycle. 5. Bacteriophages: Morphology, multiplication, detection and enumeration. 6. Biotransformation of

(a) D-Sorbitol to L-Sorbose. (b) Antibiotics. (c) Steroids.

SECTION-C 1. Recombinant DNA technology, genetic engineering and gene cloning in micro-organisms. 2. Strategies of genetic engineering. Restriction enzymes, vectors, plasmids. 3. Genetic engineering for human welfare.

(a) Production of pharmaceuticals. (b) Insect pest control. (c) Use of Genetically Engineered Micro-organisms (GEMs) for control of pollution.

SECTION-D 1. Rhizosphere & Rhizoplane micro-organisms, reasons for increased microbial activity in

rhizosphere. 2. Biogeochemical Cycling—Carbon cycle, Nitrogen cycle, Phosphorus & Sulphur cycle. 3. Symbiotic & non-symbiotic Nitrogen fixation biofertilisers & biopesticides. 4. Sewage (waste-water) treatment, chemical characteristics, microbiological

characteristics, waste water treatment processes.

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MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY—METABOLISM SECTION-A

1. Microbial Nutrition: Requirements for Growth. Physical requirement (temperature,pH, osmotic pressure), chemical requirements (C, N, S, P, O).

2. Culture Media: Chemically defined media, complex media, anaerobic growth media, selective & differential media, and enrichment culture. Cultivation of Aerobes and Anaerobes.

3. Microbial Growth: Growth in population, bacterial growth curve, mathematical nature

and expression, measurement of growth in bacteria, Factors affecting growth in microorganisms, continuous cultures and synchronous cultures.

SECTION-B

1. Enzymes and their Regulation: Chemical and physical properties of enzymes. 2. Nomenclature of Enzymes. 3. Mechanism of enzymes action. 4. Inhibition of enzyme action. 5. Regulation of enzymes.

SECTION-C Microbial Metabolism:

1. Respiration and fermentation. 2. Glycolysis, Pentose Phosphate pathway, The Entner Doudoroff pathway, Fermentation. 3. Tricarboxylic acid cycle. 4. Catabolism of lipid, proteins. 5. Glyoxylate cycle. 6. Beta oxidation.

SECTION-D Microbial Utilization of Energy & Biosynthesis:

1. Transport of nutrient by bacteria. Biochemical mechanisms of generation of ATP. 2. Synthesis of Amino Acids: Glutamate, lysine, glutamine, serine, arginine family. 3. Structures and biosynthesis of cell wall peptidoglycan. 4. Biosynthesis of Carbohydrates (gluconeogenesis) & Phospholipids. 5. Replication of DNA molecules, Transcription & Translation (process of protein synthesis).

Bacterial Genetics: 1. Conjugation. 2. Transformation. 3. Transduction (generalized transduction, specialized transduction). 4. The Regulation of Gene Expression: Lac operon, tryptophan operon.

PRACTICALS

1. Use of microscope in examination of unstained bacteria, fungi, algae, parasites and stained cell preparations including simple staining, Gram’s staining, acid fast staining, capsule staining, spore staining using prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, hanging drop

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preparation. 2. Preparation of culture media, spread plates, pour plates, selective media, differential

media. 3. Separation of pure cultures and study the effect of selective nutrients on prokaryotes. 4. Isolation of Soil Bacteria, Soil Fungi, Soil Actinomycets. 5. Selective media for Soil microflora and use of growth factors, Study of Rhizosphere

interactions, Quantitative measurements of Soil nutrients and Rhizosphere microflora and preparation of starter cultures of Rhizobia, Azotobacter.

6. Measurement of Soil Enzymes. 7. Use of ultraviolet light for its germicidal effect. 8. The replica plating technique. 9. Presumptive, confirmed and completed tests for safety of water supplies.

10. Effect of temperature, Osmotic pressure, energy source etc. on growth of prokaryotes. 11. Relation of free oxygen to microbial growth, monitoring of dissolved oxygen in various

effluents. 12. Determination of COD in Industrial effluents. 13. Effects of antimetabolites on Microbial culture (Inhibition by Sulfanilamide). 14. Determination of Water Activity of various substrates and assay of surface active agents. 15. Turbidimetric/spectrophotometric monitoring of growth using liquid cultures. 16. Efficiency of photosynthesis in photoautotrophs.

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Computer Science Paper-A: COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS AND C PROGRAMMING SECTION-A Information Concepts and Processing: Evolution of information processing, Data, Information language and communication. Elements of a computer processing system : Hardware-CPU, storage devices and media. VDU, Input-output devices, data communication equipment. Software — System software, Application software. Programming Languages : Classification, machine code, assembly language, higher level languages. Fourth generation languages. SECTION-B Operating Systems : Concept as resource manager and coordinator of processor, devices and memory.

Concept of priorities, protection and parallelism. Command interpretor, typical commands of DOS/ UNIX/ Netware, GUI-Windows. Computers and Communication : Single user, multi-user, workstation, and client server systems. Computer networks, Network protocols. LAN, WAN, Services offered by Internet. SECTION-C Information Integrity Definition, Ensuring Integrity, Computer Security : Perverse software, concepts and components of security, preventive measures and treatment. Range of Applications: Scientific, word processing, spread sheets, e-commerce, business, educational, industrial, national level weather forecasting, remote sensing, planning multilingual applications. SECTION-D Problem analysis, flow charts, decision tables, pseudo codes and algorithms. Algorithmic Programming Language: Representation of integers, characters, constants and variables, arithmetic expressions and their evaluation using rules of hierarchy. Assignment statements, logical constants, variables and expression, control structures—sequencing, alteration, iteration, arrays, manipulating vector and matrix. Subroutines and linkage. Data management. Sample I/O statements, Documentation, Debugging. Examples illustrating structured program development methodology. C should be used as the teaching language. Paper-B: PC SOFTWARE UNDER WINDOWS SECTION-A Concept of files and directories. Basic DOS commands for handling files and directories, use of wildcards, batch files, autoexec bat file creation of batch files, replaceable parameters, and MS-

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DOS editing and function keys, Line editor, configuring DOS, role of config.sys file, FDISK commands. SECTION-B Introduction to graphical user interface, window operating system, Anatomy of windows, organising folders and files, multitasking, recycle bin, my computer, windows explorer, control panel. SECTION-C Word Processing : Creation, editing, formatting of documents, global search and replacement of text, special print features, mailmerge, spelling checker, MS-Word should be used as teaching tool. SECTION-D Spread Sheet : Getting started with EXCEL, EXCEL worksheet, entering data into worksheet, editing, cell addressing, ranges and range names, commands, menus, copying and moving cell contents, inserting and deleting rows and columns, column— width control, cell protection, printing reports, creating and displaying graphs, printing graphs, statistical functions. MS-Power Point software for presentation. Paper C: PRACTICAL: PRACTICALS BASED ON PAPERS A & B.

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