Defining the Medieval Period
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Defining the Medieval Period
The time period has also been called the “Middle Ages” and the “Dark Ages”
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Medieval Europe: Stages
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The Fall of the Roman Empire
• Beginning of the Middle Ages
• Invasions• End of
the Roman emperors
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The Barbarian Invasions
• From Asia: Huns and Magyars
• From the Germanic north: Saxons, Angles, and Goths
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Rise of the Germanic Peoples
– Ostrogoths: Italian peninsula
– Visigoths: modern-day Spain
– Angles and Saxons: modern-day Britain
– Franks: central Europe
“Invasion of the Goths into the Roman Empire,” a 19th-century painting
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Clovis (466–511)• Established a
Frankish kingdom in central Europe
• Conquered many competing tribes and regional Roman political leaders
• Converted to Christianity
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Charlemagne (742–814)
• Powerful leader, strong Christian
• Created the Carolingian Empire
• Crowned by Pope Leo III as the first Holy Roman Emperor
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The Vikings• Warrior culture from Scandinavia
• Raided Europe
• Established settlements throughout Europe and even in North America
A Viking longboat
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Viking Lenses: To detect the location of the sun in cloudy weather, start fires
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Did the Vikings make a telescope?http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/702478.stm
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Rock Crystal Lenses from the Viking Harbor Town of Fröjel, Gotland in Sweden.
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Penn State University: Medieval Technology and American History
The Cam (or Camshaft)http://www.engr.psu.edu/mtah/photos/photos_saugus.htm
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The Cam or Camshaft operation
Animation: http://lrs.ed.uiuc.edu/students/hari1/ci335/3c.html
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The ClockThe earliest of these is credited to Jacopo de Dondi, who designed an astronomical clock for the cathedral tower in Padua in 1344. Curiously, almost every zodiac sign surrounds the clock face except for the balanced scales of Libra. (As the story goes, it was deliberately left out of the lineup by guild workers who felt they weren't treated fairly in salary negotiations.)
http://www.newyorkcarver.com/inventions4.htm
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Eyeglasses (1268)
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The Cannon
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Feudalism• A political, economic,
and social system in which land was allocated in exchange for services; roles and obligations were clearly defined for all participants
• Grew out of Roman practices of clientage/patronage
• Originally developed as a means of protection and defense
A French vassal receiving a feudal grant from the king
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Feudal System Vocabulary• Lord• Vassal• Fief• Manor• Serf
Feudal serfs
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The Feudal Power Relationship
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Why Crop Rotation?
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Modern Crop Rotation
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Knights
• Elite military soldiers
• Usually from the noble classes
• Stages of training: page, squire, knight
• Chivalry = code of behavior Statue of a
medieval knight
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The Medieval TournamentMeans of practicing military skills
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Castles
• Centers of noble life
• Purposes:– Intimidation– Military
defense– Residence
Warwick Castle, England
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Aim: How did the Catholic Church become the most powerful and unifying force in Medieval
Europe?
Church at Fulda, Germany
Google images
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The Age of Faith
• Why do you think that the Middle Ages in Europe is also known as the Age of Faith?
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The Hierarchy of the Roman Catholic Church
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The Monastic Movement• Became popular in the 5th
century• Arose as a reaction against the
increasing “worldliness” of the Church
• Monasteries: secluded religious communities
• Benedictine monasticism: vows of chastity, poverty, obedience
• Monasteries were centers of scholarship in the early middle agesSt. Benedict
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Struggle for Power between Church and Kings
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Excerpt of a letter from Pope Innocent III (1198)
“The Creator set up two great lights in the heavens; the greater light to rule the day the lesser light to rule the night. In the same way, the Church has set up two great lights on earth; the greater light, being the Pope, to rule over souls; the lesser light, being the king, to rule over bodies. Just as the moon’s light comes from the sun, does the power of the king come from the Pope. The more closely a king is willing to follow the Pope’s rule, the greater his light will be.”
Q: According to Pope Innocent III, what ought to be the relationship between Church and State?
