Definition of oil and fat - Malaysian Palm Oil Boardpdas.mpob.gov.my/pdf/PPQSPPKP.pdf · 2020. 4....
Transcript of Definition of oil and fat - Malaysian Palm Oil Boardpdas.mpob.gov.my/pdf/PPQSPPKP.pdf · 2020. 4....
Nuzul Amri Ibrahim
Principal Research Officer
MPOB
37th Palm Oil Familiarization
Programme
Production, Processing & Quality Specification Of Palm And Palm
Kernel Products
Outline
Processing
– Crude palm oil
– Crude palm kernel oil
– Refined palm oil and palm kernel oil
Palm oil and palm kernel oil: Composition and
characteristics
Specification
– Palm oil and palm kernel oil
Quality requirement
– Trade specification
Warehouse
Plantation
Mill
Transportation
Bulking
Installation
Refining & Packaging
Supply Chain
Shipping
Nursery
P. Kernel
Crushing
Customer &
Consumers
Shell
Crude palm oil Crude palm kernel oil
Kernel Mesocarp
Palm Oil Mill
Fruit delivery to mills
FFB Grading
Fact
90% of OER achievement
depend on FFB quality
MILLING
Estate Harvesting: according to the ripeness standard
PRODUCT
OIL & KERNEL
• OER – 20%
• KER – 6.25%
PALM KERNELS
Fertilizer/Compost
Depericarping
Palm kernel crushing
Kernel
PKE
Pressed kernel
Filtration
CPKO
Storage
1st screw press
2nd screw press
Refining
Two types
-- most popular
-- generates effluent & high loss
less popular
WEIGHING
SAMPLING & ANALYSIS
DOWNLOADING
STORAGE
SECURITY INSPECTION
DEDICATED HEATER, AGITATOR ULLAGE DAILY TEMPERATURE CONTROLLER CLEANED & INSPECTED
SEAL, NOT TAMPERED WITH, MPOB L3 DELIVERY DOCUMENTS
FFA, M&I, DOBI
COVERED SUMP FILTERED CLEANED & INSPECTED
SUITABLE REGISTERED
CALIBRATED GOOD & CLEAN
RECEPTION OF CPO/CPKO
CPKO CPO
Refining
RBD PKO RBD PO
FRACTIONATION
PALM OIL
HEATING AND
HOMOGENISATION
CRYSTALLISATION
MEMBRANE FILTER
CHILLED
WATER
PALM STEARIN PALM OLEIN
TEMP :70°C TIME : 30 min
Duration
4 – 12 HRS
PRESSURE
LEAKAGES
RBDPO
FRACTIONATION PRODUCTS
Super Olein
IV 62, SMP 17°C
Palm Mid Fraction
IV 45, SMP 28°C
Olein
IV 56-57, SMP 21-23°C
Palm Mid Fraction and Related Products
Soft PMF
IV 46, SMP 26°C
Hard Stearin
IV 26, SMP 50°C
Mid Olein
IV 50, SMP 24°C
Super PMF
IV 35, SMP 31°C
FRACTIONATION PRODUCTS
Characteristics & Specification
Characteristics of oils and fats are the
basis for specification
Understand the characteristics
Appreciate the specification
Palm Oil and Palm Kernel Oil
Properties
Different physical and chemical properties Know the characteristics and
specifications of palm oil & palm kernel
oil
Able to distinguish the traits of the two oils
Palm Oil: Major and minor components
Major
Triacylglycerol (TAG)
Minor
Free Fatty Acid (FFA)
Monoacylglycerol (MAG)
Diacylglycerol (DAG)
Carotenoids
Vitamin E
Unsaponifiable matters
Triacylglycerol
CH2OH
CHOH
CH2OH
CH2OOCR1
CHOOCR2
CH2OOCR3
R1COOH
R2COOH
R3COOH
+ 3H2O +
Glycerol Fatty acids TAG Water
Major FAC of PALM OIL (%)
Saturated
C14:0 (Myristic)
C16:0 (Palmitic)
C18:0 (Stearic)
Unsaturated
C18:1 (Oleic)
