Definition When a Stimulus is removed (terminated, reduced, or postponed) contingent on a response,...
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Transcript of Definition When a Stimulus is removed (terminated, reduced, or postponed) contingent on a response,...
DefinitionWhen a Stimulus is removed (terminated,
reduced, or postponed) contingent on a response, it results in an increase in the future probability of that response
Positive vs. Negative ReinforcementHow they are similar:
Both increase responding
How they are different:Positive: A stimulus is provided following a response and behavior increasesNegative: A stimulus is removed following a response and the behavior increases
Positive vs. Negative ReinforcementEO
Absence of food for 2
hours
SD
Teacher says “Snack time”
and apples on table
Response
“Apple, please”
SR+
Apple presented
Saying “Apple, please” when it is snack time and apples are present more likely in the future
Positive reinforcement:
EO
Math worksheet
with 20 problems on
student’s desk
SD
Teacher says “Complete 5 problems,
then you don’t have to do the
rest”
Response
Completes 5 problems
SR-
Remaining problems on worksheet removed
Completing problems when math worksheet and teacher instructions present more likely in the future
Negative reinforcement:
Can be Difficult to DetermineTurning up the heat
Adds heat Removes cold
Free time contingent on work completion Adds preferred activities Removes work
Michael (1975)Suggests the distinction is not importantInstead, define key stimulus features
Before the stimulus changeAfter the stimulus change
May provide a more complete, functional understanding of the relationship between the behavior and environment
Negative Reinforcement vs. Pos. Punishment
Not good vs. badPositive refers to presentation of the stimulus
and Negative refers to the termination of the stimulus
Both can involve “aversive” eventsNegative reinforcement, the aversive event is
present prior to the target behavior, once removed, behavior increases
Punishment, the aversive event is presented contingent on the target behavior, behavior decreases
Negative Reinforcement vs. Punishment
SD
Teacher says “Complete 5 problems,
then you don’t have to do the
rest”
Response
Destroys worksheet
SP+
Teacher requires
student to complete all 20 problems
Destroying worksheet less likely in the future
Punishment:
EO
Math worksheet
with 20 problems on
student’s desk
SD
Teacher says “Complete 5 problems,
then you don’t have to do the
rest”
Response
Completes 5 problems
SR-
Remaining problems on worksheet removed
Completing problems more likely in the future
Escape ContingencyIncludes 4 terms
Establishing operation Aversive event from which escape is reinforcing
A discrimintive stimulus (SD)A responseThe reinforcer (termination of the EO)
Escape and Avoidance ContingenciesEscape Contingency
EO
Rain falling on your
head as you walk down sidewalk
SD
Friend says “Do you have an
umbrella?”
Response
Put up umbrella
SR-
Escape rain falling on your head
Putting up umbrella more likely in the future when it’s raining and friend asks for umbrella
Escape and Avoidance ContingenciesAvoidance Contingency
EO
Rain outside;
you are still inside--nice
and dry
SD
Friend says “Do you have an
umbrella?”
Response
Put up umbrella (prior to going
outside)
SR-
Avoid rain falling on your head Putting up
umbrella more likely in the future when it’s raining and friend asks for umbrella
Negative Reinforcement CharacteristicsAny response can be strengthened by
negative reinforcementA variety of stimuli can serve as negative
reinforcersUnconditionedConditioned
Negative reinforcement can beSocially mediated (delivered by another person)Automatic (is produced directly by the person’s
response)
Factors Influencing EffectivenessImmediacy: Is delivered immediately
following the target behaviorMagnitude: The larger the reinforcement the
greater the responseSchedule: It is delivered consistentlyAvailability: Reinforcement is unavailable for
competing (non-target) responses
Ethical ConsiderationsLike positive reinforcement, ethical issues
arise from the severity of the EO that may need to be in place to motivate the occurrence of the behaviorThe presence of particularly aversive
antecedent stimuli may be problematicThese stimuli may generate undesirable
competing behaviors