DEFINITION OF HATE CRIMEDEFINITION OF HATE CRIMEDEFINITION OF HATE CRIMEDEFINITION OF HATE CRIME

“…“…any incident, which may or may not any incident, which may or may not constitute a criminal offence, which is perceived constitute a criminal offence, which is perceived by the victim or any other person as being by the victim or any other person as being motivated by prejudice or hate.”motivated by prejudice or hate.”

OFFICIAL CRIME STATISTICS OFFICIAL CRIME STATISTICS

PROBABLY PROBABLY

DO NOT REPRESENT DO NOT REPRESENT

OUR EXPERIENCE OF CRIMEOUR EXPERIENCE OF CRIME

OFFICIAL CRIME STATISTICS OFFICIAL CRIME STATISTICS

PROBABLY PROBABLY

DO NOT REPRESENT DO NOT REPRESENT

OUR EXPERIENCE OF CRIMEOUR EXPERIENCE OF CRIME

UNDER REPORTING IS NOT A RANDOM EVENTUNDER REPORTING IS NOT A RANDOM EVENTUNDER REPORTING IS NOT A RANDOM EVENTUNDER REPORTING IS NOT A RANDOM EVENT

• forecasts of crime trends fail to take proper account of what forecasts of crime trends fail to take proper account of what drives unreported crimedrives unreported crime

• Individual on relatively high income is 8% more likely to Individual on relatively high income is 8% more likely to report burglary than someone on less than average incomereport burglary than someone on less than average income

LIMITATIONS OF OFFICIAL CRIME STATISTICSLIMITATIONS OF OFFICIAL CRIME STATISTICSLIMITATIONS OF OFFICIAL CRIME STATISTICSLIMITATIONS OF OFFICIAL CRIME STATISTICS

• Are plagued by “dark figure” of unreported or hidden crimeAre plagued by “dark figure” of unreported or hidden crime

• Forecasts of crime fail to take account of what drives Forecasts of crime fail to take account of what drives unreported crime. i.e. unemployed is 7% less likely to unreported crime. i.e. unemployed is 7% less likely to report a burglary than someone who is currently employedreport a burglary than someone who is currently employed

• Forecasts of crime trends ought to include mechanism for Forecasts of crime trends ought to include mechanism for correcting, for reporting behaviourcorrecting, for reporting behaviour

• There is disparity between official crime statistics and the There is disparity between official crime statistics and the public’s experience of crimepublic’s experience of crime

NON-REPORTING AND DELAYED REPORTINGNON-REPORTING AND DELAYED REPORTINGLEARNING DISABILITY/VULNERABLE VICTIMSLEARNING DISABILITY/VULNERABLE VICTIMSNON-REPORTING AND DELAYED REPORTINGNON-REPORTING AND DELAYED REPORTINGLEARNING DISABILITY/VULNERABLE VICTIMSLEARNING DISABILITY/VULNERABLE VICTIMS

• Reluctance to involve police is based on previous Reluctance to involve police is based on previous experienceexperience

• Various factors often cause significant (and often Various factors often cause significant (and often damaging) delays in reportingdamaging) delays in reporting

• Victims unaware that an offence had been committedVictims unaware that an offence had been committed

• The incident may not be defined as a crimeThe incident may not be defined as a crime– Prime concern of agencies is the wider issue of “abuse”, Prime concern of agencies is the wider issue of “abuse”,

their policies reflect this. “Domestic” violence and their policies reflect this. “Domestic” violence and marital rape were not perceived as crimesmarital rape were not perceived as crimes

– There are often no formalised reporting procedures as There are often no formalised reporting procedures as the agency policy may not facilitate this the agency policy may not facilitate this

ECONOMIC MODELLING OF CRIME PROBLEMECONOMIC MODELLING OF CRIME PROBLEMECONOMIC MODELLING OF CRIME PROBLEMECONOMIC MODELLING OF CRIME PROBLEM

• These models typically focus on property crimeThese models typically focus on property crime

• Determine which factors influence the aggregate crime rateDetermine which factors influence the aggregate crime rate

• Show in addition to being influenced by changes in CJS, Show in addition to being influenced by changes in CJS, some crimes i.e. property crimes increase with some crimes i.e. property crimes increase with unemployment but falls as National Income increasesunemployment but falls as National Income increases

What matters to sophisticated public What matters to sophisticated public

isis

How they feel How they feel

Rather thanRather than

What official statisticsWhat official statistics

They readThey read

What matters to sophisticated public What matters to sophisticated public

isis

How they feel How they feel

Rather thanRather than

What official statisticsWhat official statistics

They readThey read

BARRIERS TO REPORTINGBARRIERS TO REPORTINGBARRIERS TO REPORTINGBARRIERS TO REPORTING

• lack of confidence in partnerslack of confidence in partners

• economic factorseconomic factors

• lack of know-howlack of know-how

• belief that there is no victim (business crime) or they can afford itbelief that there is no victim (business crime) or they can afford it

• ....

• ....

POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS TO UNDER REPORTINGPOSSIBLE SOLUTIONS TO UNDER REPORTINGPOSSIBLE SOLUTIONS TO UNDER REPORTINGPOSSIBLE SOLUTIONS TO UNDER REPORTING

• government’s policy i.e. gun crime, to introduce tough government’s policy i.e. gun crime, to introduce tough mandatory sentencesmandatory sentences

• 3rd party reporting centres3rd party reporting centres

• ....

• ....

IS THE WELSH ASSEMBLY QUESTIONNAIRE REVELATIONS IS THE WELSH ASSEMBLY QUESTIONNAIRE REVELATIONS

REPRESENTATIVE?REPRESENTATIVE?

IS THE WELSH ASSEMBLY QUESTIONNAIRE REVELATIONS IS THE WELSH ASSEMBLY QUESTIONNAIRE REVELATIONS

REPRESENTATIVE?REPRESENTATIVE?

OVER TO YOUOVER TO YOUOVER TO YOUOVER TO YOU