C18:2 (Linoleic)
1.1
44.1
4.4
39.0
10.6
PO POo POs
1.1
40.9
4.2
41.5
11.6
1.1
49.3
4.9
34.8
9.0
*FAC: Fatty Acid Composition
Chemical structure of fatty acids
Lauric acid (C12:0)
Stearic acid (C18:0)
Oleic acid (C18:1)
Linoleic acid (C18:2)
Saturated
Unsaturated
C46
C48
C50
C52
C54
C56
1.2
8.1
39.9
38.8
11.4
0.6
PO
0.8
3.3
39.5
42.7
12.8
0.7
POo POs
3.1
23.7
40.3
25.3
6.9
ND
CN
TAG composition Palm Oil (% by carbon number)
H2CCOOC15H31
HCCOOC15H31
H2CCOOC17H35
C16:0
C18:0
C18:0
Shorthand
Palm Oil Products
IV SMP (C) CP (C)
PO 50-55 33-39
POo 56-58 24 max 10
Super POo 60 <18 8
POs 21-49 46-56
PMF 34.5-55 24.3-45
High
C18:1
High
C16:0
Liq
uid
S
oli
d
Palm Mid Fraction (PMF)
Fractionation of palm olein
Application: Specialty fats
Good quality PMF
Ratio of C50 : (C48 + C54) >4
C52 content, % max 43
Minor components of palm oil (mg/kg)
Component CPO RBD PO
Carotenoids
Tocols
Squalene
Sterols
500-700
600-1000
420-980
300-700
ND
350-630
180-800
70-300
Summary- PO
Major component: TAG
– C50 & C52
Major FAC – C16:0 PO, POs
– C18:1 POo
IV – POo > PO > POs
SMP – POs > PO > POo
Minor component – FFA
– DAG
– Sterols
– Tocols
– Phospholipids
– Hydrocarbons
– Carotenoids (only in crude oil)
Palm Kernel
Products
Major FAC of PALM KERNEL OIL (%)
Saturated – C8:0 (Caprylic)
– C10:0 (Capric)
– C12:0 (Lauric)
– C14:0 (Myristic)
– C16:0 (Palmitic)
– C18:0 (Stearic)
Unsaturated – C18:1 (Oleic)
– C18:2 (Linoleic)
3.6
3.3
48.0
16.7
8.5
2.1
14.9
2.5
PKO
4.3
3.6
44.7
14.0
8.3
2.3
19.2
3.3
PKOo
1.9
2.7
56.6
22.4
8.0
1.8
5.6
0.8
PKOs
Oil content 49.0 7.9
Protein 8.3 14.8
Crude fibre 8.1 16.7
Moisture 6.5 6.4
Ash 2.0 3.9
Carbohydrate 26.1 50.3
PK PKE
Values in %
Triacylglycerol composition Palm kernel oil (% by carbon number)
CN PKO PKOo PKOs
C30 1.3 1.3 0.5 C32 6.3 7.8 3.3 C34 8.4 9.3 6.5 C36 23.3 18.3 27.5
C38 16.9 12.7 24.8
C40 9.8 7.6 15.2 C42 9.1 9.3 9.2 C44 6.6 7.8 5.2 C46 5.1 6.5 3.0 C48 5.8 8.3 2.4 C50 2.3 3.1 0.9 C52 2.2 3.4 0.7 C54 0.5 4.2 0.8
C12:0
C12:0
C12:0
C12:0
C12:0
C14:0
IV, Wij’s 17.9 23.0 7.0
SMP, C 27.3 23.6 32.2
PKO PKOo PKOs
IV & SMP
Summary (PKO)
Major component:
TAG – C36 & C38
Major FAC – C12:0 (Lauric)
IV – PKOo>PKO>PKOs
SMP – PKOs>PKO>PKOo
Minor components
– FFA
– DAG
– Sterols
– Hydrocarbons
– Tocols
– Carotenoids (only in crude
oil)
Quality requirements
of palm products
Common trading specifications
Malaysia Palm Oil Refiners Association of Malaysia (PORAM)
Palm oil + products
Malayan Edible Oil Manufacturers’ Association (MEOMA) Lauric oils + products
Other countries State Trading Corporation of India (STC)
Pakistan Vanaspati Manufacturers’ Association (PVMA)
Iranian specification
Saudi Vegetable Oil and Ghee Co (SAVOLA)
Specification for palm oil & products
Refining
Malaysia Malaysian Palm Oil Association Domestic contract for CPO - specification
FFA (as Palmitic) 5% max
M & I 0.25% max.
0.25-0.50% (penalty)
>0.5% rejectable
DOBI 2.31 min.
