COMMUNICATION

8TH GRADE ENGLISH

Definition of Communication: The dynamic of speaking AND

listening

Communication Model

I IN NT VERBAL MESSAGE TE NONVERBAL MESSAGE ER R

SENDER F F RECEIVERE ER RE VERBAL FEEDBACK EN NONVERBAL FEEDBACKNC CE E

COMMUNICATION MODEL

1. Sender: SPEAKER2. Message:WHAT IS BEING

COMMUNICATED, CONVEYEDA. Verbal – WORDS

BEING SAIDB. Nonverbal –

UNSPOKEN SIGNALS, BODY LANGUAGE

3. Receiver: LISTENER

COMMUNICATION MODEL

4. FEEDBACK: Lets the speaker know that the listener heard the “intended” message

 a. Verbal

 b. Nonverbal

 5. INTERFERENCE: Anything which disrupts

the communication process ( ex. background noises, interruptions, daydreaming, perceptions)

 

COMMUNICATION MODEL

Examples of nonverbal communication: POSTURE, EYE CONTACT, FACIAL EXPRESSIONS, DISTANCE OF BODY, GESTURES, TONE/INFLECTIONS

*** 90 – 95% of all communication is nonverbal!

TRY IT OUT!

PREPARING TO SPEAK

Communication Apprehension Defined as: FEAR OF SPEAKING IN PUBLIC; STAGE FRIGHT

PREPARING TO SPEAK

Prevention Tips:1. PREPARE a strong speech that you

can be very proud of2. PRACTICE your speech over and

over again 3. ACKNOWLEDGE your fears and

realize that the fears can be “managed”

4. Relate the subject of the speech to the audience (Make the audience understand the benefits of listening to your speech)

PREPARING TO SPEAK

5. Project CONFIDENCE, even if it’s only an act

6. START STRONG (introduction) and end strong (conclusion)

7. Deep breathing8. Lots of water, avoid caffeine; chapstick9. Think positively, guided imagery10. Use note cards (only necessary for

references; highlight pauses, words to emphasize, gestures)

PREPARING TO SPEAK

Supporting MaterialsA. FACTUAL

A. FACTS – Units of information that can be verified by independent observers (proven true)

B. DEFINITIONSA. DENOTATIVE: literal, dictionary definitionB. CONNOTATIVE: emotional response that people

have to a word (some words have negative connotation)

C. STATISTICS – Numerically formulated facts used to describe observations of size and frequency; make comparisons, chart trends, suggest relationships, summarize huge amounts of information

PREPARING TO SPEAKEXAMPLES – a piece of information presented to the

audience used to clarify an idea or concept; usually very vivid and relevant to the audience1. SPECIFIC INSTANCES – brief references; clear, short, and immediately apparent to audience2. ILLUSTRATIONS – Extended example usually told in narrative form; more detailed than a specific instance3. ANECDOTES – story often having a humorous and entertaining feel

a. PERSONAL – happened to youb. Third Person – happened to someone elsec. Fictional – Made up

PREPARING TO SPEAK

TESTIMONY – information/opinions expressed by another person1. EXPERT TESTIMONY – Makes use of the beliefs, values, opinions, and predictions of some authority/expert; If the opinions of an expert are aligned with your main points, your speech becomes more credible2. DIRECT QUOTATION – Statement of another person’s opinion or conclusion using that person’s exact words; Always credit the source of the quotation

PREPARING TO SPEAKORDERING CONTENT – Most speeches have 2-5

main ideas; Strongest point(s) needs to be at the beginning or the end; bury weaker points in the middle of the speech and key points need to be repeated more than one time

A. CHRONOLOGICAL – passage of time is used to present ideas in the order of how things happened

B. TOPICAL – arrange ideas into topicsC. CAUSE/EFFECT – Identify the causes and

then determine the effects of a situation OR identify the obvious effects of a problem/situation and then reveal the causes

OUTLINING YOUR SPEECH

IntroductionA. Requirements (order does not count)

A. ATTENTION GETTER – Gets the audience interested in listening to the rest of your speech

B. STATEMENT OF PURPOSE – Thesis; Identifies the topic of the speech

C. STATEMENT OF RELEVANCE – Indicates how the speech relates to the audience; Explains how the audience will personally benefit by listening to the speech

