Definition of Counseling

Counseling is a relatively short-term, interpersonal, theory-based, professional activity guided by ethical and legal standards that focuses on helping persons who are basically psychologically healthy resolve developmental and situational problems.

Community Counseling

Utilizes a multifaceted approachDevelopmental and educativeEmphasizes prevention –v- remediationTakes into account the impact of the

community on the client.Seeks to empower the client

Definition of Community Counseling

Hershenson, Power, & Waldo ( 1996) – the application of counseling principles and practices in agency, organizational, or individual practice settings that are located in and interact with their surrounding community.

Page 33 - Suppositions

Community Counseling

Lewis, Lewis, Daniels, and D’Andrea – a comprehensive helping framework of interventions strategies and services that promotes the personal development and well-being of all individuals and communities.

Must be cognizant of the impact of the community on the client!!!!

History of Counseling - Prior to the 1900s

Lysander Richards published a book entitled Vocophy in 1881.

Dorothea Dix advocated for the humane treatment of people with emotional disorders

Granville Stanley Hall founded the 1st psychology lab in the U.S. at Johns Hopkins University in 1883. Considered to be the father of American Psychology

James Catell: 1st to measure intelligence. In 1894 introduced the 1st mental abilities test.

History of Counseling -1900-1909

Jesse B. Davis - 1st person to set up a a systematized guidance program in Michigan public schools in 1907.

Frank Parsons: focused on growth and prevention. Often called the father of guidance. Est. the Boston’s Vocational Bureau in 1908. Wrote a book called “Choosing a Vocation”

Clifford Beers: 1908 wrote a popular book entitled “A mind that found itself”

History of Counseling -1910s

1911, Harvard University offered the 1st university level course in vocational guidance.

Founding in 1913 of the National Vocational Guidance Association (NVGA) which began publishing in 1915, the National Vocational Guidance Bulletin.

WWI: Development of the Army Alpha & Beta for screening.

1916 L.M. Terman of Stanford University released a revised version of the Binet-Simon (France, 1905) titled the Stanford-Binet. IQ was first used as a term.

History of Counseling -1920s

Certification of counselors in Boston and New York in the mid-20s

Strong Vocational Interest Inventory published in 1928. Set stage for career counseling

Abraham and Hannah Stone’s 1929 establishment of the first marriage and family counseling center.

Development of the first standards for the preparation and evaluation of occupational materials.

History of Counseling -1930s

E. G. Williamson developed the 1st theory of counseling. Known as the “Minnesota Point of View” & “trait-factor counseling.

John Brewer: broaden counseling beyond narrow occupational concerns to life. Book: Education as Guidance (1932) – teachers are counselors.

Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT) published in 1939 by U.S. Employment Service. Major source of career information

History of Counseling -1940s

Carl Rogers: published “Counseling and Psychotherapy”

WWII: need for counselors and psychologists to help select and train.

Traditional sex roles began to be questioned Increased government funding in training of

counselors (V.A.) and stipends/internships 1944- the War Dept. established the Army-Separation

Classification & Counseling Program. National Institute of Mental Health – 1946 and the

National Mental Health Act – research and training

History of Counseling -1950s

APGA was formed in 1952Division 17, the Division of Counseling

Psychology of the APA in 1952NDEA in 1958New Theories (Behavioral, Cognitive,…)APA’s Technical Recommendations for

Psychological Tests and Diagnostic Techniques in 1954.

History of Counseling -1960s

Group Movement Gilbert Wrenn – The Counselor in a Changing World

(1962) – developmental profession. Humanistic Theories: Maslow, Arbuckle, & Jourard. Community Mental Health Act - 1963 APGA published a sound Code of Ethics (1961) Division 17 of APA began to publish in 1969 a

professional journal, the Counseling Psychologist. ERIC Clearinghouse – CAPS ( Counseling and

Personnel Services

History of Counseling -1970s

Counseling Diversification Helping Skills Programs State Licensure: VA the first in 1976 APGA became stronger and membership

increased dramatically. Began to question identity and terms of guidance and personnel.

ACES in 1973 outlined the standards for a master’s degree in counseling. 1977 – doctoral standards.

History of Counseling -1980s

Standardization of training and certification: CACREP (Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs) and NBCC (National Board of Certified Counselors)

Name changed for APGA to AACD Chi Sigma Iota International Honor Society Focus on Human Growth & Development across the

lifespan. Increased emphasis on working with diverse groups

– renewed racism.

History of Counseling -1990s

AACD became ACA in 1992 Multiculturalism became known as the fourth force in

counseling & the competencies. Issues of brief therapy, managed care, and HMOs a major

concern ACA added American College Counseling Association, 1991

and Association of Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Issues in Counseling in 1996 and Counselors for Social Justice in 1999/2002.

Included as a primary mental health profession compiled by the National Institute of Mental Health

Eighteen Divisions - there is a place for you!!

New Millennium

Utilization of Technology in Counseling Changing roles of men and women Diversity, advocacy and social justice Disaster and Crisis Response Training through Red

Cross – 9/11 Wellness and Spirituality Private Practice Business and industry; Work Settings Recognition and reimbursement Counseling is interdisciplinary & “Best Practices”

The Council of Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs

(CACREP)Community, mental health, school,

marriage and family, student affairs practice in higher education.

Programs range from 48-60 hour programsApril 2003, 389 accredited master’s-level

programs and 45 accredited doctoral level programs.

Credentialing Activities

Licensure - at the discretion of the stateLPC, LMHC. LCPC

CertificationNCC, CRC

AccreditationCACREP, CORE, APA, CAMFTE

Counseling Services Accreditation

Important Websites

http://www.counseling.orghttp://www.nbcc.org

Current and Emerging Influences on Community Counseling

Managed Care Prior to the 1980, mainly the organizations were

uncommon. There was a fee for service system 1950s when mental health services were a part of

most health plans Escalating costs and growing demands for coverage

and service led to increase in health insurance costsHMO Act of 1973 – designated federal funding for the

development of managed care programs and required managed care options to employees