<2.31 to 2.1 (price adjustment)
<2.10 rejectable
PORAM spec: Palm oil
FFA, % max as C16
M&I, % max
IV, Wijs
MP, °C
Colour, Red max
0.25
0.1
50 - 55
33 - 39
-
0.25
0.1
50 - 55
33 - 39
20
0.1
0.1
50 - 55
33 - 39
3
Neutralised NB RBD/NBD
RBD: Physical refining NBD: Chemical refining
PORAM spec: Palm olein
FFA, % max as C16
M&I, % max
IV, Wijs min
MP, °C max
Colour, Red max
Crude
5
0.25
56
24
-
Neutralised
0.25
0.1
56
24
-
NB
0.25
0.1
56
24
20
RBD/NBD
0.1
0.1
56
24
3
PORAM spec: Palm stearin
FFA, % max as C16
M&I, % max
IV, Wijs max
MP, °C min
Colour, Red max
Crude
5
0.25
48
44
-
Neutralised
0.25
0.15
48
44
-
NB
0.25
0.15
48
44
20
0.2
0.15
48
44
3
RBD/NBD
PORAM spec
(Chemical refining)
(Physical refining)
STC Specification
Grading
factors
Specification
FFA
M&I
Melting pt
5.0% max
0.5% max
37 C max
Crude Palm Oil (Edible grade)
1. Free from: solid particles, adulterants, sediments,
suspended and other foreign matter, separated water and
added colouring or flavouring substances, mineral oils,
toxic matter, or any other oil of vegetable or animal origin.
2. Material to be odourless and bland in taste.
Specification for RBDPO
M&I, % max
Ref. Index at 50 C
Iodine Value
Unsap matter, % max
Sap value
FFA, % max
PV, meq O2/kg max
Colour, 5¼” Lovibond max
Melting point, C max
0.1
1.4494-1.4553
50-56
1.2
195-205
0.15
5.00
3 Red
37
STC
0.1
1.4546-1.4560
51-54
1.2
195-205
0.10
2.5
3 Red
37
PVMA
Additional specification for RBDPO
STC
Material to be free from solid particles, adulterants, sediments, suspended and other foreign matter, separated water and added colouring or flavouring substances.
Material to be free from mineral oils, toxic matter, or any other oil of vegetable or animal origin. Material to be odourless and bland in taste.
PVMA
Oil should be odourless, bland in taste and free from solid particles, adulterants, sediments, suspended and other foreign matter, separated water and added colouring or flavouring substance. Also free from mineral oils, toxic matter or any other oil of vegetable and animal origin.
Specification for RBDPOo
M&I, % max
Ref. Index at 40 C
Iodine Value
Unsap matter, % max
Sap value
FFA, % max
PV, meq O2/kg max
Colour, 5¼” Lovibond
Melting point, C max
Cloud point, C max
0.1
1.4550-1.4610
54-62
1.2
195-205
0.10
2.5
3 Red max
24
-
PVMA 0.1
1.4550-1.4610
56-62
1.2
195-205
0.10
5.0
3 Red max
23
10
STC
Specification for
palm kernel oil & products
Refining
CPKO
MEOMA spec: Domestic sales contract
Moisture
Dirt & shell
FFA (% as lauric)
FFA (% as lauric)
IV (Wij’s)
M&I
Colour (5¼” Lovibond)
Protein
Oil
Moisture
Dirt & shell
7% max, 10% rejectable
6% basis, 10% max, >10%
rejectable
5% max
4% max, >5% rejectable
16.5-18.75, > 18.75
rejectable
0.5% max
4-8 Red 60 Yellow max
14% min
8% min
9.5% max
15% max, >18% rejectable
Palm kernels
Palm kernel oil
Palm kernel expeller
MEOMA spec: Export
FFA, % max
M&I, % max
IV (Wij’s)
5.0
0.5
19 max*
5.0
0.5
21 min
CPKO CPKOo CPKOs
5.0
0.5
8 max
* At time of shipment
MEOMA spec for RBD oils: Export
FFA, % max
M&I, % max
IV (Wij’s)
Colour, max
0.1
0.1
19 max*
1.5 Red
0.1
0.1
21 min
1.5 Red
PKO PKOo PKOs
0.1
0.1
8 max
1.5 Red
* At time of shipment
Identification of Palm Oil products
Useful parameters:
Slip Melting Point
Iodine value
FAC
TAG
Summary
Physical
SMP, C
Chemical
Iodine value, Wijs
Sap value
FAC (major)
TAG (major)
33-39
50-55
195-205
C16:0 & C18:1
C50 & C52
PO PKO
27.3-28.0
16.5-18.75
230-254
C12:0
C36 & C38
Importance of compliance with spec
Seller Buyer Product
Conform to requirement/ specification
Complaint Rejection Rework
X
Thank you