D. PREVIEW OF THE BODY – Highlights what the main points of the speech will be

OUTLINING YOUR SPEECH

Methods of Getting the Audience’s Attention1. IDENTIFICATION WITH THE AUDIENCE:

Tells what the speaker and the audience have in common

2. REFERENCE TO THE SITUATION: Acknowledges the occasion of the speech

3. STATEMENT OF PURPOSE: Identify the topic of the speech; Only works if the topic is really unexpected

4. STATISTIC OR CLAIM: Shocking, surprising, or startling information that relates somehow to the topic of the speech

OUTLINING YOUR SPEECH

5. Story or Anecdote: Must be brief and lead back to the main point

6. Comparison: Explore similarities/differences between your topic and something else

7. RHETORICAL QUESTION: Question is posed to get the audience to think, not answer

8. Quotation: Must be applicable to the speech and the source needs to be identified

OUTLINING YOUR SPEECH

BodyA. 2-5 MAIN POINTSB. Supporting Materials – USED TO DEVELOP THE MAIN POINTS

OUTLINING YOUR SPEECH

ConclusionA. Requirements (order does not matter)

A. SUMMARIZE THE MAIN POINTS: Highlight what you want the audience to remember/think about

B. RESTATEMENT OF PURPOSE: Restate the thesis/topic of the speech

C. CALL TO ACTION: Tell the audience specifically what you want them to do

D. ROUND OFF: Reconnect/readdress the attention getter used in the introduction; This gives a balanced, circular feel

OUTLINING YOUR SPEECH

Methods1. QUOTATION: Should summarize the

purpose of the speech2. CHALLENGE THE AUDIENCE:

Motivates the audience to achieve the purpose of the speech

3. OFFER OF UTOPIAN VISION: Present a vision to the audience which emphasized what could happen if the speaker’s challenge is met, or not met

DELIVERING THE SPEECHStyle – how you use languageA. CLARITY

A. Use concrete wordsB. Speak in THE ACTIVE VOICE (who does what), vs.

the passive voice (what was done)

B. RHYTHMA. Use repetition to emphasize key points (“I have a

dream …”)B. ANTITHESIS – pairing of opposites to force a choice

(Ask not what your country can do for you, but what you can do for your country)

C. Parallel Wording – Use a word pattern that is easy to predict/anticipate (Dr. Seuss books)

DELIVERING THE SPEECH

IMAGERY1. Make speech vivid using SENSORY

descriptions (5 senses)2. Use comparisons; similes/metaphors3. ONOMATOPOEIA – Use words that

make sound like their meaning (moo, buzz, roar, croak, hiss)

DELIVERING THE SPEECH

DeliveryA. Physical Aspects

A. ATTIREA. Dress a bit more formally than your audienceB. Be comfortableC. Appearance affects credibility

B. POSTUREA. Stand straight, but not rigidB. Be relaxed, but not sloppyC. Avoid swaying, shifting, and hand/foot play

DELIVERING THE SPEECH

C. BODY PLACEMENTA. Movement in the direction of the

audience will indicate confidence and trustB. Do not constantly move, use

movement as a transition (move between points)D. Gestures

A. Must appear natural, not forced or practical

B. Use to emphasize ideas

DELIVERYING THE SPEECH

E. Facial ExpressionsA. Expressions need to be

appropriate for subject matterB. EYE CONTACT is essential

(mentally divide room into 3 areas)

DELIVERING THE SPEECHVocal Aspects1. VOLUME: Vary to emphasize ideas

1. Raise voice to emphasize key points2. Lower voice to make the audience concentrate

2. Pitch1. Change range (tone/inflection) to emphasize key ideas2. Project volume from diaphragm, not voice box3. Avoid sounding monotone

3. Rate of Speed: VARY to emphasize ideas1. Speak SLOWER to convey seriousness, clamness, or sadness2. Speak FASTER to convey excitement, suspense, or anger

4. Enunciation1. Speak precisely and distinctly, making sure to speak all parts of the

word2. Try to sound natural, not contrived

5. Pronunciation1. Say words correctly, mistakes will reduce credibility2. If you keep making the same pronunciation mistake during practice,

change the word

Communication Model Review Who is the sender? Who is the receiver? What is interference? Give examples of nonverbal

messages. What is feedback?