NYC Curriculum
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An Age of Faith and Superstition
Faith in the Roman Catholic Church did not erase superstitions in Medieval Europe. Below were some common superstitions:
• An evil witch could exchange a healthy child for a sickly one (the “changeling” was the substitute)
• Preparing a table with three knives pleased good fairies
• A person could change into the shape of a wolf• The croak of a raven would bring bad luck• Meeting a priest would bring good luck
Patterns of Interaction
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England
• 1066: Norman Invasion• William the Conqueror
(1027–1087)– Brought feudalism to
England
• Henry II (1154–1189)– Instituted a single common
law code, unified court system
William the Conqueror
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Magna Carta (1215)• Conflict between King John
and the English nobility• Nobles rebelled against
excessive taxation, forced King John to sign the Magna Carta in 1215
• Limited power of the monarch
• Formal recognition that the king was not above the law
A photograph of the Magna Carta
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Development of Parliament
• Henry III (1216–1272)• Edward I (1239–1307)• Original parliament
– House of Lords: nobles and church lords
– House of Commons: knights and residents
• Approved taxes, discussed policies, worked with the monarch to make laws
Edward I
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Islam in Europe
• Islamic forces took control of Spain in the early 8th century
• Muslim innovations– Agriculture– Architecture– Math and
scienceGreat Mosque of Córdoba
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The Reconquista of Spain• Muslims ruled the
Iberian Peninsula for nearly 800 years
• Reconquista: Struggle between Christians and Muslims to control Spain
• 718–1492• King Ferdinand of
Aragon and Isabella of Castile
Isabella and Ferdinand
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The Crusades
• 1095–1291• Goals of the Crusades:
– Convert nonbelievers– Eliminate heretics– Regain control of the Holy Land from the Muslims
Louis IX of France leads crusaders against Damietta(port city), in Egypt
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Pope Urban II• 1095: Pope
Urban II’s speech– Promised
spiritual rewards
– Thousands responded to the call for religious warriors Pope Urban
II calling for the Crusades
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• 1096: Mostly French knights
• Captured Jerusalem in 1099
• Crusader states• Jerusalem taken by
Muslim forces under Saladin in 1187
The First Crusade (1096–1099)
A depiction of the capture of Jerusalem by crusaders
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Other Crusades• Major and minor
crusades took place between the 12th and 14th centuries
• Christians unsuccessful at recapturing the Holy Land
• Popes invoked crusades more often and for non-spiritual purposes
• Legacy of the Crusades:– Increased trade– Religious tensions arose The Crusade on Constantinople
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Medieval Trade Routes
http://www2.coloradocollege.edu/Dept/HY/Ashley/HY104/images/MapKeys/medievalmaps.htm
Identify majorCenters of trade:Hamburg, Bruges,Florence,Venice
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Hanseatic League
The League regulated taxes and had rules for fair trade among its members
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The Guilds
http://medievaleurope.mrdonn.org/guilds.html
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Guild Rules• Price Control: The guild decided on the price of each item. All
bakers, for example, changed the same price for a loaf of bread, the price set by the guild.
• Wage Control: All workers had to be paid the same, so that the best workers could not be enticed away with better wages somewhere else.
• Quality Control: Everyone had to satisfy the quality standards set by their respective guild. No one was allowed to sell shoddy goods.
• Advertising Control: No guild member could advertise their wares. The guilds wanted people to think that all wares offered the same quality, no matter what shop sold them.
http://medievaleurope.mrdonn.org/guilds.html
No Jews were allowed to join guilds!
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Climbing the Ladder to Success
Apprentice
Journeyman
Master
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• Masters: At the top of the ladder were people called “Masters,” who owned their own shops.
• Journeyman: After he had learned something about his craft, a man could move up to the level of journeyman. He was paid a little money, along with free food and a place to sleep. He could only work under a master. To become a master, a journeyman had to submit a "masterpiece" - to a committee of masters in his guild. If they approved his work, he could become a master himself.
• Apprentice: During the period an apprentice was learning a skill, he received food, a place to sleep, and training, but was not paid.
http://medievaleurope.mrdonn.org/guilds.html
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The Late Middle Ages
• 1300–1500• War• Black Death
Battle of Agincourt, 15th century
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The Hundred Years’ War: Battles
• England had early victories
• The French eventually expelled the British from mainland Europe
• English military innovation: the archer
The Battle of Crecy, the first major battle of the Hundred Years’ War
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Joan of Arc• Heroine of the
war• Had visions
that told her to free France
• Fought with the army
• Captured, burned at the stake Joan of Arc being burned at the stake
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The Plague
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Spread of the Plague• Started in China• Reached Europe
in 1347 via a merchant ship on the island of Sicily
• 1347–48: southern Europe
• 1349–50: central Europe and the British Isles
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Attempted Medical “Cures”for the Plague
• Doctors wore strange costumes
• Bathing in human urine• Wearing excrement• Placing dead animals in
homes • Wearing leeches• Drinking molten gold
and powdered emeralds • Burning incense to get
rid of the smell of the dead
A costume worn by
doctors to ward off the Plague
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Effects of the Plague
• Killed 25–30 million Europeans
• Undermined faith in religion
• Economy• Culture
influenced
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Architecture• Many churches
and cathedrals built during the Middle Ages
• Church designs– Romanesque:
cross, nave– Gothic:
ribbed vault, flying buttress, stained glass
Chartres Cathedral in France, a prime example of medieval Gothic architecture
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Legacy of the Medieval Era• Transitional period• New kingdoms evolved• The Church became a
dominant force• Modern institutions
originated